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11: DLMF Project News

error generating summary

12: 3.2 Linear Algebra

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§3.2(iv) Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

… ► … ► … ►The tridiagonal matrix … ►In the case that the orthogonality condition is replaced by $𝐒$-orthogonality, that is, ${𝐯}_j^{\mathrm{T}}𝐒{𝐯}_k={\delta }_{j,k}$, $j,k=1,2,\mathrm{\dots },n$, for some positive definite matrix $𝐒$ with Cholesky decomposition $𝐒={𝐋}^{\mathrm{T}}𝐋$, then the details change as follows. …

13: Bibliography I

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On polynomials orthogonal with respect to certain Sobolev inner products. J. Approx. Theory 65 (2), pp. 151–175.

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External Links:

ISSN 0021-9045, Document, MathReview (R. A. Askey), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§18.36(ii).

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Two families of orthogonal polynomials related to Jacobi polynomials. Rocky Mountain J. Math. 21 (1), pp. 359–375.

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External Links:

ISSN 0035-7596, MathReview (Joaquin Bustoz), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§18.30(i).

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An electrostatics model for zeros of general orthogonal polynomials. Pacific J. Math. 193 (2), pp. 355–369.

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External Links:

ISSN 0030-8730, FullText, MathReview (T. Erber), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§18.39(v).

Encodings:

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More on electrostatic models for zeros of orthogonal polynomials. Numer. Funct. Anal. Optim. 21 (1-2), pp. 191–204.

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External Links:

ISSN 0163-0563, FullText, MathReview (M. E. Muldoon), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§18.39(v).

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Classical and Quantum Orthogonal Polynomials in One Variable. Encyclopedia of Mathematics and its Applications, Vol. 98, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

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External Links:

ISBN 978-0-521-78201-2; 0-521-78201-5, MathReview Entry, ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§1.4(v), Profile Mourad E.H. Ismail, Erratum (V1.0.20) for Chapter 18 Orthogonal Polynomials.

Encodings:

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14: Errata

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The following additions were made in Chapter 18:

• In Subsection 18.2(i), Equation (18.2.1_5); the paragraph title “Orthogonality on Finite Point Sets” has been changed to “Orthogonality on Countable Sets”, and there are minor changes in the presentation of the final paragraph, including a new equation (18.2.4_5). The presentation of Subsection 18.2(iii) has changed, Equation (18.2.5_5) was added and an extra paragraph on standardizations has been included. The presentation of Subsection 18.2(iv) has changed and it has been expanded with two extra paragraphs and several new equations, (18.2.9_5), (18.2.11_1)–(18.2.11_9). Subsections 18.2(v) (with (18.2.12_5), (18.2.14)–(18.2.17)) and 18.2(vi) (with (18.2.17)–(18.2.20)) have been expanded. New subsections, 18.2(vii)–18.2(xii), with Equations (18.2.21)–(18.2.46),

• A new introduction, minor changes in the presentation, and three new paragraphs.

• Extra details for Chebyshev polynomials, and Equations (18.5.4_5), (18.5.11_1)–(18.5.11_4), (18.5.17_5).

• Line numbers and two extra rows were added to Table 18.8.1.

• Subsection 18.9(i) has been expanded, and 18.9(iii) has some additional explanation. Equations (18.9.2_1), (18.9.2_2), (18.9.18_5) and Table 18.9.2 were added.

• Three extra generating functions, (18.12.2_5), (18.12.3_5), (18.12.17).

• Equation (18.14.3_5). New subsection, 18.14(iv), with Equations (18.14.25)–(18.14.27).

• Equation (18.15.4_5).

• The title of Subsection 18.16(iii) was changed from “Ultraspherical and Legendre” to “Ultraspherical, Legendre and Chebyshev”. New subsection, 18.16(vii) Discriminants, with Equations (18.16.19)–(18.16.21).

• Extra explanatory text at many places and seven extra integrals (18.17.16_5), (18.17.21_1)–(18.17.21_3), (18.17.28_5), (18.17.34_5), (18.17.41_5).

• Extra explanatory text at several places and the title of Subsection 18.18(iv) was changed from “Connection Formulas” to “Connection and Inversion Formulas”.

• A new introduction.

• Equation (18.21.13).

• Extra explanatory text in Subsection 18.25(i) and the title of Subsection 18.25(ii) was changed from “Weights and Normalizations: Continuous Cases” to “Weights and Standardizations: Continuous Cases”.

• In Subsection 18.26(i) an extra paragraph on dualities has been included, with Equations (18.26.4_1), (18.26.4_2).

• Extra text at the start of this section and twenty seven extra formulas, (18.27.4_1), (18.27.4_2), (18.27.6_5), (18.27.9_5), (18.27.12_5), (18.27.14_1)–(18.27.14_6), (18.27.17_1)–(18.27.17_3), (18.27.20_5), (18.27.25), (18.27.26), (18.28.1_5).

• A big expansion. Six extra formulas in Subsection 18.28(ii) ((18.28.6_1)–(18.28.6_5)) and three extra formulas in Subsection 18.28(viii) ((18.28.21)–(18.28.23)). New subsections, 18.28(ix)–18.28(xi), with Equations (18.28.23)–(18.28.34).

• Originally this section did not have subsections. The original seven formulas have now more explanatory text and are split over two subsections. New subsections 18.30(iii)–18.30(viii), with Equations (18.30.8)–(18.30.31).

• This short section has been expanded, with Equation (18.32.2).

• Additional references and a new large subsection, 18.33(vi), including Equations (18.33.17)–(18.33.32).

• This section has been expanded, including an extra orthogonality relations (18.34.5_5), (18.34.7_1)–(18.34.7_3).

• This section on Pollaczek polynomials has been significantly updated with much more explanations and as well to include the Pollaczek polynomials of type 3 which are the most general with three free parameters. The Pollaczek polynomials which were previously treated, namely those of type 1 and type 2 are special cases of the type 3 Pollaczek polynomials. In the first paragraph of this section an extensive description of the relations between the three types of Pollaczek polynomials is given which was lacking previously. Equations (18.35.0_5), (18.35.2_1)–(18.35.2_5), (18.35.4_5), (18.35.6_1)–(18.35.6_6), (18.35.10).

• This section on miscellaneous polynomials has been expanded with new subsections, 18.36(v) on non-classical Laguerre polynomials and 18.36(vi) with examples of exceptional orthogonal polynomials, with Equations (18.36.1)–(18.36.10). In the titles of Subsections 18.36(ii) and 18.36(iii) we replaced “OP’s” by “Orthogonal Polynomials”.

• The paragraphs of Subsection 18.38(i) have been re-ordered and one paragraph was added. The title of Subsection 18.38(ii) was changed from “Classical OP’s: Other Applications” to “Classical OP’s: Mathematical Developments and Applications”. Subsection 18.38(iii) has been expanded with seven new paragraphs, and Equations (18.38.4)–(18.38.11).

• This section was completely rewritten. The previous 18.39(i) Quantum Mechanics has been replaced by Subsections 18.39(i) Quantum Mechanics and 18.39(ii) A 3D Separable Quantum System, the Hydrogen Atom, containing the same essential information; the original content of the subsection is reproduced below for reference. Subsection 18.39(ii) was moved to 18.39(v) Other Applications. New subsections, 18.39(iii) Non Classical Weight Functions of Utility in DVR Method in the Physical Sciences, 18.39(iv) Coulomb–Pollaczek Polynomials and J-Matrix Methods; Equations (18.39.7)–(18.39.48); and Figures 18.39.1, 18.39.2.

  The original text of 18.39(i) Quantum Mechanics was:

  “Classical OP’s appear when the time-dependent Schrödinger equation is solved by separation of variables. Consider, for example, the one-dimensional form of this equation for a particle of mass $m$ with potential energy $V(x)$:

  errata.1 $$\left(\frac{-{\mathrm{\hslash }}^2}{2m}\frac{{\partial }^2}{{\partial x}^2}+V(x)\right)\psi (x,t)=i\mathrm{\hslash }\frac{\partial }{\partial t}\psi (x,t),$$

  where $\mathrm{\hslash }$ is the reduced Planck’s constant. On substituting $\psi (x,t)=\eta (x)\zeta (t)$, we obtain two ordinary differential equations, each of which involve the same constant $E$. The equation for $\eta (x)$ is

  errata.2 $$\frac{d^2\eta }{{dx}^2}+\frac{2m}{{\mathrm{\hslash }}^2}\left(E-V(x)\right)\eta =0.$$

  For a harmonic oscillator, the potential energy is given by

  errata.3 $$V(x)=\frac{1}{2}m{\omega }^2{x}^2,$$

  where $\omega$ is the angular frequency. For (18.39.2) to have a nontrivial bounded solution in the interval , the constant $E$ (the total energy of the particle) must satisfy

  errata.4 $$E=E_n=\left(n+\frac{1}{2}\right)\mathrm{\hslash }\omega ,$$ $n=0,1,2,\mathrm{\dots }$.

  The corresponding eigenfunctions are

  errata.5 $${\eta }_n(x)={\pi }^{-\frac{1}{4}}{2}^{-\frac{1}{2}n}{(n!b)}^{-\frac{1}{2}}{H}_n\left(x/b\right){\mathrm{e}}^{-x^2/2b^2},$$

  where $b={(\mathrm{\hslash }/m\omega )}^{1/2}$, and $H_n$ is the Hermite polynomial. For further details, see Seaborn (1991, p. 224) or Nikiforov and Uvarov (1988, pp. 71-72).

  A second example is provided by the three-dimensional time-independent Schrödinger equation

  errata.6 $${\nabla }^2\psi +\frac{2m}{{\mathrm{\hslash }}^2}\left(E-V(𝐱)\right)\psi =0,$$

  when this is solved by separation of variables in spherical coordinates (§1.5(ii)). The eigenfunctions of one of the separated ordinary differential equations are Legendre polynomials. See Seaborn (1991, pp. 69-75).

  For a third example, one in which the eigenfunctions are Laguerre polynomials, see Seaborn (1991, pp. 87-93) and Nikiforov and Uvarov (1988, pp. 76-80 and 320-323).”

• The old section is now Subsection 18.40(i) and a large new subsection, 18.40(ii), on the classical moment problem has been added, with formulae (18.40.1)–(18.40.10) and Figures 18.40.1, 18.40.2.

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15: 18.39 Applications in the Physical Sciences

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§18.39(iv) Coulomb–Pollaczek Polynomials and J-Matrix Methods

… ►These cases correspond to the two distinct orthogonality conditions of (18.35.6) and (18.35.6_3). … ►While $s$ in the basis of (18.39.44) is simply a variational parameter, care must be taken, or the relationship between the results of the matrix variational approximation and the Pollaczek polynomials is lost, although this has no effect on the use of the variational approximations Reinhardt (2021a, b). … ►

Discretized and Continuum Expansions of Scattering Eigenfunctions in terms of Pollaczek Polynomials: J-matrix Theory

… ►For interpretations of zeros of classical OP’s as equilibrium positions of charges in electrostatic problems (assuming logarithmic interaction), see Ismail (2000a, b).

16: Bibliography G

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Positive sums of the classical orthogonal polynomials. SIAM J. Math. Anal. 8 (3), pp. 423–447.

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External Links:

ISSN 0036-1410, Document, Link, MathReview (W. A. Al-Salam)

Referenced by:

(18.14.25), (18.14.26), (18.14.27).

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Orthogonal Polynomials: Applications and Computation. In Acta Numerica, 1996, A. Iserles (Ed.), Acta Numerica, Vol. 5, pp. 45–119.

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External Links:

MathReview (Sven Ehrich), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§3.5(v).

Encodings:

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Orthogonal Polynomials: Computation and Approximation. Numerical Mathematics and Scientific Computation, Oxford University Press, New York.

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Notes:

OPQ, a package of Matlab routines for generating classical and Sobolev orthogonal polynomials, accompanies this book.

External Links:

OPQ, ISBN 0-19-850672-4, MathReview Entry, ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

(18.2.27), (18.2.28), (18.2.29), (18.2.30), §18.2(ix), §18.40(ii), §18.40(ii), §18.40(i), 3rd item, §3.5(v), Erratum (V1.0.28) for Table 18.3.1.

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Variable-precision recurrence coefficients for nonstandard orthogonal polynomials. Numer. Algorithms 52 (3), pp. 409–418.

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External Links:

ISSN 1017-1398, Document, Link, MathReview Entry

Referenced by:

§18.39(iii), §18.40(ii).

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Exceptional orthogonal polynomials and the Darboux transformation. J. Phys. A 43 (43), pp. 43016, 16 pp..

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External Links:

ISSN 1751-8113, Document, Link, MathReview (María-José Cantero)

Referenced by:

§18.36(vi).

Encodings:

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17: 18.40 Methods of Computation

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§18.40(i) Computation of Polynomials

►Orthogonal polynomials can be computed from their explicit polynomial form by Horner’s scheme (§1.11(i)). …For applications in which the OP’s appear only as terms in series expansions (compare §18.18(i)) the need to compute them can be avoided altogether by use instead of Clenshaw’s algorithm (§3.11(ii)) and its straightforward generalization to OP’s other than Chebyshev. … … ►use the first row of this $P$-matrix for …

18: Bibliography H

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The combination of $R$-matrix and complex coordinate methods: Application to the diamagnetic Rydberg spectra of Ba and Sr. J. Phys. B 26 (12), pp. 1775–1790.

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External Links:

ISSN 0953-4075, Document, MathReview

Referenced by:

4th item.

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Lamé polynomials of large order. SIAM J. Math. Anal. 8 (5), pp. 800–842.

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External Links:

Document, MathReview (F. M. Arscott), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§29.16.

Encodings:

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On an “equivalent quadrature” calculation of matrix elements of ${(z-p^2/2m)}^{-1}$ using an $L^2$ expansion technique. J. Comput. Phys. 13, pp. 536–550.

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External Links:

Document, Link

Referenced by:

§18.39(iv).

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Orthogonal Laurent polynomials. Nederl. Akad. Wetensch. Indag. Math. 48 (1), pp. 17–36.

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External Links:

ISSN 0019-3577, Document, MathReview (W. J. Thron), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§18.33(v).

Encodings:

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Bessel functions of matrix argument. Ann. of Math. (2) 61 (3), pp. 474–523.

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External Links:

FullText, MathReview (A. Erdélyi), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§35.1, §35.2, §35.3(ii), §35.5(i), §35.5(ii), §35.5(iii), §35.6(i), §35.6(ii), §35.6(iii), §35.6(iv), §35.7(i), §35.7(ii), §35.7(iv), §35.8(i), §35.8(ii), §35.8(iv), Ch.35, Notations P.

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19: Software Index

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	Open Source													With Book						Commercial
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18 Orthogonal Polynomials
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24 Bernoulli and Euler Polynomials
24.21(ii) $B_n$, $B_n\left(x\right)$, $E_n$, $E_n\left(x\right)$	✓	✓						✓		✓		a	✓	✓			✓		✓		✓	✓	✓		Derive, MuPAD
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35 Functions of Matrix Argument
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20: Bibliography

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Some orthogonal $q$-polynomials. Math. Nachr. 30, pp. 47–61.

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External Links:

ISSN 0025-584X, Document, MathReview (A. E. Danese), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§18.27(vii).

Encodings:

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Characterization theorems for orthogonal polynomials. In Orthogonal Polynomials (Columbus, OH, 1989), NATO Adv. Sci. Inst. Ser. C Math. Phys. Sci., Vol. 294, pp. 1–24.

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External Links:

Link, MathReview (Walter Van Assche), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§18.3.

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Classical Orthogonal Polynomials. In Orthogonal Polynomials and Applications, C. Brezinski, A. Draux, A. P. Magnus, P. Maroni, and A. Ronveaux (Eds.), Lecture Notes in Math., Vol. 1171, pp. 36–62.

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External Links:

MathReview, ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

(18.27.12_5), (18.27.6).

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Recurrence relations, continued fractions, and orthogonal polynomials. Mem. Amer. Math. Soc. 49 (300), pp. iv+108.

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External Links:

ISSN 0065-9266, MathReview (W. A. Al-Salam), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§18.28(iv).

Encodings:

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Some basic hypergeometric orthogonal polynomials that generalize Jacobi polynomials. Mem. Amer. Math. Soc. 54 (319), pp. iv+55.

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External Links:

ISSN 0065-9266, MathReview (Mourad E. H. Ismail), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§18.21(ii), §18.22(ii), (18.28.24), §18.28(ii), Ch.18, Profile Richard A. Askey.

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