# Chebyshev

With $x=\mathop{\cos\/}\nolimits\theta$,

 18.5.1 $\displaystyle\mathop{T_{n}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)$ $\displaystyle=\mathop{\cos\/}\nolimits\!\left(n\theta\right),$ 18.5.2 $\displaystyle\mathop{U_{n}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)$ $\displaystyle=\ifrac{(\mathop{\sin\/}\nolimits(n+1)\theta)}{\mathop{\sin\/}% \nolimits\theta},$ 18.5.3 $\displaystyle\mathop{V_{n}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)$ $\displaystyle=\ifrac{(\mathop{\sin\/}\nolimits(n+\tfrac{1}{2})\theta)}{\mathop% {\sin\/}\nolimits\!\left(\tfrac{1}{2}\theta\right)},$ 18.5.4 $\displaystyle\mathop{W_{n}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)$ $\displaystyle=\ifrac{(\mathop{\cos\/}\nolimits(n+\tfrac{1}{2})\theta)}{\mathop% {\cos\/}\nolimits\!\left(\tfrac{1}{2}\theta\right)}.$

# §18.5(ii) Rodrigues Formulas

 18.5.5 $p_{n}(x)=\frac{1}{\kappa_{n}w(x)}\frac{{d}^{n}}{{dx}^{n}}\left(w(x)(F(x))^{n}% \right).$ Symbols: $\frac{df}{dx}$: derivative of $f$ with respect to $x$, $w(x)$: weight function, $n$: nonnegative integer, $p_{n}(x)$: polynomial of degree $n$ and $x$: real variable A&S Ref: 22.1.6 (incorrectly stated as property of general OP’s) Referenced by: §18.17(v), §18.17(vi), §18.17(vii), Table 18.5.1, §18.9(iii) Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/18.5.E5 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png

In this equation $w(x)$ is as in Table 18.3.1, and $F(x)$, $\kappa_{n}$ are as in Table 18.5.1.

Related formula:

 18.5.6 $\mathop{L^{(\alpha)}_{n}\/}\nolimits\!\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)=\frac{(-1)^{n}}% {n!}x^{n+\alpha+1}e^{\ifrac{1}{x}}\frac{{d}^{n}}{{dx}^{n}}\left(x^{-\alpha-1}e% ^{-\ifrac{1}{x}}\right).$

# §18.5(iii) Finite Power Series, the Hypergeometric Function, and Generalized Hypergeometric Functions

For the definitions of $\mathop{{{}_{2}F_{1}}\/}\nolimits$, $\mathop{{{}_{1}F_{1}}\/}\nolimits$, and $\mathop{{{}_{2}F_{0}}\/}\nolimits$ see §16.2.

# Jacobi

 18.5.7 $\mathop{P^{(\alpha,\beta)}_{n}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)=\sum_{\ell=0}^{n}% \frac{\left(n+\alpha+\beta+1\right)_{\ell}\left(\alpha+\ell+1\right)_{n-\ell}}% {\ell!\;(n-\ell)!}\left(\frac{x-1}{2}\right)^{\ell}=\frac{\left(\alpha+1\right% )_{n}}{n!}\mathop{{{}_{2}F_{1}}\/}\nolimits\!\left({-n,n+\alpha+\beta+1\atop% \alpha+1};\frac{1-x}{2}\right),$
 18.5.8 $\mathop{P^{(\alpha,\beta)}_{n}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)=2^{-n}\sum_{\ell=0}% ^{n}\binom{n+\alpha}{\ell}\binom{n+\beta}{n-\ell}(x-1)^{n-\ell}(x+1)^{\ell}=% \frac{\left(\alpha+1\right)_{n}}{n!}\left(\frac{x+1}{2}\right)^{n}\mathop{{{}_% {2}F_{1}}\/}\nolimits\!\left({-n,-n-\beta\atop\alpha+1};\frac{x-1}{x+1}\right),$

and two similar formulas by symmetry; compare the second row in Table 18.6.1.

# Ultraspherical

 18.5.9 $\mathop{C^{(\lambda)}_{n}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)=\frac{\left(2\lambda% \right)_{n}}{n!}\mathop{{{}_{2}F_{1}}\/}\nolimits\!\left({-n,n+2\lambda\atop% \lambda+\tfrac{1}{2}};\frac{1-x}{2}\right),$
 18.5.10 $\mathop{C^{(\lambda)}_{n}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)=\sum_{\ell=0}^{\left% \lfloor n/2\right\rfloor}\frac{(-1)^{\ell}\left(\lambda\right)_{n-\ell}}{\ell!% \;(n-2\ell)!}(2x)^{n-2\ell}=(2x)^{n}\frac{\left(\lambda\right)_{n}}{n!}\mathop% {{{}_{2}F_{1}}\/}\nolimits\!\left({-\tfrac{1}{2}n,-\tfrac{1}{2}n+\tfrac{1}{2}% \atop 1-\lambda-n};\frac{1}{x^{2}}\right),$
 18.5.11 $\mathop{C^{(\lambda)}_{n}\/}\nolimits\!\left(\mathop{\cos\/}\nolimits\theta% \right)=\sum_{\ell=0}^{n}\frac{\left(\lambda\right)_{\ell}\left(\lambda\right)% _{n-\ell}}{\ell!\;(n-\ell)!}\mathop{\cos\/}\nolimits\!\left((n-2\ell)\theta% \right)=e^{in\theta}\frac{\left(\lambda\right)_{n}}{n!}\mathop{{{}_{2}F_{1}}\/% }\nolimits\!\left({-n,\lambda\atop 1-\lambda-n};e^{-2i\theta}\right).$

# Laguerre

 18.5.12 $\mathop{L^{(\alpha)}_{n}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)=\sum_{\ell=0}^{n}\frac{% \left(\alpha+\ell+1\right)_{n-\ell}}{(n-\ell)!\;\ell!}(-x)^{\ell}=\frac{\left(% \alpha+1\right)_{n}}{n!}\mathop{{{}_{1}F_{1}}\/}\nolimits\!\left({-n\atop% \alpha+1};x\right).$

# Hermite

 18.5.13 $\mathop{H_{n}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)=n!\sum_{\ell=0}^{\left\lfloor n/2% \right\rfloor}\frac{(-1)^{\ell}(2x)^{n-2\ell}}{\ell!\;(n-2\ell)!}=(2x)^{n}% \mathop{{{}_{2}F_{0}}\/}\nolimits\!\left({-\tfrac{1}{2}n,-\tfrac{1}{2}n+\tfrac% {1}{2}\atop-};-\frac{1}{x^{2}}\right).$

For corresponding formulas for Chebyshev, Legendre, and the Hermite $\mathop{\mathit{He}_{n}\/}\nolimits$ polynomials apply (18.7.3)–(18.7.6), (18.7.9), and (18.7.11).

Note. The first of each of equations (18.5.7) and (18.5.8) can be regarded as definitions of $\mathop{P^{(\alpha,\beta)}_{n}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)$ when the conditions $\alpha>-1$ and $\beta>-1$ are not satisfied. However, in these circumstances the orthogonality property (18.2.1) disappears. For this reason, and also in the interest of simplicity, in the case of the Jacobi polynomials $\mathop{P^{(\alpha,\beta)}_{n}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)$ we assume throughout this chapter that $\alpha>-1$ and $\beta>-1$, unless stated otherwise. Similarly in the cases of the ultraspherical polynomials $\mathop{C^{(\lambda)}_{n}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)$ and the Laguerre polynomials $\mathop{L^{(\alpha)}_{n}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)$ we assume that $\lambda>-\tfrac{1}{2},\lambda\neq 0$, and $\alpha>-1$, unless stated otherwise.

# Chebyshev

 18.5.14 $\displaystyle\mathop{T_{0}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)$ $\displaystyle=1,$ $\displaystyle\mathop{T_{1}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)$ $\displaystyle=x,$ $\displaystyle\mathop{T_{2}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)$ $\displaystyle=2x^{2}-1,$ $\displaystyle\mathop{T_{3}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)$ $\displaystyle=4x^{3}-3x,$ $\displaystyle\mathop{T_{4}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)$ $\displaystyle=8x^{4}-8x^{2}+1,$ $\displaystyle\mathop{T_{5}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)$ $\displaystyle=16x^{5}-20x^{3}+5x,$ $\displaystyle\mathop{T_{6}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)$ $\displaystyle=32x^{6}-48x^{4}+18x^{2}-1.$ Symbols: $\mathop{T_{n}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)$: Chebyshev polynomial of the first kind and $x$: real variable Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/18.5.E14 Encodings: TeX, TeX, TeX, TeX, TeX, TeX, TeX, pMML, pMML, pMML, pMML, pMML, pMML, pMML, png, png, png, png, png, png, png
 18.5.15 $\displaystyle\mathop{U_{0}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)$ $\displaystyle=1,$ $\displaystyle\mathop{U_{1}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)$ $\displaystyle=2x,$ $\displaystyle\mathop{U_{2}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)$ $\displaystyle=4x^{2}-1,$ $\displaystyle\mathop{U_{3}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)$ $\displaystyle=8x^{3}-4x,$ $\displaystyle\mathop{U_{4}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)$ $\displaystyle=16x^{4}-12x^{2}+1,$ $\displaystyle\mathop{U_{5}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)$ $\displaystyle=32x^{5}-32x^{3}+6x,$ $\displaystyle\mathop{U_{6}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)$ $\displaystyle=64x^{6}-80x^{4}+24x^{2}-1.$ Symbols: $\mathop{U_{n}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)$: Chebyshev polynomial of the second kind and $x$: real variable Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/18.5.E15 Encodings: TeX, TeX, TeX, TeX, TeX, TeX, TeX, pMML, pMML, pMML, pMML, pMML, pMML, pMML, png, png, png, png, png, png, png

# Legendre

 18.5.16 $\displaystyle\mathop{P_{0}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)$ $\displaystyle=1,$ $\displaystyle\mathop{P_{1}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)$ $\displaystyle=x,$ $\displaystyle\mathop{P_{2}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)$ $\displaystyle=\tfrac{3}{2}x^{2}-\tfrac{1}{2},$ $\displaystyle\mathop{P_{3}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)$ $\displaystyle=\tfrac{5}{2}x^{3}-\tfrac{3}{2}x,$ $\displaystyle\mathop{P_{4}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)$ $\displaystyle=\tfrac{35}{8}x^{4}-\tfrac{15}{4}x^{2}+\tfrac{3}{8},$ $\displaystyle\mathop{P_{5}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)$ $\displaystyle=\tfrac{63}{8}x^{5}-\tfrac{35}{4}x^{3}+\tfrac{15}{8}x,$ $\displaystyle\mathop{P_{6}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)$ $\displaystyle=\tfrac{231}{16}x^{6}-\tfrac{315}{16}x^{4}+\tfrac{105}{16}x^{2}-% \tfrac{5}{16}.$ Symbols: $\mathop{P_{n}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)$: Legendre polynomial and $x$: real variable Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/18.5.E16 Encodings: TeX, TeX, TeX, TeX, TeX, TeX, TeX, pMML, pMML, pMML, pMML, pMML, pMML, pMML, png, png, png, png, png, png, png

# Laguerre

 18.5.17 $\displaystyle\mathop{L_{0}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)$ $\displaystyle=1,$ $\displaystyle\mathop{L_{1}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)$ $\displaystyle=-x+1,$ $\displaystyle\mathop{L_{2}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)$ $\displaystyle=\tfrac{1}{2}x^{2}-2x+1,$ $\displaystyle\mathop{L_{3}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)$ $\displaystyle=-\tfrac{1}{6}x^{3}+\tfrac{3}{2}x^{2}-3x+1,$ $\displaystyle\mathop{L_{4}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)$ $\displaystyle=\tfrac{1}{24}x^{4}-\tfrac{2}{3}x^{3}+3x^{2}-4x+1,$ $\displaystyle\mathop{L_{5}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)$ $\displaystyle=-\tfrac{1}{120}x^{5}+\tfrac{5}{24}x^{4}-\tfrac{5}{3}x^{3}+5x^{2}% -5x+1,$ $\displaystyle\mathop{L_{6}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)$ $\displaystyle=\tfrac{1}{720}x^{6}-\tfrac{1}{20}x^{5}+\tfrac{5}{8}x^{4}-\tfrac{% 10}{3}x^{3}+\tfrac{15}{2}x^{2}-6x+1.$ Symbols: $\mathop{L^{(\alpha)}_{n}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)$: Laguerre (or generalized Laguerre) polynomial and $x$: real variable Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/18.5.E17 Encodings: TeX, TeX, TeX, TeX, TeX, TeX, TeX, pMML, pMML, pMML, pMML, pMML, pMML, pMML, png, png, png, png, png, png, png

# Hermite

 18.5.18 $\displaystyle\mathop{H_{0}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)$ $\displaystyle=1,$ $\displaystyle\mathop{H_{1}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)$ $\displaystyle=2x,$ $\displaystyle\mathop{H_{2}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)$ $\displaystyle=4x^{2}-2,$ $\displaystyle\mathop{H_{3}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)$ $\displaystyle=8x^{3}-12x,$ $\displaystyle\mathop{H_{4}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)$ $\displaystyle=16x^{4}-48x^{2}+12,$ $\displaystyle\mathop{H_{5}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)$ $\displaystyle=32x^{5}-160x^{3}+120x,$ $\displaystyle\mathop{H_{6}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)$ $\displaystyle=64x^{6}-480x^{4}+720x^{2}-120.$ Symbols: $\mathop{H_{n}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)$: Hermite polynomial and $x$: real variable Referenced by: §13.6(v) Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/18.5.E18 Encodings: TeX, TeX, TeX, TeX, TeX, TeX, TeX, pMML, pMML, pMML, pMML, pMML, pMML, pMML, png, png, png, png, png, png, png
 18.5.19 $\displaystyle\mathop{\mathit{He}_{0}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)$ $\displaystyle=1,$ $\displaystyle\mathop{\mathit{He}_{1}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)$ $\displaystyle=x,$ $\displaystyle\mathop{\mathit{He}_{2}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)$ $\displaystyle=x^{2}-1,$ $\displaystyle\mathop{\mathit{He}_{3}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)$ $\displaystyle=x^{3}-3x,$ $\displaystyle\mathop{\mathit{He}_{4}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)$ $\displaystyle=x^{4}-6x^{2}+3,$ $\displaystyle\mathop{\mathit{He}_{5}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)$ $\displaystyle=x^{5}-10x^{3}+15x,$ $\displaystyle\mathop{\mathit{He}_{6}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)$ $\displaystyle=x^{6}-15x^{4}+45x^{2}-15.$ Symbols: $\mathop{\mathit{He}_{n}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)$: Hermite polynomial and $x$: real variable Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/18.5.E19 Encodings: TeX, TeX, TeX, TeX, TeX, TeX, TeX, pMML, pMML, pMML, pMML, pMML, pMML, pMML, png, png, png, png, png, png, png

For the corresponding polynomials of degrees 7 through 12 see Abramowitz and Stegun (1964, Tables 22.3, 22.5, 22.9, 22.10, 22.12).