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11: 29.7 Asymptotic Expansions
As ν , …
29.7.5 b ν m + 1 ( k 2 ) a ν m ( k 2 ) = O ( ν m + 3 2 ( 1 k 1 + k ) ν ) , ν .
Müller (1966a, b) found three formal asymptotic expansions for a fundamental system of solutions of (29.2.1) (and (29.11.1)) as ν , one in terms of Jacobian elliptic functions and two in terms of Hermite polynomials. In Müller (1966c) it is shown how these expansions lead to asymptotic expansions for the Lamé functions 𝐸𝑐 ν m ( z , k 2 ) and 𝐸𝑠 ν m ( z , k 2 ) . Weinstein and Keller (1985) give asymptotics for solutions of Hill’s equation (§28.29(i)) that are applicable to the Lamé equation.
12: Bibliography G
  • G. Gasper (1981) Orthogonality of certain functions with respect to complex valued weights. Canad. J. Math. 33 (5), pp. 1261–1270.
  • W. Gautschi (1959b) Some elementary inequalities relating to the gamma and incomplete gamma function. J. Math. Phys. 38 (1), pp. 77–81.
  • W. Gautschi (1983) How and how not to check Gaussian quadrature formulae. BIT 23 (2), pp. 209–216.
  • W. Gautschi (1984) Questions of Numerical Condition Related to Polynomials. In Studies in Numerical Analysis, G. H. Golub (Ed.), pp. 140–177.
  • J. J. Gray (2000) Linear Differential Equations and Group Theory from Riemann to Poincaré. 2nd edition, Birkhäuser Boston Inc., Boston, MA.
  • 13: 5.4 Special Values and Extrema
    5.4.7 Γ ( 1 3 ) = 2.67893 85347 07747 63365 ,
    5.4.8 Γ ( 2 3 ) = 1.35411 79394 26400 41694 ,
    5.4.9 Γ ( 1 4 ) = 3.62560 99082 21908 31193 ,
    5.4.10 Γ ( 3 4 ) = 1.22541 67024 65177 64512 .
    As n , …
    14: 10.74 Methods of Computation
    In other circumstances the power series are prone to slow convergence and heavy numerical cancellation. … Temme (1997) shows how to overcome this difficulty by use of the Maclaurin expansions for these coefficients or by use of auxiliary functions. … Similar observations apply to the computation of modified Bessel functions, spherical Bessel functions, and Kelvin functions. … Similar considerations apply to the spherical Bessel functions and Kelvin functions. … Newton’s rule (§3.8(i)) or Halley’s rule (§3.8(v)) can be used to compute to arbitrarily high accuracy the real or complex zeros of all the functions treated in this chapter. …
    15: 22.20 Methods of Computation
    To compute sn , cn , dn to 10D when x = 0.8 , k = 0.65 . Four iterations of (22.20.1) lead to c 4 = 6.5×10⁻¹² . … By application of the transformations given in §§22.7(i) and 22.7(ii), k or k can always be made sufficently small to enable the approximations given in §22.10(ii) to be applied. The rate of convergence is similar to that for the arithmetic-geometric mean. … Alternatively, Sala (1989) shows how to apply the arithmetic-geometric mean to compute am ( x , k ) . …
    16: 3.6 Linear Difference Equations
    In practice, however, problems of severe instability often arise and in §§3.6(ii)3.6(vii) we show how these difficulties may be overcome. … It therefore remains to apply a normalizing factor Λ . … (This part of the process is equivalent to forward elimination.) … Similar considerations apply to the first-order equation …Thus in the inhomogeneous case it may sometimes be necessary to recur backwards to achieve stability. …
    17: Errata
  • Section 9.8(iv)

    The paragraph immediately below (9.8.23) was updated to include new information from Nemes (2021) pertaining to (9.8.22) and (9.8.23).

  • Subsection 25.10(ii)

    In the paragraph immediately below (25.10.4), it was originally stated that “more than one-third of all zeros in the critical strip lie on the critical line.” which referred to Levinson (1974). This sentence has been updated with “one-third” being replaced with “41%” now referring to Bui et al. (2011) (suggested by Gergő Nemes on 2021-08-23).

  • Section 1.13

    In Equation (1.13.4), the determinant form of the two-argument Wronskian

    1.13.4 𝒲 { w 1 ( z ) , w 2 ( z ) } = det [ w 1 ( z ) w 2 ( z ) w 1 ( z ) w 2 ( z ) ] = w 1 ( z ) w 2 ( z ) w 2 ( z ) w 1 ( z )

    was added as an equality. In ¶Wronskian (in §1.13(i)), immediately below Equation (1.13.4), a sentence was added indicating that in general the n -argument Wronskian is given by 𝒲 { w 1 ( z ) , , w n ( z ) } = det [ w k ( j 1 ) ( z ) ] , where 1 j , k n . Immediately below Equation (1.13.4), a sentence was added giving the definition of the n -argument Wronskian. It is explained just above (1.13.5) that this equation is often referred to as Abel’s identity. Immediately below Equation (1.13.5), a sentence was added explaining how it generalizes for n th-order differential equations. A reference to Ince (1926, §5.2) was added.

  • Usability

    Additional keywords are being added to formulas (an ongoing project); these are visible in the associated ‘info boxes’ linked to the [Uncaptioned image] icons to the right of each formula, and provide better search capabilities.

  • Chapter 25 Zeta and Related Functions

    A number of additions and changes have been made to the metadata to reflect new and changed references as well as to how some equations have been derived.

  • 18: 3.2 Linear Algebra
    To solve the system … During this reduction process we store the multipliers j k that are used in each column to eliminate other elements in that column. … The sensitivity of the solution vector 𝐱 in (3.2.1) to small perturbations in the matrix 𝐀 and the vector 𝐛 is measured by the condition numberwhere 𝐱 and 𝐲 are the normalized right and left eigenvectors of 𝐀 corresponding to the eigenvalue λ . … Lanczos’ method is related to Gauss quadrature considered in §3.5(v). …
    19: 25.10 Zeros
    Calculations relating to the zeros on the critical line make use of the real-valued function …is chosen to make Z ( t ) real, and ph Γ ( 1 4 + 1 2 i t ) assumes its principal value. … Sign changes of Z ( t ) are determined by multiplying (25.9.3) by exp ( i ϑ ( t ) ) to obtain the Riemann–Siegel formula: …where R ( t ) = O ( t 1 / 4 ) as t . … More than 41% of all the zeros in the critical strip lie on the critical line (Bui et al. (2011)). …
    20: Bibliography B
  • P. M. Batchelder (1967) An Introduction to Linear Difference Equations. Dover Publications Inc., New York.
  • P. Boalch (2006) The fifty-two icosahedral solutions to Painlevé VI. J. Reine Angew. Math. 596, pp. 183–214.
  • J. P. Buhler, R. E. Crandall, and R. W. Sompolski (1992) Irregular primes to one million. Math. Comp. 59 (200), pp. 717–722.
  • H. M. Bui, B. Conrey, and M. P. Young (2011) More than 41% of the zeros of the zeta function are on the critical line. Acta Arith. 150 (1), pp. 35–64.
  • N. M. Burunova (1960) A Guide to Mathematical Tables: Supplement No. 1. Pergamon Press, New York.