prime number theorem

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21: 25.2 Definition and Expansions

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25.2.8 $$\zeta \left(s\right)=\sum _{k=1}^N\frac{1}{k^s}+\frac{N^{1-s}}{s-1}-s{\int }_N^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{x-\lfloor x\rfloor }{x^{s+1}}dx,$$ $\mathrm{\Re }s>0$, $N=1,2,3,\mathrm{\dots }$.

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Symbols:

$\zeta \left(s\right)$: Riemann zeta function, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\lfloor x\rfloor$: floor of $x$ , $\int$: integral, $\mathrm{\Re }$: real part, $k$: nonnegative integer, $x$: real variable, $a$: real or complex parameter and $s$: complex variable

Keywords:

Euler–Maclaurin formula, improper integral

Source:

Apostol (1976, (25), p. 269)

Proof sketch:

Derivable from Apostol (1976, Theorem 12.21, p. 269) by setting $a=1$ and $N\mapsto N-1$.

A&S Ref:

23.2.9

Referenced by:

(25.2.9)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/25.2.E8

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §25.2(iii), §25.2 and Ch.25

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25.2.10 $$\zeta \left(s\right)=\frac{1}{s-1}+\frac{1}{2}+\sum _{k=1}^n\left(\genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{s+2k-2}{2k-1}\right)\frac{B_{2k}}{2k}-\left(\genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{s+2n}{2n+1}\right){\int }_1^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{{\tilde{B}}_{2n+1}\left(x\right)}{x^{s+2n+1}}dx,$$ $\mathrm{\Re }s>-2n$, $n=1,2,3,\mathrm{\dots }$.

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Symbols:

$B_n$: Bernoulli numbers, $\zeta \left(s\right)$: Riemann zeta function, $\left(\genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{m}{n}\right)$: binomial coefficient, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\int$: integral, ${\tilde{B}}_n\left(x\right)$: periodic Bernoulli functions, $\mathrm{\Re }$: real part, $k$: nonnegative integer, $n$: nonnegative integer, $x$: real variable and $s$: complex variable

Keywords:

Euler–Maclaurin formula

Proof sketch:

Derivable from (25.2.9) with $N=1$.

A&S Ref:

23.2.3

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/25.2.E10

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §25.2(iii), §25.2 and Ch.25

►For $B_{2k}$ see §24.2(i), and for ${\tilde{B}}_n\left(x\right)$ see §24.2(iii). … ►

25.2.11 $$\zeta \left(s\right)=\prod _p{(1-p^{-s})}^{-1},$$ $\mathrm{\Re }s>1$,

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Symbols:

$\zeta \left(s\right)$: Riemann zeta function, $\mathrm{\Re }$: real part, $p$: prime number and $s$: complex variable

Keywords:

infinite product, primes

Source:

Apostol (1976, p. 231)

A&S Ref:

23.2.2

Referenced by:

§25.10(i)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/25.2.E11

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §25.2(iv), §25.2 and Ch.25

►product over all primes $p$. …

22: 1.5 Calculus of Two or More Variables

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Implicit Function Theorem

►If $F(x,y)$ is continuously differentiable, $F(a,b)=0$, and $\partial F/\partial y\ne 0$ at $(a,b)$, then in a neighborhood of $(a,b)$, that is, an open disk centered at $a,b$, the equation $F(x,y)=0$ defines a continuously differentiable function $y=g(x)$ such that $F(x,g(x))=0$, $b=g(a)$, and $g^{\prime }(x)=-F_x/F_y$. … ►

§1.5(iii) Taylor’s Theorem; Maxima and Minima

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§1.5(iv) Leibniz’s Theorem for Differentiation of Integrals

… ►Suppose also that ${\int }_c^{d}f(x,y)dy$ converges and ${\int }_c^d(\partial f/\partial x)dy$ converges uniformly on $a\le x\le b$, that is, given any positive number $ϵ$, however small, we can find a number $c_0\in [c,d)$ that is independent of $x$ and is such that …

23: 21.7 Riemann Surfaces

… ►Since a Riemann surface $\mathrm{\Gamma }$ is a two-dimensional manifold that is orientable (owing to its analytic structure), its only topological invariant is its genus $g$ (the number of handles in the surface). On this surface, we choose $2g$ cycles (that is, closed oriented curves, each with at most a finite number of singular points) $a_j$, $b_j$, $j=1,2,\mathrm{\dots },g$, such that their intersection indices satisfy … ►Then the prime form on the corresponding compact Riemann surface $\mathrm{\Gamma }$ is defined by … ►Fay derives (21.7.10) as a special case of a more general class of addition theorems for Riemann theta functions on Riemann surfaces. … ►Next, define an isomorphism $𝜼$ which maps every subset $T$ of $B$ with an even number of elements to a $2g$-dimensional vector $𝜼(T)$ with elements either $0$ or $\frac{1}{2}$. …

24: 25.6 Integer Arguments

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§25.6(i) Function Values

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25.6.2 $$\zeta \left(2n\right)=\frac{{(2\pi )}^{2n}}{2(2n)!}\left|B_{2n}\right|,$$ $n=1,2,3,\mathrm{\dots }$.

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Symbols:

$B_n$: Bernoulli numbers, $\zeta \left(s\right)$: Riemann zeta function, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $!$: factorial (as in $n!$) and $n$: nonnegative integer

Sources:

Magnus et al. (1966, p. 19); Apostol (1976, (22), p. 266)

A&S Ref:

23.2.16

Referenced by:

(25.11.21)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/25.6.E2

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §25.6(i), §25.6 and Ch.25

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25.6.3 $$\zeta \left(-n\right)=-\frac{B_{n+1}}{n+1},$$ $n=1,2,3,\mathrm{\dots }$.

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Symbols:

$B_n$: Bernoulli numbers, $\zeta \left(s\right)$: Riemann zeta function and $n$: nonnegative integer

Source:

Apostol (1976, (20), p. 266); with $n\ne 0$

A&S Ref:

23.2.15 (in slightly different form)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/25.6.E3

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §25.6(i), §25.6 and Ch.25

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25.6.4 $$\zeta \left(-2n\right)=0,$$ $n=1,2,3,\mathrm{\dots }$.

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Symbols:

$\zeta \left(s\right)$: Riemann zeta function and $n$: nonnegative integer

Source:

Apostol (1976, Theorem 12.16, p. 266)

A&S Ref:

23.2.14

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/25.6.E4

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §25.6(i), §25.6 and Ch.25

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25.6.15 $${\zeta }^{\prime }\left(2n\right)=\frac{{(-1)}^{n+1}{(2\pi )}^{2n}}{2(2n)!}\left(2n{\zeta }^{\prime }\left(1-2n\right)-(\psi \left(2n\right)-\ln \left(2\pi \right))B_{2n}\right).$$

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Symbols:

$B_n$: Bernoulli numbers, $\zeta \left(s\right)$: Riemann zeta function, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\psi \left(z\right)$: psi (or digamma) function, $!$: factorial (as in $n!$), $\ln z$: principal branch of logarithm function and $n$: nonnegative integer

Source:

Miller and Adamchik (1998, (2), p. 202)

Referenced by:

(25.11.21)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/25.6.E15

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §25.6(ii), §25.6 and Ch.25

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25: 1.9 Calculus of a Complex Variable

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DeMoivre’s Theorem

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Jordan Curve Theorem

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Cauchy’s Theorem

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Liouville’s Theorem

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Dominated Convergence Theorem

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26: Bibliography C

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The Staudt-Clausen theorem. Math. Mag. 34, pp. 131–146.

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External Links:

MathReview (K. Goldberg), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§24.6.

Encodings:

BibTeX

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New proof of the addition theorem for Gegenbauer polynomials. SIAM J. Math. Anal. 2, pp. 347–351.

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External Links:

ISSN 1095-7154, Document, MathReview (Mary L. Boas), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§18.18(ii).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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Short proofs of three theorems on elliptic integrals. SIAM J. Math. Anal. 9 (3), pp. 524–528.

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External Links:

Document, MathReview (Y. L. Luke), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§19.26(i).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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The universal von Staudt theorems. Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 315 (2), pp. 591–603.

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External Links:

ISSN 0002-9947, FullText, MathReview (T. Metsänkylä), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§24.16(iii).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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Prime Numbers: A Computational Perspective. 2nd edition, Springer-Verlag, New York.

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External Links:

ISBN 978-0-387-25282-7; 0-387-25282-7, MathReview (Robert Juricevic), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§27.12, §27.12, §27.18, §27.18, §27.18, §27.18, §27.18, §27.18, §27.19, §27.19, §27.19.

Encodings:

BibTeX

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27: Bibliography D

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Note on the addition theorem of parabolic cylinder functions. J. Indian Math. Soc. (N. S.) 4, pp. 29–30.

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External Links:

MathReview (M. C. Gray), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§12.13(ii).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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Sums of products of Bernoulli numbers. J. Number Theory 60 (1), pp. 23–41.

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External Links:

ISSN 0022-314X, Document, MathReview (Wen Peng Zhang), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§24.14(ii).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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Bernoulli Numbers and Confluent Hypergeometric Functions. In Number Theory for the Millennium, I (Urbana, IL, 2000), pp. 343–363.

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External Links:

ISBN 1-56881-126-8, MathReview (Arnold M. Adelberg), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§24.16(iii).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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Ramanujan’s master theorem for symmetric cones. Pacific J. Math. 175 (2), pp. 447–490.

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External Links:

ISSN 0030-8730, MathReview (Jacques Faraut), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§35.7(ii), §35.8(iv), §35.8(v).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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On Vandermonde’s theorem, and some more general expansions. Proc. Edinburgh Math. Soc. 25, pp. 114–132.

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External Links:

ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§15.4(ii).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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28: 24.4 Basic Properties

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24.4.11 $$\sum _{\begin{array}{c}k=1\\ \left(k,m\right)=1\end{array}}^m{k}^n=\frac{1}{n+1}\sum _{j=1}^{n+1}\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{n+1}{j}\right)\left(\prod _{p|m}(1-p^{n-j})B_{n+1-j}\right)m^j.$$

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Symbols:

$B_n$: Bernoulli numbers, $\left(\genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{m}{n}\right)$: binomial coefficient, $\left(m,n\right)$: greatest common divisor (gcd), $j$: integer, $k$: integer, $m$: integer, $n$: integer and $p$: prime

Referenced by:

§24.4(iii)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/24.4.E11

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §24.4(iii), §24.4 and Ch.24

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§24.4(iv) Finite Expansions

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Raabe’s Theorem

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§24.4(ix) Relations to Other Functions

►For the relation of Bernoulli numbers to the Riemann zeta function see §25.6, and to the Eulerian numbers see (26.14.11).

29: 19.11 Addition Theorems

§19.11 Addition Theorems

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19.11.6_5 $$R_C(\gamma -\delta ,\gamma )=\frac{-1}{\sqrt{\delta }}\arctan \left(\frac{\sqrt{\delta }\sin \theta \sin \varphi \sin \psi }{{\alpha }^2-1-{\alpha }^2\cos \theta \cos \varphi \cos \psi }\right).$$

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Symbols:

$R_C(x,y)$: Carlson’s combination of inverse circular and inverse hyperbolic functions, $\cos z$: cosine function, $\arctan z$: arctangent function, $\sin z$: sine function, $\varphi$: real or complex argument, ${\alpha }^2$: real or complex parameter, $\theta$: amplitude, $\psi$: angle, $\gamma$ and $\delta$

Referenced by:

§19.11(i), Erratum (V1.0.28) for Equations (15.2.3_5), (19.11.6_5)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/19.11.E6_5

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

Clarification (effective with 1.0.28):

This equation was given a number.

See also:

Annotations for §19.11(i), §19.11 and Ch.19

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19.11.9 $$\tan \theta =1/(k^{\prime }\tan \varphi ).$$

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Symbols:

$\tan z$: tangent function, $\varphi$: real or complex argument, $k^{\prime }$: complementary modulus and $\theta$: amplitude

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/19.11.E9

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §19.11(ii), §19.11 and Ch.19

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30: 3.8 Nonlinear Equations

… ►If $f(z_0)=0$ and $f^{\prime }(z_0)\ne 0$, then $z_0$ is a simple zero of $f$. … ►As in the case of Table 3.8.1 the quadratic nature of convergence is clearly evident: as the zero is approached, the number of correct decimal places doubles at each iteration. … ►Initial approximations to the zeros can often be found from asymptotic or other approximations to $f(z)$, or by application of the phase principle or Rouché’s theorem; see §1.10(iv). … … ►We have $p^{\prime }(20)=19!$ and $a_{19}=1+2+\mathrm{\cdots }+20=210$. …