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21: 28.16 Asymptotic Expansions for Large $q$

… ►Let $s=2m+1$, $m=0,1,2,\mathrm{\dots }$, and $\nu$ be fixed with . … ►

28.16.1 $${\lambda }_{\nu }\left(h^2\right)\sim -2h^2+2sh-\frac{1}{8}(s^2+1)-\frac{1}{2^{7}h}(s^3+3s)-\frac{1}{2^{12}{h}^2}(5s^4+34s^2+9)-\frac{1}{2^{17}{h}^3}(33s^5+410s^3+405s)-\frac{1}{2^{20}{h}^4}(63s^6+1260s^4+2943s^2+486)-\frac{1}{2^{25}{h}^5}(527s^7+15617s^5+69001s^3+41607s)+\mathrm{\cdots }.$$

ⓘ

Symbols:

${\lambda }_{\nu +2n}\left(q\right)$: eigenvalues of Mathieu equation, $\sim$: Poincaré asymptotic expansion, $h$: parameter and $\nu$: complex parameter

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/28.16.E1

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §28.16 and Ch.28

…

22: 5.17 Barnes’ $G$-Function (Double Gamma Function)

… ►

$G\left(1\right)=1,$

… ►

5.17.3 $$G\left(z+1\right)={(2\pi )}^{z/2}\exp \left(-\frac{1}{2}z(z+1)-\frac{1}{2}\gamma z^2\right)\prod _{k=1}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\left({\left(1+\frac{z}{k}\right)}^k\exp \left(-z+\frac{z^2}{2k}\right)\right).$$

ⓘ

Symbols:

$G\left(z\right)$: Barnes’ $G$-function (or double gamma function), $\gamma$: Euler’s constant, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\exp z$: exponential function, $k$: nonnegative integer and $z$: complex variable

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/5.17.E3

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §5.17 and Ch.5

►

5.17.4 $$\mathrm{Ln}G\left(z+1\right)=\frac{1}{2}z\ln \left(2\pi \right)-\frac{1}{2}z(z+1)+z\mathrm{Ln}\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z+1\right)-{\int }_0^z\mathrm{Ln}\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(t+1\right)dt.$$

ⓘ

Symbols:

$G\left(z\right)$: Barnes’ $G$-function (or double gamma function), $\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\int$: integral, $\mathrm{Ln}z$: general logarithm function, $\ln z$: principal branch of logarithm function and $z$: complex variable

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/5.17.E4

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §5.17 and Ch.5

… ►

5.17.5 $$\mathrm{Ln}G\left(z+1\right)\sim \frac{1}{4}{z}^2+z\mathrm{Ln}\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z+1\right)-\left(\frac{1}{2}z(z+1)+\frac{1}{12}\right)\ln z-\ln A+\sum _{k=1}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{B_{2k+2}}{2k(2k+1)(2k+2)z^{2k}}.$$

ⓘ

Symbols:

$G\left(z\right)$: Barnes’ $G$-function (or double gamma function), $B_n$: Bernoulli numbers, $\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, $\sim$: Poincaré asymptotic expansion, $\mathrm{Ln}z$: general logarithm function, $\ln z$: principal branch of logarithm function, $k$: nonnegative integer, $z$: complex variable and $A$: Glaisher’s constant

Referenced by:

§5.17, §5.17, Erratum (V1.0.7) for Equation (5.17.5), Erratum (V1.1.11) for Equation (5.17.5)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/5.17.E5

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

Errata (effective with 1.1.11):

For consistency we have replaced $\mathrm{Ln}z$ by $\ln z$.

Errata (effective with 1.0.7):

Originally the term $z\mathrm{Ln}\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z+1\right)$ was incorrectly stated as $z\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z+1\right)$. (This error was reported subsequently by Nick Jones on December 11, 2013.)

Reported 2013-08-01 by Gergő Nemes

See also:

Annotations for §5.17 and Ch.5

… ►

5.17.7 $$C=\underset{n\to \mathrm{\infty }}{lim}\left(\sum _{k=1}^{n}k\ln k-\left(\frac{1}{2}{n}^2+\frac{1}{2}n+\frac{1}{12}\right)\ln n+\frac{1}{4}{n}^2\right)=\frac{\gamma +\ln \left(2\pi \right)}{12}-\frac{{\zeta }^{\prime }\left(2\right)}{2{\pi }^2}=\frac{1}{12}-{\zeta }^{\prime }\left(-1\right),$$

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Symbols:

$\gamma$: Euler’s constant, $\zeta \left(s\right)$: Riemann zeta function, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\ln z$: principal branch of logarithm function, $n$: nonnegative integer, $k$: nonnegative integer and $C$: log of Glaisher’s Constant

Referenced by:

§5.17

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/5.17.E7

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §5.17 and Ch.5

…

23: Bibliography Z

… ►

Algorithm 985: Simple, Efficient, and Relatively Accurate Approximation for the Evaluation of the Faddeyeva Function. ACM Trans. Math. Softw. 44 (2), pp. 22:1–22:9.

ⓘ

External Links:

ISSN 0098-3500, Link, Document, MathReview Entry, ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

4th item, §7.25(iii).

Encodings:

BibTeX

►

The Dilogarithm Function in Geometry and Number Theory. In Number Theory and Related Topics (Bombay, 1988), R. Askey and others (Eds.), Tata Inst. Fund. Res. Stud. Math., Vol. 12, pp. 231–249.

ⓘ

External Links:

MathReview (J. Browkin), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§25.12(i).

Encodings:

BibTeX

… ►

Weighted derangements and the linearization coefficients of orthogonal Sheffer polynomials. Proc. London Math. Soc. (3) 65 (1), pp. 1–22.

ⓘ

External Links:

ISSN 0024-6115, Document, Link, MathReview (R. A. Askey), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§18.18(v).

Encodings:

BibTeX

… ►

The computation of the smaller coefficients of $J(\tau )$ . Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 45 (12), pp. 917–919.

ⓘ

External Links:

FullText, MathReview (H. Rademacher), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§23.17(ii).

Encodings:

BibTeX

… ►

Tables of the Legendre functions $P_{-1/2+i\tau }(x)$. Part I. Translated by D. E. Brown. Mathematical Tables Series, Vol. 22, Pergamon Press, Oxford.

ⓘ

Notes:

Translation of Žurina and Karmazina, Tablitsy funktsii Lezhandra $P_{-1/2+i\tau }(x)$. Tom I, Izdat. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Moscow, 1960.

External Links:

MathReview (John Todd), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

4th item.

Encodings:

BibTeX

…

24: 18.41 Tables

… ►Abramowitz and Stegun (1964, Tables 22.4, 22.6, 22.11, and 22.13) tabulates $T_n\left(x\right)$, $U_n\left(x\right)$, $L_n\left(x\right)$, and $H_n\left(x\right)$ for $n=0(1)12$. The ranges of $x$ are $0.2(.2)1$ for $T_n\left(x\right)$ and $U_n\left(x\right)$, and $0.5,1,3,5,10$ for $L_n\left(x\right)$ and $H_n\left(x\right)$. …

25: 28.26 Asymptotic Approximations for Large $q$

… ►

28.26.2 $$\mathrm{i}{\mathrm{Ms}}_{m+1}^{(3)}(z,h)=\frac{{\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{i}\varphi }}{{(\pi h\cosh z)}^{1/2}}\left({\mathrm{Fs}}_m(z,h)-\mathrm{i}{\mathrm{Gs}}_m(z,h)\right),$$

ⓘ

Symbols:

$\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $\cosh z$: hyperbolic cosine function, $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, ${\mathrm{Ms}}_n^{(j)}(z,h)$: radial Mathieu function, $m$: integer, $h$: parameter, $z$: complex variable and $\varphi$

A&S Ref:

20.9.7 (in slightly different notation)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/28.26.E2

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §28.26(i), §28.26 and Ch.28

… ►

28.26.3 $$\varphi =2h\sinh z-\left(m+\frac{1}{2}\right)\arctan \left(\sinh z\right).$$

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Symbols:

$\sinh z$: hyperbolic sine function, $\arctan z$: arctangent function, $m$: integer, $h$: parameter, $z$: complex variable and $\varphi$

A&S Ref:

20.9.8 (in slightly different notation)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/28.26.E3

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §28.26(i), §28.26 and Ch.28

►Then as $h\to +\mathrm{\infty }$ with fixed $z$ in $\mathrm{\Re }z>0$ and fixed $s=2m+1$, ►

28.26.4 $${\mathrm{Fc}}_m(z,h)\sim 1+\frac{s}{8h{\cosh }^{2}z}+\frac{1}{2^{11}{h}^2}\left(\frac{s^4+86s^2+105}{{\cosh }^{4}z}-\frac{s^4+22s^2+57}{{\cosh }^{2}z}\right)+\frac{1}{2^{14}{h}^3}\left(-\frac{s^5+14s^3+33s}{{\cosh }^{2}z}-\frac{2s^5+124s^3+1122s}{{\cosh }^{4}z}+\frac{3s^5+290s^3+1627s}{{\cosh }^{6}z}\right)+\mathrm{\cdots },$$

ⓘ

Symbols:

$\sim$: Poincaré asymptotic expansion, $\cosh z$: hyperbolic cosine function, $m$: integer, $h$: parameter and $z$: complex variable

A&S Ref:

20.9.9 (in slightly different notation)

Referenced by:

§28.26(i)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/28.26.E4

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §28.26(i), §28.26 and Ch.28

►

28.26.5 $${\mathrm{Gc}}_m(z,h)\sim \frac{\sinh z}{{\cosh }^{2}z}\left(\frac{s^2+3}{2^{5}h}+\frac{1}{2^9{h}^2}\left(s^3+3s+\frac{4s^3+44s}{{\cosh }^{2}z}\right)+\frac{1}{2^{14}{h}^3}\left(5s^4+34s^2+9-\frac{s^6-47s^4+667s^2+2835}{12{\cosh }^{2}z}+\frac{s^6+505s^4+12139s^2+10395}{12{\cosh }^{4}z}\right)\right)+\mathrm{\cdots }.$$

ⓘ

Symbols:

$\sim$: Poincaré asymptotic expansion, $\cosh z$: hyperbolic cosine function, $\sinh z$: hyperbolic sine function, $m$: integer, $h$: parameter and $z$: complex variable

A&S Ref:

20.9.10 (in slightly different notation)

Referenced by:

§28.26(i)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/28.26.E5

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §28.26(i), §28.26 and Ch.28

…

26: Bibliography G

… ►

Algorithm 939: computation of the Marcum Q-function. ACM Trans. Math. Softw. 40 (3), pp. 20:1–20:21.

ⓘ

Notes:

Includes Fortran program claiming 12S accuracy

External Links:

ISSN 0098-3500, Link, Document, MathReview Entry, ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

3rd item, §10.77(ix).

Encodings:

BibTeX

… ►

Fourier transforms related to a root system of rank 1. Transform. Groups 12 (1), pp. 77–116.

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External Links:

ISSN 1083-4362, Link, MathReview (Genkai Zhang), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§18.28(xi), §18.38(iii).

Encodings:

BibTeX

… ►

The solutions of Painlevé’s fifth equation. Differ. Uravn. 12 (4), pp. 740–742 (Russian).

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Notes:

In Russian. English translation: Differential Equations 12(4), pp. 519–521 (1977)

External Links:

MathReview (Z. Nehari), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§32.7(v).

Encodings:

BibTeX

►

One-parameter systems of solutions of Painlevé equations. Differ. Uravn. 14 (12), pp. 2131–2135 (Russian).

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Notes:

In Russian. English translation: Differential Equations 14(12), pp. 1510–1513 (1979)

External Links:

ISSN 0374-0641, MathReview (M. Tvrdý), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§32.10(i), §32.10(ii), §32.10(iii), §32.7(iv).

Encodings:

BibTeX

… ►

Algorithm 300: Coulomb wave functions. Comm. ACM 10 (4), pp. 244–245.

ⓘ

Notes:

For remarks see same journal 12(1969), p. 692 and 16(1973), pp. 308-309 and for certification see same journal 12(1969), pp. 279-280.

External Links:

ISSN 0001-0782, Document

Referenced by:

§33.26(ii).

Encodings:

BibTeX

…

27: 3.4 Differentiation

… ►The Lagrange $(n+1)$-point formula is … ►where ${\xi }_0$ and ${\xi }_1\in I$. ►For the values of $n_0$ and $n_1$ used in the formulas below … ►

$$B_1^5=\frac{1}{12}(12+16t-21t^2-8t^3+5t^4),$$

… ►With the choice $r=k$ (which is crucial when $k$ is large because of numerical cancellation) the integrand equals ${\mathrm{e}}^k$ at the dominant points $\theta =0,2\pi$, and in combination with the factor $k^{-k}$ in front of the integral sign this gives a rough approximation to $1/k!$. …

28: 16.12 Products

… ►

16.12.1 $${}_0{}^{}F_1^{}(-;a;z){}_0{}^{}F_1^{}(-;b;z)={}_2{}^{}F_3^{}(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{\frac{1}{2}(a+b),\frac{1}{2}(a+b-1)}{a,b,a+b-1};4z).$$

ⓘ

Symbols:

${}_p{}^{}F_q^{}(a_1,\mathrm{\dots },a_p;b_1,\mathrm{\dots },b_q;z)$ or ${}_p{}^{}F_q^{}(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{a_1,\mathrm{\dots },a_p}{b_1,\mathrm{\dots },b_q};z)$: alternatively ${}_p{}^{}F_q^{}(𝐚;𝐛;z)$ or ${}_p{}^{}F_q^{}(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{𝐚}{𝐛};z)$
generalized hypergeometric function, $z$: complex variable, $a,a_1,\mathrm{\dots },a_p$: real or complex parameters and $b,b_1,\mathrm{\dots },b_q$: real or complex parameters

Referenced by:

(10.8.3), §10.8, §10.8, §16.12, Erratum (V1.0.17) for Section 10.8

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/16.12.E1

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §16.12 and Ch.16

… ►

16.12.2 $${\left({}_2{}^{}F_1^{}(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{a,b}{a+b+\frac{1}{2}};z)\right)}^2={}_3{}^{}F_2^{}(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{2a,2b,a+b}{a+b+\frac{1}{2},2a+2b};z).$$

ⓘ

Symbols:

${}_2{}^{}F_1^{}(a,b;c;z)$: $=F(a,b;c;z)$ notation for Gauss’ hypergeometric function, ${}_p{}^{}F_q^{}(a_1,\mathrm{\dots },a_p;b_1,\mathrm{\dots },b_q;z)$ or ${}_p{}^{}F_q^{}(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{a_1,\mathrm{\dots },a_p}{b_1,\mathrm{\dots },b_q};z)$: alternatively ${}_p{}^{}F_q^{}(𝐚;𝐛;z)$ or ${}_p{}^{}F_q^{}(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{𝐚}{𝐛};z)$
generalized hypergeometric function, $z$: complex variable, $a,a_1,\mathrm{\dots },a_p$: real or complex parameters and $b,b_1,\mathrm{\dots },b_q$: real or complex parameters

Referenced by:

§16.12, §17.9(iii), Erratum (V1.1.12) for Subsection 17.9(iii)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/16.12.E2

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §16.12 and Ch.16

… ►

16.12.3 $${\left({}_2{}^{}F_1^{}(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{a,b}{c};z)\right)}^2=\sum _{k=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{{\left(2a\right)}_k{\left(2b\right)}_k{\left(c-\frac{1}{2}\right)}_k}{{\left(c\right)}_k{\left(2c-1\right)}_{k}k!}{}_4{}^{}F_3^{}(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{-\frac{1}{2}k,\frac{1}{2}(1-k),a+b-c+\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{2}}{a+\frac{1}{2},b+\frac{1}{2},\frac{3}{2}-k-c};1)z^k,$$ .

ⓘ

Symbols:

${}_2{}^{}F_1^{}(a,b;c;z)$: $=F(a,b;c;z)$ notation for Gauss’ hypergeometric function, ${}_p{}^{}F_q^{}(a_1,\mathrm{\dots },a_p;b_1,\mathrm{\dots },b_q;z)$ or ${}_p{}^{}F_q^{}(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{a_1,\mathrm{\dots },a_p}{b_1,\mathrm{\dots },b_q};z)$: alternatively ${}_p{}^{}F_q^{}(𝐚;𝐛;z)$ or ${}_p{}^{}F_q^{}(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{𝐚}{𝐛};z)$
generalized hypergeometric function, ${\left(a\right)}_n$: Pochhammer’s symbol (or shifted factorial), $!$: factorial (as in $n!$), $z$: complex variable, $a,a_1,\mathrm{\dots },a_p$: real or complex parameters and $b,b_1,\mathrm{\dots },b_q$: real or complex parameters

Referenced by:

§16.12

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/16.12.E3

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §16.12 and Ch.16

…

29: 25.3 Graphics

… ►

►►

Figure 25.3.2: Riemann zeta function $\zeta \left(x\right)$ and its derivative ${\zeta }^{\prime }\left(x\right)$, $-12\le x\le -2$. Magnify

… ►

►►

Figure 25.3.4: $Z(t)$, $0\le t\le 50$. $Z(t)$ and $\zeta \left(\frac{1}{2}+\mathrm{i}t\right)$ have the same zeros. … Magnify

…

30: 25.20 Approximations

… ►

Piessens and Branders (1972) gives the coefficients of the Chebyshev-series expansions of $s\zeta \left(s+1\right)$ and $\zeta \left(s+k\right)$, $k=2,3,4,5,8$, for $0\le s\le 1$ (23D).

►

Luke (1969b, p. 306) gives coefficients in Chebyshev-series expansions that cover $\zeta \left(s\right)$ for $0\le s\le 1$ (15D), $\zeta \left(s+1\right)$ for $0\le s\le 1$ (20D), and $\ln \xi \left(\frac{1}{2}+\mathrm{i}x\right)$ (§25.4) for $-1\le x\le 1$ (20D). For errata see Piessens and Branders (1972).

►

Morris (1979) gives rational approximations for ${\mathrm{Li}}_2\left(x\right)$ (§25.12(i)) for $0.5\le x\le 1$. Precision is varied with a maximum of 24S.

►

Antia (1993) gives minimax rational approximations for $\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(s+1\right)F_s(x)$, where $F_s(x)$ is the Fermi–Dirac integral (25.12.14), for the intervals and , with $s=-\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{2},\frac{3}{2},\frac{5}{2}$. For each $s$ there are three sets of approximations, with relative maximum errors ${10}^{-4},{10}^{-8},{10}^{-12}$.