limiting forms as trigonometric functions

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11: 28.28 Integrals, Integral Representations, and Integral Equations

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28.28.21 $$\frac{4}{\pi }{\int }_0^{\pi /2}{𝒞}_{2\mathrm{\ell }+1}^{(j)}(2hR)\cos \left((2\mathrm{\ell }+1)\varphi \right){\mathrm{ce}}_{2m+1}(t,h^2)dt={(-1)}^{\mathrm{\ell }+m}{A}_{2\mathrm{\ell }+1}^{2m+1}(h^2){\mathrm{Mc}}_{2m+1}^{(j)}(z,h),$$

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Symbols:

${\mathrm{ce}}_n(z,q)$: Mathieu function, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\cos z$: cosine function, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\int$: integral, ${\mathrm{Mc}}_n^{(j)}(z,h)$: radial Mathieu function, $m$: integer, $h$: parameter, $j$: integer, $z$: complex variable, ${𝒞}_{\mu }^{(j)}$: cylinder functions, $\varphi (z,t)$: function, $R(z,t)$: function and $A_m(q)$: Fourier coefficient

A&S Ref:

20.7.26 (in different form and only for $\mathrm{\ell }=0$)

Referenced by:

Erratum (V1.0.11) for Equations (28.28.21) and (28.28.22)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/28.28.E21

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

Errata (effective with 1.0.11):

Originally the prefactor and uppper limit of integration were given incorrectly as ${\displaystyle \frac{2}{\pi }}{\int }_0^{\pi }$.

Reported 2015-05-20 by Ruslan Kabasayev

See also:

Annotations for §28.28(ii), §28.28 and Ch.28

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28.28.22 $$\frac{4}{\pi }{\int }_0^{\pi /2}{𝒞}_{2\mathrm{\ell }+1}^{(j)}(2hR)\sin \left((2\mathrm{\ell }+1)\varphi \right){\mathrm{se}}_{2m+1}(t,h^2)dt={(-1)}^{\mathrm{\ell }+m}{B}_{2\mathrm{\ell }+1}^{2m+1}(h^2){\mathrm{Ms}}_{2m+1}^{(j)}(z,h),$$

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Symbols:

${\mathrm{se}}_n(z,q)$: Mathieu function, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\int$: integral, ${\mathrm{Ms}}_n^{(j)}(z,h)$: radial Mathieu function, $\sin z$: sine function, $m$: integer, $h$: parameter, $j$: integer, $z$: complex variable, ${𝒞}_{\mu }^{(j)}$: cylinder functions, $\varphi (z,t)$: function, $R(z,t)$: function and $B_m(q)$: Fourier coefficient

A&S Ref:

20.7.27 (in different form and only for $\mathrm{\ell }=0$)

Referenced by:

Erratum (V1.0.11) for Equations (28.28.21) and (28.28.22)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/28.28.E22

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

Errata (effective with 1.0.11):

Originally the prefactor and uppper limit of integration were given incorrectly as ${\displaystyle \frac{2}{\pi }}{\int }_0^{\pi }$.

Reported 2015-05-20 by Ruslan Kabasayev

See also:

Annotations for §28.28(ii), §28.28 and Ch.28

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12: 29.5 Special Cases and Limiting Forms

§29.5 Special Cases and Limiting Forms

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29.5.5 $$\underset{k\to 1-}{lim}\frac{{\mathrm{𝐸𝑐}}_{\nu }^m(z,k^2)}{{\mathrm{𝐸𝑐}}_{\nu }^m(0,k^2)}=\underset{k\to 1-}{lim}\frac{{\mathrm{𝐸𝑠}}_{\nu }^{m+1}(z,k^2)}{{\mathrm{𝐸𝑠}}_{\nu }^{m+1}(0,k^2)}=\frac{1}{{(\cosh z)}^{\mu }}F(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{\frac{1}{2}\mu -\frac{1}{2}\nu ,\frac{1}{2}\mu +\frac{1}{2}\nu +\frac{1}{2}}{\frac{1}{2}};{\tanh }^{2}z),$$ $m$ even,

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Symbols:

$F(a,b;c;z)$ or $F(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{a,b}{c};z)$: $={}_2{}^{}F_1^{}(a,b;c;z)$ Gauss’ hypergeometric function, ${\mathrm{𝐸𝑐}}_{\nu }^m(z,k^2)$: Lamé function, ${\mathrm{𝐸𝑠}}_{\nu }^m(z,k^2)$: Lamé function, $\cosh z$: hyperbolic cosine function, $\tanh z$: hyperbolic tangent function, $m$: nonnegative integer, $z$: complex variable, $k$: real parameter, $\nu$: real parameter and $\mu$: parameter

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/29.5.E5

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §29.5 and Ch.29

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29.5.6 $$\underset{k\to 1-}{lim}\frac{{\mathrm{𝐸𝑐}}_{\nu }^m(z,k^2)}{{d{\mathrm{𝐸𝑐}}_{\nu }^m(z,k^2)/dz|}_{z=0}}=\underset{k\to 1-}{lim}\frac{{\mathrm{𝐸𝑠}}_{\nu }^{m+1}(z,k^2)}{{d{\mathrm{𝐸𝑠}}_{\nu }^{m+1}(z,k^2)/dz|}_{z=0}}=\frac{\tanh z}{{(\cosh z)}^{\mu }}F(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{\frac{1}{2}\mu -\frac{1}{2}\nu +\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{2}\mu +\frac{1}{2}\nu +1}{\frac{3}{2}};{\tanh }^{2}z),$$ $m$ odd,

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Symbols:

$F(a,b;c;z)$ or $F(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{a,b}{c};z)$: $={}_2{}^{}F_1^{}(a,b;c;z)$ Gauss’ hypergeometric function, ${\mathrm{𝐸𝑐}}_{\nu }^m(z,k^2)$: Lamé function, ${\mathrm{𝐸𝑠}}_{\nu }^m(z,k^2)$: Lamé function, $\frac{df}{dx}$: derivative of $f$ with respect to $x$ , $\cosh z$: hyperbolic cosine function, $\tanh z$: hyperbolic tangent function, $m$: nonnegative integer, $z$: complex variable, $k$: real parameter, $\nu$: real parameter and $\mu$: parameter

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/29.5.E6

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §29.5 and Ch.29

►where $F$ is the hypergeometric function; see §15.2(i). … ►where ${\mathrm{ce}}_m(z,\theta )$ and ${\mathrm{se}}_m(z,\theta )$ are Mathieu functions; see §28.2(vi).

13: 13.2 Definitions and Basic Properties

… ►It can be regarded as the limiting form of the hypergeometric differential equation (§15.10(i)) that is obtained on replacing $z$ by $z/b$, letting $b\to \mathrm{\infty }$, and subsequently replacing the symbol $c$ by $b$. … ► ►Although $M(a,b,z)$ does not exist when $b=-n$, $n=0,1,2,\mathrm{\dots }$, many formulas containing $M(a,b,z)$ continue to apply in their limiting form. … ►

§13.2(iii) Limiting Forms as $z\to 0$

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§13.2(iv) Limiting Forms as $z\to \mathrm{\infty }$

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14: 19.14 Reduction of General Elliptic Integrals

… ►In (19.14.1)–(19.14.3) both the integrand and $\cos \varphi$ are assumed to be nonnegative. Cases in which can be included by application of (19.2.10). … ►Legendre (1825–1832) showed that every elliptic integral can be expressed in terms of the three integrals in (19.1.2) supplemented by algebraic, logarithmic, and trigonometric functions. …The choice among 21 transformations for final reduction to Legendre’s normal form depends on inequalities involving the limits of integration and the zeros of the cubic or quartic polynomial. A similar remark applies to the transformations given in Erdélyi et al. (1953b, §13.5) and to the choice among explicit reductions in the extensive table of Byrd and Friedman (1971), in which one limit of integration is assumed to be a branch point of the integrand at which the integral converges. …

15: 13.14 Definitions and Basic Properties

… ►Standard solutions are: … ► ►Although $M_{\kappa ,\mu }\left(z\right)$ does not exist when $2\mu =-1,-2,-3,\mathrm{\dots }$, many formulas containing $M_{\kappa ,\mu }\left(z\right)$ continue to apply in their limiting form. … ►

§13.14(iii) Limiting Forms as $z\to 0$

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§13.14(iv) Limiting Forms as $z\to \mathrm{\infty }$

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16: 10.52 Limiting Forms

§10.52 Limiting Forms

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10.52.1 $${𝗃}_n\left(z\right),{𝗂}_n^{(1)}\left(z\right)\sim z^n/(2n+1)!!,$$

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Symbols:

$\sim$: asymptotic equality, $!!$: double factorial, ${𝗂}_n^{(1)}\left(z\right)$: modified spherical Bessel function, ${𝗃}_n\left(z\right)$: spherical Bessel function of the first kind, $n$: integer and $z$: complex variable

A&S Ref:

10.1.4

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/10.52.E1

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §10.52(i), §10.52 and Ch.10

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10.52.2 $$-{𝗒}_n\left(z\right),\mathrm{i}{𝗁}_n^{(1)}\left(z\right),-\mathrm{i}{𝗁}_n^{(2)}\left(z\right),{(-1)}^n{𝗂}_n^{(2)}\left(z\right),(2/\pi ){𝗄}_n\left(z\right)\sim (2n-1)!!/z^{n+1}.$$

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Symbols:

$\sim$: asymptotic equality, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $!!$: double factorial, $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, ${𝗂}_n^{(2)}\left(z\right)$: modified spherical Bessel function, ${𝗄}_n\left(z\right)$: modified spherical Bessel function, ${𝗒}_n\left(z\right)$: spherical Bessel function of the second kind, ${𝗁}_n^{(1)}\left(z\right)$: spherical Bessel function of the third kind, ${𝗁}_n^{(2)}\left(z\right)$: spherical Bessel function of the third kind, $n$: integer and $z$: complex variable

A&S Ref:

10.1.5

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/10.52.E2

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §10.52(i), §10.52 and Ch.10

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$${𝗃}_n\left(z\right)=z^{-1}\sin \left(z-\frac{1}{2}n\pi \right)+{\mathrm{e}}^{|\mathrm{\Im }z|}O\left(z^{-2}\right),$$

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$${𝗒}_n\left(z\right)=-z^{-1}\cos \left(z-\frac{1}{2}n\pi \right)+{\mathrm{e}}^{|\mathrm{\Im }z|}O\left(z^{-2}\right),$$

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17: 7.2 Definitions

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§7.2(i) Error Functions

… ► $\mathrm{erf}z$, $\mathrm{erfc}z$, and $w\left(z\right)$ are entire functions of $z$, as is $F\left(z\right)$ in the next subsection. ►

Values at Infinity

… ► $ℱ\left(z\right)$, $C\left(z\right)$, and $S\left(z\right)$ are entire functions of $z$, as are $\mathrm{f}\left(z\right)$ and $\mathrm{g}\left(z\right)$ in the next subsection. … ►

§7.2(iv) Auxiliary Functions

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18: 33.11 Asymptotic Expansions for Large $\rho$

§33.11 Asymptotic Expansions for Large $\rho$

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$F_{\mathrm{\ell }}(\eta ,\rho )=g(\eta ,\rho )\cos {\theta }_{\mathrm{\ell }}+f(\eta ,\rho )\sin {\theta }_{\mathrm{\ell }},$

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$G_{\mathrm{\ell }}(\eta ,\rho )=f(\eta ,\rho )\cos {\theta }_{\mathrm{\ell }}-g(\eta ,\rho )\sin {\theta }_{\mathrm{\ell }},$

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$F_{\mathrm{\ell }}^{\prime }(\eta ,\rho )=\widehat{g}(\eta ,\rho )\cos {\theta }_{\mathrm{\ell }}+\widehat{f}(\eta ,\rho )\sin {\theta }_{\mathrm{\ell }},$

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$G_{\mathrm{\ell }}^{\prime }(\eta ,\rho )=\widehat{f}(\eta ,\rho )\cos {\theta }_{\mathrm{\ell }}-\widehat{g}(\eta ,\rho )\sin {\theta }_{\mathrm{\ell }},$

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19: 10.2 Definitions

§10.2 Definitions

… ►When $\nu$ is an integer the right-hand side is replaced by its limiting value: … ►

Bessel Functions of the Third Kind (Hankel Functions)

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Branch Conventions

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Cylinder Functions

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20: 10.7 Limiting Forms

§10.7 Limiting Forms

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10.7.5 $$Y_{-\nu }\left(z\right)\sim -(1/\pi )\cos \left(\nu \pi \right)\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\nu \right){(\frac{1}{2}z)}^{-\nu },$$ $\mathrm{\Re }\nu >0$, $\nu \ne \frac{1}{2},\frac{3}{2},\frac{5}{2},\mathrm{\dots }$,

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Symbols:

$Y_{\nu }\left(z\right)$: Bessel function of the second kind, $\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, $\sim$: asymptotic equality, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\cos z$: cosine function, $\mathrm{\Re }$: real part, $z$: complex variable and $\nu$: complex parameter

Referenced by:

§10.7(i)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/10.7.E5

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §10.7(i), §10.7 and Ch.10

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10.7.6 $$Y_{\mathrm{i}\nu }\left(z\right)=\frac{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{csch}\left(\nu \pi \right)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(1-\mathrm{i}\nu \right)}{(\frac{1}{2}z)}^{-\mathrm{i}\nu }-\frac{\mathrm{i}\coth \left(\nu \pi \right)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(1+\mathrm{i}\nu \right)}{(\frac{1}{2}z)}^{\mathrm{i}\nu }+{\mathrm{e}}^{|\nu \mathrm{ph}z|}o\left(1\right),$$ $\nu \in ℝ$ and $\nu \ne 0$.

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Symbols:

$Y_{\nu }\left(z\right)$: Bessel function of the second kind, $\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\in$: element of, $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $\mathrm{csch}z$: hyperbolic cosecant function, $\coth z$: hyperbolic cotangent function, $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $o\left(x\right)$: order less than, $\mathrm{ph}$: phase, $ℝ$: real line, $z$: complex variable and $\nu$: complex parameter

Referenced by:

§10.7(i), §10.7(i)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/10.7.E6

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §10.7(i), §10.7 and Ch.10

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$$J_{\nu }\left(z\right)=\sqrt{2/(\pi z)}\left(\cos \left(z-\frac{1}{2}\nu \pi -\frac{1}{4}\pi \right)+{\mathrm{e}}^{|\mathrm{\Im }z|}o\left(1\right)\right),$$

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$$Y_{\nu }\left(z\right)=\sqrt{2/(\pi z)}\left(\sin \left(z-\frac{1}{2}\nu \pi -\frac{1}{4}\pi \right)+{\mathrm{e}}^{|\mathrm{\Im }z|}o\left(1\right)\right),$$ .

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