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11: 4.43 Cubic Equations

§4.43 Cubic Equations

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4.43.2 $$z^3+pz+q=0$$

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Symbols:

$\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\cosh z$: hyperbolic cosine function, $\sinh z$: hyperbolic sine function, $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $\sin z$: sine function, $a$: real or complex constant, $z$: complex variable, $p$: real constant and $q$: real constant

Referenced by:

(4.43.1), §4.43

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/4.43.E2

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

Errata (effective with 1.0.10):

Cases (a), (b), and (c) of of this equation have been corrected. Formerly, with constants $C$ and $D$ given in Eq. (4.43.1), they read

1. $A\sin a$, $A\sin \left(a+\frac{2}{3}\pi \right)$, and $A\sin \left(a+\frac{4}{3}\pi \right)$, with $\sin \left(3a\right)=C$, when and $C\le 1$.

2. $A\cosh a$, $A\cosh \left(a+\frac{2}{3}\pi \mathrm{i}\right)$, and $A\cosh \left(a+\frac{4}{3}\pi \mathrm{i}\right)$, with $\cosh \left(3a\right)=C$, when and $C>1$.

3. $B\sinh a$, $B\sinh \left(a+\frac{2}{3}\pi \mathrm{i}\right)$, and $B\sinh \left(a+\frac{4}{3}\pi \mathrm{i}\right)$, with $\sinh \left(3a\right)=D$, when $p>0$.

Reported 2014-10-31 by Masataka Urago

See also:

Annotations for §4.43 and Ch.4

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12: Viewing DLMF Interactive 3D Graphics

… ►Until these issues are resolved we cannot guarantee that the DLMF WebGL visualizations can be viewed in Internet Explorer. …

13: 28.31 Equations of Whittaker–Hill and Ince

§28.31 Equations of Whittaker–Hill and Ince

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§28.31(i) Whittaker–Hill Equation

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§28.31(ii) Equation of Ince; Ince Polynomials

… ►ambiguities in sign being resolved by requiring $C_p^m(x,\xi )$ and $S_p^m{}_{}{}^{\prime }(x,\xi )$ to be continuous functions of $x$ and positive when $x=0$. … ►They satisfy the differential equation …

14: 3.8 Nonlinear Equations

… ►The equation to be solved is … ►Sometimes the equation takes the form … ►If $p=2$, then the convergence is quadratic; if $p=3$, then the convergence is cubic, and so on. … ►The rule converges locally and is cubically convergent. …

15: 4.21 Identities

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4.21.1 $$\sin u\pm \cos u=\sqrt{2}\sin \left(u\pm \frac{1}{4}\pi \right)=\pm \sqrt{2}\cos \left(u\mp \frac{1}{4}\pi \right).$$

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Symbols:

$\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\cos z$: cosine function and $\sin z$: sine function

Referenced by:

§4.21(i), Erratum (V1.0.7) for Equation (4.21.1)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/4.21.E1

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

Correction (effective with 1.0.7):

Originally the symbol $\pm$ was missing after the second equal sign.

Suggested 2012-09-27 by Dennis M. Heim

See also:

Annotations for §4.21(i), §4.21 and Ch.4

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4.21.1_5 $$A\cos u+B\sin u=\sqrt{A^2+B^2}\cos \left(u-\mathrm{ph}\left(A+B\mathrm{i}\right)\right),$$ $A,B\in ℝ$,

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Symbols:

$\cos z$: cosine function, $\in$: element of, $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $\mathrm{ph}$: phase, $ℝ$: real line and $\sin z$: sine function

Referenced by:

§4.21(i), Erratum (V1.1.0) for Additions

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/4.21.E1_5

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

Addition (effective with 1.1.0):

This equation was added.

Suggested 2018-08-14 by Ted Ersek

See also:

Annotations for §4.21(i), §4.21 and Ch.4

… ►In (4.21.21)–(4.21.23) Table 4.16.1 and analytic continuation will assist in resolving sign ambiguities. …

16: Bibliography J

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Differential equations and mathematical biology. Chapman & Hall/CRC Mathematical and Computational Biology Series, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.

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Notes:

Second edition of Jones and Sleeman (2003)

External Links:

ISBN 978-1-4200-8357-6, MathReview Entry, ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

Profile Brian D. Sleeman.

Encodings:

BibTeX

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Differential equations and mathematical biology. Chapman & Hall/CRC Mathematical Biology and Medicine Series, Chapman & Hall/CRC, Boca Raton, FL.

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Notes:

A second edition was published in 2010.

External Links:

ISBN 1-58488-296-4, MathReview (Jian Hong Wu), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

D. S. Jones, M. J. Plank, and B. D. Sleeman (2010).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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On Boutroux’s tritronquée solutions of the first Painlevé equation. Stud. Appl. Math. 107 (3), pp. 253–291.

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External Links:

ISSN 0022-2526, Document, MathReview, ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§32.12(i).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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On the simple cubic lattice Green function. Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London Ser. A 273, pp. 583–610.

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External Links:

FullText, MathReview, ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§31.17(ii).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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On the cubic lattice Green functions. Proc. Roy. Soc. London Ser. A 445, pp. 463–477.

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External Links:

ISSN 0962-8444, FullText, MathReview (Peter J. Forrester), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§31.17(ii), §31.7(i).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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17: 28.4 Fourier Series

… ►Ambiguities in sign are resolved by (28.4.13)–(28.4.16) when $q=0$, and by continuity for the other values of $q$. … ►

28.4.24 $$\frac{A_{2m}^{2n}(q)}{A_0^{2n}(q)}=\frac{{(-1)}^m}{{(m!)}^2}{\left(\frac{q}{4}\right)}^m\frac{\pi \left(1+O\left(m^{-1}\right)\right)}{w_{\text{II}}(\frac{1}{2}\pi ;a_{2n}\left(q\right),q)},$$

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Symbols:

$O\left(x\right)$: order not exceeding, $a_n\left(q\right)$: eigenvalues of Mathieu equation, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $!$: factorial (as in $n!$), $m$: integer, $q=h^2$: parameter, $n$: integer, $w_{\text{II}}(z;a,q)$: fundamental solution and $A_m(q)$: Fourier coefficient

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/28.4.E24

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §28.4(vii), §28.4 and Ch.28

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28.4.25 $$\frac{A_{2m+1}^{2n+1}(q)}{A_1^{2n+1}(q)}=\frac{{(-1)}^{m+1}}{{\left({\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)}_{m+1}\right)}^2}{\left(\frac{q}{4}\right)}^{m+1}\frac{2\left(1+O\left(m^{-1}\right)\right)}{w_{\text{II}}^{\prime }(\frac{1}{2}\pi ;a_{2n+1}\left(q\right),q)},$$

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Symbols:

$O\left(x\right)$: order not exceeding, $a_n\left(q\right)$: eigenvalues of Mathieu equation, ${\left(a\right)}_n$: Pochhammer’s symbol (or shifted factorial), $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $m$: integer, $q=h^2$: parameter, $n$: integer, $w(z)$: Mathieu’s equation solution and $A_m(q)$: Fourier coefficient

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/28.4.E25

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §28.4(vii), §28.4 and Ch.28

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28.4.26 $$\frac{B_{2m+1}^{2n+1}(q)}{B_1^{2n+1}(q)}=\frac{{(-1)}^m}{{\left({\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)}_{m+1}\right)}^2}{\left(\frac{q}{4}\right)}^{m+1}\frac{2\left(1+O\left(m^{-1}\right)\right)}{w_{\text{I}}(\frac{1}{2}\pi ;b_{2n+1}\left(q\right),q)},$$

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Symbols:

$O\left(x\right)$: order not exceeding, $b_n\left(q\right)$: eigenvalues of Mathieu equation, ${\left(a\right)}_n$: Pochhammer’s symbol (or shifted factorial), $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $m$: integer, $q=h^2$: parameter, $n$: integer, $w_{\text{I}}(z;a,q)$: fundamental solution and $B_m(q)$: Fourier coefficient

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/28.4.E26

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §28.4(vii), §28.4 and Ch.28

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28.4.27 $$\frac{B_{2m}^{2n+2}(q)}{B_2^{2n+2}(q)}=\frac{{(-1)}^m}{{(m!)}^2}{\left(\frac{q}{4}\right)}^m\frac{q\pi \left(1+O\left(m^{-1}\right)\right)}{w_{\text{I}}^{\prime }(\frac{1}{2}\pi ;b_{2n+2}\left(q\right),q)}.$$

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Symbols:

$O\left(x\right)$: order not exceeding, $b_n\left(q\right)$: eigenvalues of Mathieu equation, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $!$: factorial (as in $n!$), $m$: integer, $q=h^2$: parameter, $n$: integer, $w(z)$: Mathieu’s equation solution and $B_m(q)$: Fourier coefficient

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/28.4.E27

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §28.4(vii), §28.4 and Ch.28

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18: 23.21 Physical Applications

… ►The Weierstrass function $\mathrm{\wp }$ plays a similar role for cubic potentials in canonical form $g_3+g_{2}x-4x^3$. … ►

§23.21(ii) Nonlinear Evolution Equations

►Airault et al. (1977) applies the function $\mathrm{\wp }$ to an integrable classical many-body problem, and relates the solutions to nonlinear partial differential equations. For applications to soliton solutions of the Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) equation see McKean and Moll (1999, p. 91), Deconinck and Segur (2000), and Walker (1996, §8.1). …

19: Errata

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Equation (16.16.5_5).

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The Gegenbauer function $C_{\alpha }^{(\lambda )}\left(z\right)$, was labeled inadvertently as the ultraspherical (Gegenbauer) polynomial $C_n^{(\lambda )}\left(z\right)$. In order to resolve this inconsistency, this function now links correctly to its definition. This change affects Gegenbauer functions which appear in §§14.3(iv), 15.9(iii).

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The generalized hypergeometric function of matrix argument ${}_p{}^{}F_q^{}(a_1,\mathrm{\dots },a_p;b_1,\mathrm{\dots },b_q;𝐓)$, was linked inadvertently as its single variable counterpart ${}_p{}^{}F_q^{}(a_1,\mathrm{\dots },a_p;b_1,\mathrm{\dots },b_q;𝐓)$. Furthermore, the Jacobi function of matrix argument $P_{\nu }^{(\gamma ,\delta )}\left(𝐓\right)$, and the Laguerre function of matrix argument $L_{\nu }^{(\gamma )}\left(𝐓\right)$, were also linked inadvertently (and incorrectly) in terms of the single variable counterparts given by $P_{\nu }^{(\gamma ,\delta )}\left(𝐓\right)$, and $L_{\nu }^{(\gamma )}\left(𝐓\right)$. In order to resolve these inconsistencies, these functions now link correctly to their respective definitions.

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The Weierstrass lattice roots $e_j,$ were linked inadvertently as the base of the natural logarithm. In order to resolve this inconsistency, the lattice roots $e_j$, and lattice invariants $g_2$, $g_3$, now link to their respective definitions (see §§23.2(i), 23.3(i)).

Reported by Felix Ospald.

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Four of the terms were rewritten for improved clarity.

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20: Bibliography R

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Composite approximations to the solutions of the Orr-Sommerfeld equation. Studies in Appl. Math. 51, pp. 341–368.

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External Links:

MathReview (E. A. Boyd), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

(9.13.25), (9.13.26), (9.13.28), (9.13.29), (9.13.32), (9.13.33), (9.13.34), §9.13(ii), §9.13(ii).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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Uniform asymptotic approximations to the solutions of the Orr-Sommerfeld equation. I. Plane Couette flow. Studies in Appl. Math. 53, pp. 91–110.

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External Links:

MathReview (T. W. Kao), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§2.8(iii).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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Uniform asymptotic approximations to the solutions of the Orr-Sommerfeld equation. II. The general theory. Studies in Appl. Math. 53, pp. 217–224.

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External Links:

MathReview (T. W. Kao), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§2.8(iii).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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Integral representations for products of Airy functions. II. Cubic products. Z. Angew. Math. Phys. 48 (4), pp. 646–655.

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External Links:

ISSN 0044-2275, Document, MathReview (E. R. Love), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

(9.11.16), (9.11.17), §9.11(iii), §9.11(v).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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Asymptotics and Bounds of the Roots of Equations (Russian). Zinatne, Riga.

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External Links:

ISBN 5-7966-0570-4, MathReview (Guillermo López Lagomasino), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§12.11(ii), §6.13.

Encodings:

BibTeX

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