Gauss 2F1(-1) sum

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11: 3.5 Quadrature

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§3.5(v) Gauss Quadrature

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Gauss–Legendre Formula

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Gauss–Chebyshev Formula

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Gauss–Jacobi Formula

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Gauss–Laguerre Formula

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12: 4.38 Inverse Hyperbolic Functions: Further Properties

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4.38.5 $$\mathrm{arctanh}z=z+\frac{z^3}{3}+\frac{z^5}{5}+\frac{z^7}{7}+\mathrm{\cdots },$$ $\left|z\right|\le 1$, $z\ne \pm 1$.

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Symbols:

$\mathrm{arctanh}z$: inverse hyperbolic tangent function and $z$: complex variable

A&S Ref:

4.6.33

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/4.38.E5

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §4.38(i), §4.38 and Ch.4

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4.38.15 $$\mathrm{Arcsinh}u\pm \mathrm{Arcsinh}v=\mathrm{Arcsinh}\left(u{(1+v^2)}^{1/2}\pm v{(1+u^2)}^{1/2}\right),$$

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Symbols:

$\mathrm{Arcsinh}z$: general inverse hyperbolic sine function

A&S Ref:

4.6.26

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/4.38.E15

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §4.38(iii), §4.38 and Ch.4

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4.38.17 $$\mathrm{Arctanh}u\pm \mathrm{Arctanh}v=\mathrm{Arctanh}\left(\frac{u\pm v}{1\pm uv}\right),$$

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Symbols:

$\mathrm{Arctanh}z$: general inverse hyperbolic tangent function

A&S Ref:

4.6.28

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/4.38.E17

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §4.38(iii), §4.38 and Ch.4

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4.38.18 $$\mathrm{Arcsinh}u\pm \mathrm{Arccosh}v=\mathrm{Arcsinh}\left(uv\pm {((1+u^2)(v^2-1))}^{1/2}\right)=\mathrm{Arccosh}\left(v{(1+u^2)}^{1/2}\pm u{(v^2-1)}^{1/2}\right),$$

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Symbols:

$\mathrm{Arccosh}z$: general inverse hyperbolic cosine function and $\mathrm{Arcsinh}z$: general inverse hyperbolic sine function

A&S Ref:

4.6.29

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/4.38.E18

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §4.38(iii), §4.38 and Ch.4

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4.38.19 $$\mathrm{Arctanh}u\pm \mathrm{Arccoth}v=\mathrm{Arctanh}\left(\frac{uv\pm 1}{v\pm u}\right)=\mathrm{Arccoth}\left(\frac{v\pm u}{uv\pm 1}\right).$$

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Symbols:

$\mathrm{Arccoth}z$: general inverse hyperbolic cotangent function and $\mathrm{Arctanh}z$: general inverse hyperbolic tangent function

A&S Ref:

4.6.30

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/4.38.E19

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §4.38(iii), §4.38 and Ch.4

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13: 4.13 Lambert $W$-Function

… ►The decreasing solution can be identified as $W_{\pm 1}\left(x\mp 0\mathrm{i}\right)$. …where ${\ln }_k(z)=\ln \left(z\right)+2\pi \mathrm{i}k$. $W_0\left(z\right)$ is a single-valued analytic function on $ℂ\setminus (-\mathrm{\infty },-{\mathrm{e}}^{-1}]$, real-valued when $z>-{\mathrm{e}}^{-1}$, and has a square root branch point at $z=-{\mathrm{e}}^{-1}$. …The other branches $W_k\left(z\right)$ are single-valued analytic functions on $ℂ\setminus (-\mathrm{\infty },0]$, have a logarithmic branch point at $z=0$, and, in the case $k=\pm 1$, have a square root branch point at $z=-{\mathrm{e}}^{-1}\mp 0\mathrm{i}$ respectively. … ►where $t\ge 0$ for $W_0$, $t\le 0$ for $W_{\pm 1}$ on the relevant branch cuts, …

14: 16.12 Products

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16.12.1 $${}_0{}^{}F_1^{}(-;a;z){}_0{}^{}F_1^{}(-;b;z)={}_2{}^{}F_3^{}(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{\frac{1}{2}(a+b),\frac{1}{2}(a+b-1)}{a,b,a+b-1};4z).$$

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Symbols:

${}_p{}^{}F_q^{}(a_1,\mathrm{\dots },a_p;b_1,\mathrm{\dots },b_q;z)$ or ${}_p{}^{}F_q^{}(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{a_1,\mathrm{\dots },a_p}{b_1,\mathrm{\dots },b_q};z)$: alternatively ${}_p{}^{}F_q^{}(𝐚;𝐛;z)$ or ${}_p{}^{}F_q^{}(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{𝐚}{𝐛};z)$
generalized hypergeometric function, $z$: complex variable, $a,a_1,\mathrm{\dots },a_p$: real or complex parameters and $b,b_1,\mathrm{\dots },b_q$: real or complex parameters

Referenced by:

(10.8.3), §10.8, §10.8, §16.12, Erratum (V1.0.17) for Section 10.8

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/16.12.E1

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §16.12 and Ch.16

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16.12.2 $${\left({}_2{}^{}F_1^{}(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{a,b}{a+b+\frac{1}{2}};z)\right)}^2={}_3{}^{}F_2^{}(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{2a,2b,a+b}{a+b+\frac{1}{2},2a+2b};z).$$

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Symbols:

${}_2{}^{}F_1^{}(a,b;c;z)$: $=F(a,b;c;z)$ notation for Gauss’ hypergeometric function, ${}_p{}^{}F_q^{}(a_1,\mathrm{\dots },a_p;b_1,\mathrm{\dots },b_q;z)$ or ${}_p{}^{}F_q^{}(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{a_1,\mathrm{\dots },a_p}{b_1,\mathrm{\dots },b_q};z)$: alternatively ${}_p{}^{}F_q^{}(𝐚;𝐛;z)$ or ${}_p{}^{}F_q^{}(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{𝐚}{𝐛};z)$
generalized hypergeometric function, $z$: complex variable, $a,a_1,\mathrm{\dots },a_p$: real or complex parameters and $b,b_1,\mathrm{\dots },b_q$: real or complex parameters

Referenced by:

§16.12, §17.9(iii), Erratum (V1.1.12) for Subsection 17.9(iii)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/16.12.E2

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §16.12 and Ch.16

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16.12.3 $${\left({}_2{}^{}F_1^{}(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{a,b}{c};z)\right)}^2=\sum _{k=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{{\left(2a\right)}_k{\left(2b\right)}_k{\left(c-\frac{1}{2}\right)}_k}{{\left(c\right)}_k{\left(2c-1\right)}_{k}k!}{}_4{}^{}F_3^{}(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{-\frac{1}{2}k,\frac{1}{2}(1-k),a+b-c+\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{2}}{a+\frac{1}{2},b+\frac{1}{2},\frac{3}{2}-k-c};1)z^k,$$ .

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Symbols:

${}_2{}^{}F_1^{}(a,b;c;z)$: $=F(a,b;c;z)$ notation for Gauss’ hypergeometric function, ${}_p{}^{}F_q^{}(a_1,\mathrm{\dots },a_p;b_1,\mathrm{\dots },b_q;z)$ or ${}_p{}^{}F_q^{}(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{a_1,\mathrm{\dots },a_p}{b_1,\mathrm{\dots },b_q};z)$: alternatively ${}_p{}^{}F_q^{}(𝐚;𝐛;z)$ or ${}_p{}^{}F_q^{}(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{𝐚}{𝐛};z)$
generalized hypergeometric function, ${\left(a\right)}_n$: Pochhammer’s symbol (or shifted factorial), $!$: factorial (as in $n!$), $z$: complex variable, $a,a_1,\mathrm{\dots },a_p$: real or complex parameters and $b,b_1,\mathrm{\dots },b_q$: real or complex parameters

Referenced by:

§16.12

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/16.12.E3

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §16.12 and Ch.16

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15: 33.6 Power-Series Expansions in $\rho$

… ►where $A_{\mathrm{\ell }+1}^{\mathrm{\ell }}=1$, $A_{\mathrm{\ell }+2}^{\mathrm{\ell }}=\eta /(\mathrm{\ell }+1)$, and ►

33.6.3 $$(k+\mathrm{\ell })(k-\mathrm{\ell }-1)A_k^{\mathrm{\ell }}=2\eta A_{k-1}^{\mathrm{\ell }}-A_{k-2}^{\mathrm{\ell }},$$ $k=\mathrm{\ell }+3,\mathrm{\ell }+4,\mathrm{\dots }$,

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Symbols:

$k$: nonnegative integer, $\mathrm{\ell }$: nonnegative integer, $\eta$: real parameter and $A_{\mathrm{\ell }+1}^{\mathrm{\ell }}$: coefficient

A&S Ref:

14.1.6

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/33.6.E3

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §33.6 and Ch.33

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33.6.4 $$A_k^{\mathrm{\ell }}(\eta )=\frac{{(-\mathrm{i})}^{k-\mathrm{\ell }-1}}{(k-\mathrm{\ell }-1)!}{}_2{}^{}F_1^{}(\mathrm{\ell }+1-k,\mathrm{\ell }+1-\mathrm{i}\eta ;2\mathrm{\ell }+2;2).$$

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Symbols:

${}_2{}^{}F_1^{}(a,b;c;z)$: $=F(a,b;c;z)$ notation for Gauss’ hypergeometric function, $!$: factorial (as in $n!$), $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $k$: nonnegative integer, $\mathrm{\ell }$: nonnegative integer, $\eta$: real parameter and $A_{\mathrm{\ell }+1}^{\mathrm{\ell }}$: coefficient

Referenced by:

§33.6

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/33.6.E4

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §33.6 and Ch.33

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33.6.5 $$H_{\mathrm{\ell }}^{\pm }(\eta ,\rho )=\frac{{\mathrm{e}}^{\pm \mathrm{i}{\theta }_{\mathrm{\ell }}(\eta ,\rho )}}{(2\mathrm{\ell }+1)!\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(-\mathrm{\ell }\pm \mathrm{i}\eta \right)}\left(\sum _{k=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{{\left(a\right)}_k}{{\left(2\mathrm{\ell }+2\right)}_{k}k!}{(\mp 2\mathrm{i}\rho )}^{a+k}\left(\ln \left(\mp 2\mathrm{i}\rho \right)+\psi \left(a+k\right)-\psi \left(1+k\right)-\psi \left(2\mathrm{\ell }+2+k\right)\right)-\sum _{k=1}^{2\mathrm{\ell }+1}\frac{(2\mathrm{\ell }+1)!(k-1)!}{(2\mathrm{\ell }+1-k)!{\left(1-a\right)}_k}{(\mp 2\mathrm{i}\rho )}^{a-k}\right),$$

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Symbols:

${\theta }_{\mathrm{\ell }}(\eta ,\rho )$: phase of Coulomb functions, $\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, ${\left(a\right)}_n$: Pochhammer’s symbol (or shifted factorial), $\psi \left(z\right)$: psi (or digamma) function, $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $!$: factorial (as in $n!$), $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $H_{\mathrm{\ell }}^{\pm }(\eta ,\rho )$: irregular Coulomb radial functions, $\ln z$: principal branch of logarithm function, $k$: nonnegative integer, $\mathrm{\ell }$: nonnegative integer, $\rho$: nonnegative real variable, $\eta$: real parameter and $a$: variable

A&S Ref:

14.1.14 (equivalent)

Referenced by:

§33.13, §33.6, §33.6, Erratum (V1.0.19) for Equation (33.6.5)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/33.6.E5

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

Errata (effective with 1.0.19):

On the right-hand side the factor in the denominator was incorrectly written as $\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(-\mathrm{\ell }+\mathrm{i}\eta \right)$. This has been corrected to $\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(-\mathrm{\ell }\pm \mathrm{i}\eta \right)$.

Reported 2018-05-15 by Ian Thompson

See also:

Annotations for §33.6 and Ch.33

►where $a=1+\mathrm{\ell }\pm \mathrm{i}\eta$ and $\psi \left(x\right)={\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{\prime }\left(x\right)/\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(x\right)$ (§5.2(i)). …

16: 15.3 Graphics

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Figure 15.3.2: $F(5,-10;1;x),-0.023\le x\le 1$. Magnify

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Figure 15.3.3: $F(1,-10;10;x),-3\le x\le 1$. Magnify

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Figure 15.3.4: $F(5,10;1;x),-1\le x\le 0.022$. Magnify

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Figure 15.3.5: $F(\frac{4}{3},\frac{9}{16};\frac{14}{5};x+\mathrm{i}y),0\le x\le 2,-0.5\le y\le 0.5$. … Magnify 3D Help

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Figure 15.3.6: $F(-3,\frac{3}{5};u+\mathrm{i}v;\frac{1}{2}),-6\le u\le 2,-2\le v\le 2$. … Magnify 3D Help

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17: 13.14 Definitions and Basic Properties

… ►It has a regular singularity at the origin with indices $\frac{1}{2}\pm \mu$, and an irregular singularity at infinity of rank one. … ►For example, if $n=0,1,2,\mathrm{\dots }$, then … ►If $2\mu =\pm n$, where $n=0,1,2,\mathrm{\dots }$, then … ►In cases when $\frac{1}{2}-\kappa \pm \mu =-n$, where $n$ is a nonnegative integer, … ►When $2\mu$ is not an integer …

18: 15.8 Transformations of Variable

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Group 2 $⟶$ Group 3

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Group 2 $⟶$ Group 1

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Group 2 $⟶$ Group 4

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Group 4 $⟶$ Group 2

… ►provided that $z$ lies in the intersection of the open disks , or equivalently, . …

19: 32.8 Rational Solutions

… ►Then for $n\ge 2$ … ►Then ${\text{P}}_{\text{V}}$ has a rational solution iff one of the following holds with $m,n\in \mathbb{Z}$ and $\epsilon =\pm 1$: … ►

$\alpha =\frac{1}{2}{a}^2$, $\beta =-\frac{1}{2}{(a+n)}^2$, and $\gamma =m$, with $m+n$ even.

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$\alpha =\frac{1}{2}{(b+n)}^2$, $\beta =-\frac{1}{2}{b}^2$, and $\gamma =m$, with $m+n$ even.

… ►where $n\in \mathbb{Z}$, $a={\epsilon }_1\sqrt{2\alpha }$, $b={\epsilon }_2\sqrt{-2\beta }$, $c={\epsilon }_3\sqrt{2\gamma }$, and $d={\epsilon }_4\sqrt{1-2\delta }$, with ${\epsilon }_j=\pm 1$, $j=1,2,3,4$, independently, and at least one of $a$, $b$, $c$ or $d$ is an integer. …

20: 19.36 Methods of Computation

… ►where $n=0,1,2,\mathrm{\dots }$, and … ►The step from $n$ to $n+1$ is an ascending Landen transformation if $\theta =1$ (leading ultimately to a hyperbolic case of $R_C$) or a descending Gauss transformation if $\theta =-1$ (leading to a circular case of $R_C$). … ►Descending Gauss transformations of $\mathrm{\Pi }(\varphi ,{\alpha }^2,k)$ (see (19.8.20)) are used in Fettis (1965) to compute a large table (see §19.37(iii)). This method loses significant figures in $\rho$ if ${\alpha }^2$ and $k^2$ are nearly equal unless they are given exact values—as they can be for tables. … ►The function $\mathrm{el2}(x,k_c,a,b)$ is computed by descending Landen transformations if $x$ is real, or by descending Gauss transformations if $x$ is complex (Bulirsch (1965b)). …