asymptotic and order symbols

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1: 2.1 Definitions and Elementary Properties

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§2.1(i) Asymptotic and Order Symbols

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§2.1(ii) Integration and Differentiation

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2.1.12

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Symbols:

$\sim$: asymptotic equality, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\int$: integral, $\ln z$: principal branch of logarithm function, $\mathrm{\Re }$: real part, $f(x)$: continuous function and $\nu$: complex constant

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/2.1.E12

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §2.1(ii), §2.1 and Ch.2

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2: 13.9 Zeros

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13.9.16 $$a=-n-\frac{2}{\pi }\sqrt{zn}-\frac{2z}{{\pi }^2}+\frac{1}{2}b+\frac{1}{4}+\frac{z^2\left(\frac{1}{3}-4{\pi }^{-2}\right)+z-{(b-1)}^2+\frac{1}{4}}{4\pi \sqrt{zn}}+O\left(\frac{1}{n}\right),$$

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Symbols:

$O\left(x\right)$: order not exceeding, $\sim$: Poincaré asymptotic expansion, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $n$: nonnegative integer and $z$: complex variable

Referenced by:

§13.9(ii), DLMF Update; Version 1.0.13, Erratum (V1.0.12) for Equation (13.9.16), Erratum (V1.0.13) for Equation (13.9.16), Erratum (V1.0.13) for Equation (13.9.16)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/13.9.E16

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

Errata (effective with 1.0.13):

In applying changes in Version 1.0.12 to this equation, an editing error was made; it has been corrected.

Reported 2016-09-12 by Adri Olde Daalhuis

Errata (effective with 1.0.12):

Originally this equation was expressed in terms of the asymptoticsymbol $\sim$. As a consequence of the use of the $O$ ordersymbol on the right hand side, $\sim$ was replaced by $=$.

Reported 2016-07-11 by Rudi Weikard

See also:

Annotations for §13.9(ii), §13.9 and Ch.13

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3: 18.15 Asymptotic Approximations

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18.15.22 $$L_n^{(\alpha )}\left(\nu x\right)={(-1)}^n\frac{{\mathrm{e}}^{\frac{1}{2}\nu x}}{2^{\alpha -\frac{1}{2}}{x}^{\frac{1}{2}\alpha +\frac{1}{4}}}{\left(\frac{\zeta }{x-1}\right)}^{\frac{1}{4}}\left(\frac{\mathrm{Ai}\left({\nu }^{\frac{2}{3}}\zeta \right)}{{\nu }^{\frac{1}{3}}}\sum _{m=0}^{M-1}\frac{E_m(\zeta )}{{\nu }^{2m}}+\frac{{\mathrm{Ai}}^{\prime }\left({\nu }^{\frac{2}{3}}\zeta \right)}{{\nu }^{\frac{5}{3}}}\sum _{m=0}^{M-1}\frac{F_m(\zeta )}{{\nu }^{2m}}+\mathrm{envAi}\left({\nu }^{\frac{2}{3}}\zeta \right)O\left(\frac{1}{{\nu }^{2M-\frac{2}{3}}}\right)\right),$$

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Symbols:

$\mathrm{Ai}\left(z\right)$: Airy function, $O\left(x\right)$: order not exceeding, $L_n^{(\alpha )}\left(x\right)$: Laguerre (or generalized Laguerre) polynomial, $\sim$: Poincaré asymptotic expansion, $\mathrm{envAi}\left(x\right)$: envelope of Airy function $\mathrm{Ai}\left(x\right)$ , $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $m$: nonnegative integer, $n$: nonnegative integer, $\nu$ , $\zeta$ , $E_m$: coefficient, $F_m$: coefficient and $x$: real variable

Referenced by:

Erratum (V1.0.11) for Equation (18.15.22)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/18.15.E22

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

Errata (effective with 1.0.11):

Originally this equation was expressed in terms of the asymptoticsymbol $\sim$. As a consequence of the use of the $O$ ordersymbol on the right-hand side, $\sim$ was replaced by $=$.

See also:

Annotations for §18.15(iv), §18.15(iv), §18.15 and Ch.18

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4: Errata

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Originally was expressed in term of asymptotic symbol $\sim$. As a consequence of the use of the $O$ order symbol on the right-hand side, $\sim$ was replaced by $=$.

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Because of the use of the $O$ order symbol on the right-hand side, the asymptotic expansion for the generalized Laguerre polynomial $L_n^{(\alpha )}\left(\nu x\right)$ was rewritten as an equality.

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5: 11.11 Asymptotic Expansions of Anger–Weber Functions

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11.11.11 $${𝐀}_{-\nu }\left(\lambda \nu \right)\sim {\left(\frac{2}{\pi \nu }\right)}^{1/2}{\mathrm{e}}^{-\nu \mu }\sum _{k=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{{\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)}_k{b}_k(\lambda )}{{\nu }^k},$$ $\nu \to \mathrm{\infty }$, $|\mathrm{ph}\nu |\le \frac{\pi }{2}-\delta$,

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Symbols:

${\left(a\right)}_n$: Pochhammer’s symbol (or shifted factorial), ${𝐀}_{\nu }\left(z\right)$: Anger–Weber function, $\sim$: Poincaré asymptotic expansion, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $\mathrm{ph}$: phase, $\nu$: real or complex order, $k$: nonnegative integer, $\delta$: arbitrary small positive constant, $\lambda$: parameter and $b_k(\lambda )$: expansion function

Sources:

Dingle (1973, p. 388); Olver (1997b, pp. 103 and 352)

Proof sketch:

Derivable by applying Laplace’s method to the integral (11.10.4).

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/11.11.E11

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

Clarification (effective with 1.1.2):

The constraint which was originally $\nu \to +\mathrm{\infty }$, has been extended to be $\nu \to \mathrm{\infty }$, $|\mathrm{ph}\nu |\le \frac{\pi }{2}-\delta$.

Suggested 2021-04-05 by Gergő Nemes

See also:

Annotations for §11.11(iii), §11.11 and Ch.11

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6: Bibliography K

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Algorithm 877: A subroutine package for cylindrical functions of complex order and nonnegative argument. ACM Trans. Math. Software 34 (4), pp. Art. 22, 21.

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External Links:

ISSN 0098-3500, Document, MathReview Entry, ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

1st item.

Encodings:

BibTeX

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Algorithm 912: a module for calculating cylindrical functions of complex order and complex argument. ACM Trans. Math. Software 37 (4), pp. Art. 47, 25.

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External Links:

Document, ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

2nd item, §10.77(viii).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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Some completely monotonic functions of positive order. Math. Comp. 79 (271), pp. 1697–1707.

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External Links:

ISSN 0025-5718, Document, FullText, MathReview (Necdet Batir), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§5.6(i), §5.6(i).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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An algorithm for solving second order linear homogeneous differential equations. J. Symbolic Comput. 2 (1), pp. 3–43.

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External Links:

ISSN 0747-7171, MathReview, ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§31.14(ii).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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Asymptotic solution of Maxwell’s equations near caustics. Izv. Vuz. Radiofiz. 7, pp. 1049–1056.

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Referenced by:

§36.14(i).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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7: 11.9 Lommel Functions

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11.9.1 $$\frac{d^{2}w}{{dz}^2}+\frac{1}{z}\frac{dw}{dz}+\left(1-\frac{{\nu }^2}{z^2}\right)w=z^{\mu -1}$$

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Symbols:

$\frac{df}{dx}$: derivative of $f$ with respect to $x$ , $z$: complex variable and $\nu$: real or complex order

Referenced by:

§11.9(i), §11.9(i), §11.9(iii)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/11.9.E1

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §11.9(i), §11.9 and Ch.11

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11.9.4 $$a_k(\mu ,\nu )=\prod _{m=1}^k\left({(\mu +2m-1)}^2-{\nu }^2\right)=4^k{\left(\frac{\mu -\nu +1}{2}\right)}_k{\left(\frac{\mu +\nu +1}{2}\right)}_k,$$ $k=0,1,2,\mathrm{\dots }$.

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Symbols:

${\left(a\right)}_n$: Pochhammer’s symbol (or shifted factorial), $\nu$: real or complex order, $k$: nonnegative integer and $a_k(\mu ,\nu )$: expansion function

Referenced by:

§11.9(iii), Erratum (V1.1.3) for Additions

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/11.9.E4

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

Addition (effective with 1.1.3):

An alternative Pochhammer symbol representation was added.

See also:

Annotations for §11.9(i), §11.9 and Ch.11

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§11.9(iii) Asymptotic Expansion

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11.9.9 $$S_{\mu ,\nu }\left(z\right)\sim z^{\mu -1}\sum _{k=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}{(-1)}^k{a}_k(-\mu ,\nu )z^{-2k},$$ $z\to \mathrm{\infty }$, .

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Symbols:

$S_{\mu ,\nu }\left(z\right)$: Lommel function, $\sim$: Poincaré asymptotic expansion, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\mathrm{ph}$: phase, $z$: complex variable, $\nu$: real or complex order, $k$: nonnegative integer, $\delta$: arbitrary small positive constant and $a_k(\mu ,\nu )$: expansion function

Referenced by:

§11.9(iii), §11.9(iii)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/11.9.E9

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §11.9(iii), §11.9 and Ch.11

… ►For uniform asymptotic expansions, for large $\nu$ and fixed $\mu =-1,0,1,2,\mathrm{\dots }$, of solutions of the inhomogeneous modified Bessel differential equation that corresponds to (11.9.1) see Olver (1997b, pp. 388–390). …

8: Bibliography W

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Asymptotic expansions for second-order linear difference equations with a turning point. Numer. Math. 94 (1), pp. 147–194.

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External Links:

ISSN 0029-599X, Document, MathReview (Sergey M. Zagorodnyuk), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§2.9(iii).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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Asymptotic approximations for certain $6$-$j$ and $9$-$j$ symbols. J. Phys. A 32 (39), pp. 6901–6902.

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External Links:

ISSN 0305-4470, Document, MathReview, ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§34.8, §34.8.

Encodings:

BibTeX

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Asymptotic expansions for second-order linear difference equations. II. Stud. Appl. Math. 87 (4), pp. 289–324.

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External Links:

ISSN 0022-2526, MathReview (Shao Zhu Chen), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§2.9(ii).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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Asymptotic expansions for second-order linear difference equations. J. Comput. Appl. Math. 41 (1-2), pp. 65–94.

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External Links:

ISSN 0377-0427, Document, MathReview (Shao Zhu Chen), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§2.9(i), §2.9(ii).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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Asymptotic solutions of a fourth order differential equation. Stud. Appl. Math. 118 (2), pp. 133–152.

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External Links:

ISSN 0022-2526, Document, MathReview Entry

Referenced by:

§2.8(vi).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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9: 14.8 Behavior at Singularities

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14.8.1 $${𝖯}_{\nu }^{\mu }\left(x\right)\sim \frac{1}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(1-\mu \right)}{\left(\frac{2}{1-x}\right)}^{\mu /2},$$ $\mu \ne 1,2,3,\mathrm{\dots }$,

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Symbols:

$\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, : Ferrers function of the first kind, $\sim$: asymptotic equality, $x$: real variable, $\mu$: general order and $\nu$: general degree

Referenced by:

§14.30(ii), §14.8(i)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/14.8.E1

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §14.8(i), §14.8 and Ch.14

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14.8.2 $${𝖯}_{\nu }^m\left(x\right)\sim {(-1)}^m\frac{{\left(\nu -m+1\right)}_{2m}}{m!}{\left(\frac{1-x}{2}\right)}^{m/2},$$ $m=1,2,3,\mathrm{\dots }$, $\nu \ne m-1,m-2,\mathrm{\dots },-m$,

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Symbols:

: Ferrers function of the first kind, ${\left(a\right)}_n$: Pochhammer’s symbol (or shifted factorial), $\sim$: asymptotic equality, $!$: factorial (as in $n!$), $x$: real variable, $m$: nonnegative integer and $\nu$: general degree

Referenced by:

§14.30(ii), §14.8(i)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/14.8.E2

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §14.8(i), §14.8 and Ch.14

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14.8.4 $${𝖰}_{\nu }^{\mu }\left(x\right)\sim \frac{1}{2}\cos \left(\mu \pi \right)\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\mu \right){\left(\frac{2}{1-x}\right)}^{\mu /2},$$ $\mu \ne \frac{1}{2},\frac{3}{2},\frac{5}{2},\mathrm{\dots }$,

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Symbols:

$\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, : Ferrers function of the second kind, $\sim$: asymptotic equality, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\cos z$: cosine function, $x$: real variable, $\mu$: general order and $\nu$: general degree

Referenced by:

§14.8(i)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/14.8.E4

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §14.8(i), §14.8 and Ch.14

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14.8.7 $$P_{\nu }^{\mu }\left(x\right)\sim \frac{1}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(1-\mu \right)}{\left(\frac{2}{x-1}\right)}^{\mu /2},$$ $\mu \ne 1,2,3,\mathrm{\dots }$,

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Symbols:

$\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, $P_{\nu }^{\mu }\left(z\right)$: associated Legendre function of the first kind, $\sim$: asymptotic equality, $x$: real variable, $\mu$: general order and $\nu$: general degree

Referenced by:

§14.21(iii), §14.24, §14.8(ii)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/14.8.E7

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §14.8(ii), §14.8 and Ch.14

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14.8.11 $${𝑸}_{\nu }^{\mu }\left(x\right)\sim \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\mu \right)}{2\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\nu +\mu +1\right)}{\left(\frac{2}{x-1}\right)}^{\mu /2},$$ $\mathrm{\Re }\mu >0$, $\nu +\mu \ne -1,-2,-3,\mathrm{\dots }$.

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Symbols:

$\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, ${𝑸}_{\nu }^{\mu }\left(z\right)$: Olver’s associated Legendre function, $\sim$: asymptotic equality, $\mathrm{\Re }$: real part, $x$: real variable, $\mu$: general order and $\nu$: general degree

Referenced by:

§14.24

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/14.8.E11

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §14.8(ii), §14.8 and Ch.14

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10: Bibliography T

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The asymptotic expansion of the incomplete gamma functions. SIAM J. Math. Anal. 10 (4), pp. 757–766.

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External Links:

ISSN 0036-1410, Document, MathReview (E. Riekstiņš), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§8.12.

Encodings:

BibTeX

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Laguerre polynomials: Asymptotics for large degree. Technical report Technical Report AM-R8610, CWI, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

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External Links:

FullText

Referenced by:

§2.4(vi).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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Asymptotic expansions of Kummer hypergeometric functions with three asymptotic parameters a, b and z. Indagationes Mathematicae.

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External Links:

ISSN 0019-3577, Document, Link

Referenced by:

§13.8(iv).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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Eigenfunction Expansions Associated with Second-Order Differential Equations. Clarendon Press, Oxford.

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External Links:

MathReview (H. Pollard)

Referenced by:

§1.18(x).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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Asymptotic solution of a linear nonhomogeneous second order differential equation with a transition point and its application to the computations of toroidal shells and propeller blades. J. Appl. Math. Mech. 23, pp. 1549–1565.

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External Links:

Document, MathReview (F. W. J. Olver), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§9.1, Notations E, Notations E.

Encodings:

BibTeX

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