as eigenfunctions of a q-difference operator

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21: 29.12 Definitions

… ►Throughout §§29.12–29.16 the order $\nu$ in the differential equation (29.2.1) is assumed to be a nonnegative integer. … ►In the fourth column the variable $z$ and modulus $k$ of the Jacobian elliptic functions have been suppressed, and $P({\mathrm{sn}}^2)$ denotes a polynomial of degree $n$ in ${\mathrm{sn}}^2(z,k)$ (different for each type). … ►

Table 29.12.1: Lamé polynomials.

► ►►►►

$\nu$	eigenvalue $h$	eigenfunction $w(z)$	polynomial form	real period	imag. period	parity of $w(z)$	parity of $w(z-K)$	parity of $w(z-K-\mathrm{i}{K}^{\prime })$
$2n$	$a_{\nu }^{2m}\left(k^2\right)$	${\mathrm{𝑢𝐸}}_{\nu }^m(z,k^2)$	$P({\mathrm{sn}}^2)$	$2K$	$2\mathrm{i}{K}^{\prime }$	even	even	even
$2n+1$	$a_{\nu }^{2m+1}\left(k^2\right)$	${\mathrm{𝑠𝐸}}_{\nu }^m(z,k^2)$	$\mathrm{sn}P({\mathrm{sn}}^2)$	$4K$	$2\mathrm{i}{K}^{\prime }$	odd	even	even
…

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22: Bibliography M

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New ladder operators for a rational extension of the harmonic oscillator and superintegrability of some two-dimensional systems. J. Math. Phys. 54 (10), pp. Paper 102102, 12 pp..

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External Links:

MathReview Entry

Referenced by:

§18.36(vi).

Encodings:

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A determinant formula for a class of rational solutions of Painlevé V equation. Nagoya Math. J. 168, pp. 1–25.

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External Links:

ISSN 0027-7630, MathReview (Andrei A. Kapaev), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§32.8(v).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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The supports of measures associated with orthogonal polynomials and the spectra of the related selfadjoint operators. Rocky Mountain J. Math. 21 (1), pp. 501–527.

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External Links:

ISSN 0035-7596, Document, Link, MathReview (T. S. Chihara)

Referenced by:

§18.2(xi).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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Asymptotic analysis of edge-excited currents on a convex face of a perfectly conducting wedge under overlapping penumbra region conditions. IEEE Trans. Antennas and Propagation 44 (1), pp. 97–101.

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External Links:

Document

Referenced by:

§9.14.

Encodings:

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Spheroidal eigenfunctions of the tidal equation. Phys. Rev. Lett. 73 (11), pp. 1557–1560.

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External Links:

ISSN 0031-9007, Document, MathReview, ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§30.13(v).

Encodings:

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23: 18.3 Definitions

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As eigenfunctions of second order differential operators (Bochner’s theorem, Bochner (1929)). See the differential equations $A(x)p_n^{\prime \prime }(x)+B(x)p_n^{\prime }(x)+{\lambda }_n{p}_n(x)=0$, in Table 18.8.1.

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As given by a Rodrigues formula (18.5.5).

… ►Formula (18.3.1) can be understood as a Gauss-Chebyshev quadrature, see (3.5.22), (3.5.23). It is also related to a discrete Fourier-cosine transform, see Britanak et al. (2007). … ►However, in general they are not orthogonal with respect to a positive measure, but a finite system has such an orthogonality. …

24: Errata

… ►This especially included updated information on matrix analysis, measure theory, spectral analysis, and a new section on linear second order differential operators and eigenfunction expansions. … ►The specific updates to Chapter 1 include the addition of an entirely new subsection §1.18 entitled “Linear Second Order Differential Operators and Eigenfunction Expansions” which is a survey of the formal spectral analysis of second order differential operators. … ►

The following additions were made in Chapter 1:

• New subsections, 1.2(v) Matrices, Vectors, Scalar Products, and Norms and 1.2(vi) Square Matrices, with Equations (1.2.27)–(1.2.77).

• The title of this section was changed from “Determinants” to “Determinants, Linear Operators, and Spectral Expansions”. An extra paragraph just below (1.3.7). New subsection, 1.3(iv) Matrices as Linear Operators, with Equations (1.3.20), (1.3.21).

• In 1.4(v), three new paragraphs on Stieltjes integrals/measure, with Equations (1.4.23_1)–(1.4.23_3).

• In Subsection 1.8(i), the title of the paragraph “Bessel’s Inequality” was changed to “Parseval’s Formula”. We give the relation between the real and the complex coefficients, and include more general versions of Parseval’s Formula, Equations (1.8.6_1), (1.8.6_2). The title of Subsection 1.8(iv) was changed from “Transformations” to “Poisson’s Summation Formula”, and we added an extra remark just below (1.8.14).

• New subsection, 1.10(xi) Generating Functions, with Equations (1.10.26)–(1.10.29).

• New subsection, 1.13(viii) Eigenvalues and Eigenfunctions: Sturm-Liouville and Liouville forms, with Equations (1.13.26)–(1.13.31).

• Another form of Parseval’s formula, (1.14.7_5).

• We include several extra remarks and Equations (1.16.3_5), (1.16.9_5). New subsection, 1.16(ix) References for Section 1.16.

• Two extra paragraphs in Subsection 1.17(ii) Integral Representations, with Equations (1.17.12_1), (1.17.12_2); Subsection 1.17(iv) Mathematical Definitions is almost completely rewritten.

• An entire new section, 1.18 Linear Second Order Differential Operators and Eigenfunction Expansions, including new subsections, 1.18(i)–1.18(x), and several equations, (1.18.1)–(1.18.71).

… ►

The following additions were made in Chapter 18:

• In Subsection 18.2(i), Equation (18.2.1_5); the paragraph title “Orthogonality on Finite Point Sets” has been changed to “Orthogonality on Countable Sets”, and there are minor changes in the presentation of the final paragraph, including a new equation (18.2.4_5). The presentation of Subsection 18.2(iii) has changed, Equation (18.2.5_5) was added and an extra paragraph on standardizations has been included. The presentation of Subsection 18.2(iv) has changed and it has been expanded with two extra paragraphs and several new equations, (18.2.9_5), (18.2.11_1)–(18.2.11_9). Subsections 18.2(v) (with (18.2.12_5), (18.2.14)–(18.2.17)) and 18.2(vi) (with (18.2.17)–(18.2.20)) have been expanded. New subsections, 18.2(vii)–18.2(xii), with Equations (18.2.21)–(18.2.46),

• A new introduction, minor changes in the presentation, and three new paragraphs.

• Extra details for Chebyshev polynomials, and Equations (18.5.4_5), (18.5.11_1)–(18.5.11_4), (18.5.17_5).

• Line numbers and two extra rows were added to Table 18.8.1.

• Subsection 18.9(i) has been expanded, and 18.9(iii) has some additional explanation. Equations (18.9.2_1), (18.9.2_2), (18.9.18_5) and Table 18.9.2 were added.

• Three extra generating functions, (18.12.2_5), (18.12.3_5), (18.12.17).

• Equation (18.14.3_5). New subsection, 18.14(iv), with Equations (18.14.25)–(18.14.27).

• Equation (18.15.4_5).

• The title of Subsection 18.16(iii) was changed from “Ultraspherical and Legendre” to “Ultraspherical, Legendre and Chebyshev”. New subsection, 18.16(vii) Discriminants, with Equations (18.16.19)–(18.16.21).

• Extra explanatory text at many places and seven extra integrals (18.17.16_5), (18.17.21_1)–(18.17.21_3), (18.17.28_5), (18.17.34_5), (18.17.41_5).

• Extra explanatory text at several places and the title of Subsection 18.18(iv) was changed from “Connection Formulas” to “Connection and Inversion Formulas”.

• A new introduction.

• Equation (18.21.13).

• Extra explanatory text in Subsection 18.25(i) and the title of Subsection 18.25(ii) was changed from “Weights and Normalizations: Continuous Cases” to “Weights and Standardizations: Continuous Cases”.

• In Subsection 18.26(i) an extra paragraph on dualities has been included, with Equations (18.26.4_1), (18.26.4_2).

• Extra text at the start of this section and twenty seven extra formulas, (18.27.4_1), (18.27.4_2), (18.27.6_5), (18.27.9_5), (18.27.12_5), (18.27.14_1)–(18.27.14_6), (18.27.17_1)–(18.27.17_3), (18.27.20_5), (18.27.25), (18.27.26), (18.28.1_5).

• A big expansion. Six extra formulas in Subsection 18.28(ii) ((18.28.6_1)–(18.28.6_5)) and three extra formulas in Subsection 18.28(viii) ((18.28.21)–(18.28.23)). New subsections, 18.28(ix)–18.28(xi), with Equations (18.28.23)–(18.28.34).

• Originally this section did not have subsections. The original seven formulas have now more explanatory text and are split over two subsections. New subsections 18.30(iii)–18.30(viii), with Equations (18.30.8)–(18.30.31).

• This short section has been expanded, with Equation (18.32.2).

• Additional references and a new large subsection, 18.33(vi), including Equations (18.33.17)–(18.33.32).

• This section has been expanded, including an extra orthogonality relations (18.34.5_5), (18.34.7_1)–(18.34.7_3).

• This section on Pollaczek polynomials has been significantly updated with much more explanations and as well to include the Pollaczek polynomials of type 3 which are the most general with three free parameters. The Pollaczek polynomials which were previously treated, namely those of type 1 and type 2 are special cases of the type 3 Pollaczek polynomials. In the first paragraph of this section an extensive description of the relations between the three types of Pollaczek polynomials is given which was lacking previously. Equations (18.35.0_5), (18.35.2_1)–(18.35.2_5), (18.35.4_5), (18.35.6_1)–(18.35.6_6), (18.35.10).

• This section on miscellaneous polynomials has been expanded with new subsections, 18.36(v) on non-classical Laguerre polynomials and 18.36(vi) with examples of exceptional orthogonal polynomials, with Equations (18.36.1)–(18.36.10). In the titles of Subsections 18.36(ii) and 18.36(iii) we replaced “OP’s” by “Orthogonal Polynomials”.

• The paragraphs of Subsection 18.38(i) have been re-ordered and one paragraph was added. The title of Subsection 18.38(ii) was changed from “Classical OP’s: Other Applications” to “Classical OP’s: Mathematical Developments and Applications”. Subsection 18.38(iii) has been expanded with seven new paragraphs, and Equations (18.38.4)–(18.38.11).

• This section was completely rewritten. The previous 18.39(i) Quantum Mechanics has been replaced by Subsections 18.39(i) Quantum Mechanics and 18.39(ii) A 3D Separable Quantum System, the Hydrogen Atom, containing the same essential information; the original content of the subsection is reproduced below for reference. Subsection 18.39(ii) was moved to 18.39(v) Other Applications. New subsections, 18.39(iii) Non Classical Weight Functions of Utility in DVR Method in the Physical Sciences, 18.39(iv) Coulomb–Pollaczek Polynomials and J-Matrix Methods; Equations (18.39.7)–(18.39.48); and Figures 18.39.1, 18.39.2.

  The original text of 18.39(i) Quantum Mechanics was:

  “Classical OP’s appear when the time-dependent Schrödinger equation is solved by separation of variables. Consider, for example, the one-dimensional form of this equation for a particle of mass $m$ with potential energy $V(x)$:

  errata.1 $$\left(\frac{-{\mathrm{\hslash }}^2}{2m}\frac{{\partial }^2}{{\partial x}^2}+V(x)\right)\psi (x,t)=i\mathrm{\hslash }\frac{\partial }{\partial t}\psi (x,t),$$

  where $\mathrm{\hslash }$ is the reduced Planck’s constant. On substituting $\psi (x,t)=\eta (x)\zeta (t)$, we obtain two ordinary differential equations, each of which involve the same constant $E$. The equation for $\eta (x)$ is

  errata.2 $$\frac{d^2\eta }{{dx}^2}+\frac{2m}{{\mathrm{\hslash }}^2}\left(E-V(x)\right)\eta =0.$$

  For a harmonic oscillator, the potential energy is given by

  errata.3 $$V(x)=\frac{1}{2}m{\omega }^2{x}^2,$$

  where $\omega$ is the angular frequency. For (18.39.2) to have a nontrivial bounded solution in the interval , the constant $E$ (the total energy of the particle) must satisfy

  errata.4 $$E=E_n=\left(n+\frac{1}{2}\right)\mathrm{\hslash }\omega ,$$ $n=0,1,2,\mathrm{\dots }$.

  The corresponding eigenfunctions are

  errata.5 $${\eta }_n(x)={\pi }^{-\frac{1}{4}}{2}^{-\frac{1}{2}n}{(n!b)}^{-\frac{1}{2}}{H}_n\left(x/b\right){\mathrm{e}}^{-x^2/2b^2},$$

  where $b={(\mathrm{\hslash }/m\omega )}^{1/2}$, and $H_n$ is the Hermite polynomial. For further details, see Seaborn (1991, p. 224) or Nikiforov and Uvarov (1988, pp. 71-72).

  A second example is provided by the three-dimensional time-independent Schrödinger equation

  errata.6 $${\nabla }^2\psi +\frac{2m}{{\mathrm{\hslash }}^2}\left(E-V(𝐱)\right)\psi =0,$$

  when this is solved by separation of variables in spherical coordinates (§1.5(ii)). The eigenfunctions of one of the separated ordinary differential equations are Legendre polynomials. See Seaborn (1991, pp. 69-75).

  For a third example, one in which the eigenfunctions are Laguerre polynomials, see Seaborn (1991, pp. 87-93) and Nikiforov and Uvarov (1988, pp. 76-80 and 320-323).”

• The old section is now Subsection 18.40(i) and a large new subsection, 18.40(ii), on the classical moment problem has been added, with formulae (18.40.1)–(18.40.10) and Figures 18.40.1, 18.40.2.

… ►

A number of changes were made with regard to fractional integrals and derivatives. In §1.15(vi) a reference to Miller and Ross (1993) was added, the fractional integral operator of order $\alpha$ was more precisely identified as the Riemann-Liouville fractional integral operator of order $\alpha$, and a paragraph was added below (1.15.50) to generalize (1.15.47). In §1.15(vii) the sentence defining the fractional derivative was clarified. In §2.6(iii) the identification of the Riemann-Liouville fractional integral operator was made consistent with §1.15(vi).

…

25: 30.13 Wave Equation in Prolate Spheroidal Coordinates

… ►where $c$ is a positive constant. … ►In most applications the solution $w$ has to be a single-valued function of $(x,y,z)$, which requires $\mu =m$ (a nonnegative integer) and … ►If $b_1=b_2=0$, then the function (30.13.8) is a twice-continuously differentiable solution of (30.13.7) in the entire $(x,y,z)$-space. … ►The corresponding eigenfunctions are given by (30.13.8), (30.13.14), (30.13.13), (30.13.12), with $b_1=b_2=0$. …The corresponding eigenfunctions are given as before with $b_2=0$. …

26: 18.27 $q$-Hahn Class

… ►The $q$-Hahn class OP’s comprise systems of OP’s $\{p_n(x)\}$, $n=0,1,\mathrm{\dots },N$, or $n=0,1,2,\mathrm{\dots }$, that are eigenfunctions of a second order $q$-difference operator. …In the $q$-Hahn class OP’s the role of the operator $d/dx$ in the Jacobi, Laguerre, and Hermite cases is played by the $q$-derivative ${𝒟}_q$, as defined in (17.2.41). A (nonexhaustive) classification of such systems of OP’s was made by Hahn (1949). … ►Thus in addition to a relation of the form (18.27.2), such systems may also satisfy orthogonality relations with respect to a continuous weight function on some interval. ►Here only a few families are mentioned. …

27: 25.17 Physical Applications

… ►This relates to a suggestion of Hilbert and Pólya that the zeros are eigenvalues of some operator, and the Riemann hypothesis is true if that operator is Hermitian. … ►The zeta function arises in the calculation of the partition function of ideal quantum gases (both Bose–Einstein and Fermi–Dirac cases), and it determines the critical gas temperature and density for the Bose–Einstein condensation phase transition in a dilute gas (Lifshitz and Pitaevskiĭ (1980)). Quantum field theory often encounters formally divergent sums that need to be evaluated by a process of regularization: for example, the energy of the electromagnetic vacuum in a confined space (Casimir–Polder effect). …

28: 30.14 Wave Equation in Oblate Spheroidal Coordinates

… ►where $c$ is a positive constant. … ►In most applications the solution $w$ has to be a single-valued function of $(x,y,z)$, which requires $\mu =m$ (a nonnegative integer). … ►

30.14.8 $$w_1(\xi )=a_1{S}_n^{m(1)}(\mathrm{i}\xi ,\gamma )+b_1{S}_n^{m(2)}(\mathrm{i}\xi ,\gamma ).$$

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Symbols:

$\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $S_n^{m(j)}(z,\gamma )$: radial spheroidal wave function, $m$: nonnegative integer, $n\ge m$: integer degree, $b_j$: coefficients, $a_j$: coefficients, $\xi$: oblate spheroidal coordinate, $w_j$: solution to DE and ${\gamma }^2={\kappa }^2{c}^2$: parameter

Referenced by:

§30.14(v)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/30.14.E8

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See also:

Annotations for §30.14(iv), §30.14 and Ch.30

►If $b_1=b_2=0$, then the function (30.13.8) is a twice-continuously differentiable solution of (30.13.7) in the entire $(x,y,z)$-space. … ►The corresponding eigenfunctions are then given by (30.13.8), (30.14.8), (30.13.13), (30.13.12), with $b_1=b_2=0$. …

29: 18.42 Software

… ►Also included is a website (CAOP) operated by a university department. … ►A more complete list of available software for computing these functions, and for generating formulas symbolically, is found in the Software Index. …

30: Brian R. Judd

… ► 2023) was a Gerhard H. … ►Judd’s books include Operator Techniques in Atomic Spectroscopy, published by McGraw-Hill in 1963 and reprinted by Princeton University Press in 1998, Second Quantization and Atomic Spectroscopy, published by Johns Hopkins in 1967, Topics in Atomic and Nuclear Theory (with J. … ►Judd is an Honorary Fellow of Brasenose College, Oxford University, and a Fellow of the American Physical Society. ►Judd served as a Validator for the original release and publication in May 2010 of the NIST Digital Library of Mathematical Functions and the NIST Handbook of Mathematical Functions.