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11: 4.32 Inequalities

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4.32.1 $$\cosh x\le {\left(\frac{\sinh x}{x}\right)}^3,$$

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Symbols:

$\cosh z$: hyperbolic cosine function, $\sinh z$: hyperbolic sine function and $x$: real variable

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/4.32.E1

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §4.32 and Ch.4

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4.32.2 $x>0$,

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Symbols:

$\cos z$: cosine function, $\tanh z$: hyperbolic tangent function, $\sin z$: sine function and $x$: real variable

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/4.32.E2

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §4.32 and Ch.4

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4.32.3 $$|\cosh x-\cosh y|\ge |x-y|\sqrt{\sinh x\sinh y},$$ $x>0$, $y>0$,

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Symbols:

$\cosh z$: hyperbolic cosine function, $\sinh z$: hyperbolic sine function, $x$: real variable and $y$: real variable

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/4.32.E3

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §4.32 and Ch.4

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12: 4.47 Approximations

… ►Clenshaw (1962) and Luke (1975, Chapter 3) give 20D coefficients for $\ln$, $\exp$, $\sin$, $\cos$, $\tan$, $\cot$, $\arcsin$, $\arctan$, $\mathrm{arcsinh}$. Schonfelder (1980) gives 40D coefficients for $\sin$, $\cos$, $\tan$. … ►Hart et al. (1968) give $\ln$, $\exp$, $\sin$, $\cos$, $\tan$, $\cot$, $\arcsin$, $\arccos$, $\arctan$, $\sinh$, $\cosh$, $\tanh$, $\mathrm{arcsinh}$, $\mathrm{arccosh}$. … ►Luke (1975, Chapter 3) supplies real and complex approximations for $\ln$, $\exp$, $\sin$, $\cos$, $\tan$, $\arctan$, $\mathrm{arcsinh}$. …

13: 6 Exponential, Logarithmic, Sine, and
Cosine Integrals

Chapter 6 Exponential, Logarithmic, Sine, and Cosine Integrals

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14: 4.18 Inequalities

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Jordan’s Inequality

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4.18.1 $$\frac{2x}{\pi }\le \sin x\le x,$$ $0\le x\le \frac{1}{2}\pi$.

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Symbols:

$\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\sin z$: sine function and $x$: real variable

A&S Ref:

4.3.79 4.3.80

Referenced by:

§4.18

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/4.18.E1

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §4.18, §4.18 and Ch.4

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4.18.3 $$\cos x\le \frac{\sin x}{x}\le 1,$$ $0\le x\le \pi$,

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Symbols:

$\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\cos z$: cosine function, $\sin z$: sine function and $x$: real variable

A&S Ref:

4.3.81

Referenced by:

§4.18

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/4.18.E3

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §4.18, §4.18 and Ch.4

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4.18.5 $$|\sinh y|\le |\sin z|\le \cosh y,$$

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Symbols:

$\cosh z$: hyperbolic cosine function, $\sinh z$: hyperbolic sine function, $\sin z$: sine function, $y$: real variable and $z$: complex variable

A&S Ref:

4.3.83

Referenced by:

§4.18

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/4.18.E5

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §4.18, §4.18 and Ch.4

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4.18.9 $$|\sin z|\le \sinh |z|,$$

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Symbols:

$\sinh z$: hyperbolic sine function, $\sin z$: sine function and $z$: complex variable

A&S Ref:

4.3.87

Referenced by:

§4.18

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/4.18.E9

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §4.18, §4.18 and Ch.4

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15: 4.28 Definitions and Periodicity

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4.28.1 $$\sinh z=\frac{{\mathrm{e}}^z-{\mathrm{e}}^{-z}}{2},$$

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Defines:

$\sinh z$: hyperbolic sine function

Symbols:

$\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm and $z$: complex variable

A&S Ref:

4.5.1

Referenced by:

§4.45(i), §4.45(ii)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/4.28.E1

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §4.28 and Ch.4

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4.28.3 $$\cosh z\pm \sinh z={\mathrm{e}}^{\pm z},$$

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Symbols:

$\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $\cosh z$: hyperbolic cosine function, $\sinh z$: hyperbolic sine function and $z$: complex variable

A&S Ref:

4.5.19 4.5.20

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/4.28.E3

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §4.28 and Ch.4

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4.28.8 $$\sin \left(\mathrm{i}z\right)=\mathrm{i}\sinh z,$$

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Symbols:

$\sinh z$: hyperbolic sine function, $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $\sin z$: sine function and $z$: complex variable

A&S Ref:

4.5.7

Referenced by:

§22.10(ii), §4.29(ii), §4.29(ii), §4.33

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/4.28.E8

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §4.28, §4.28 and Ch.4

… ►The functions $\sinh z$ and $\cosh z$ have period $2\pi \mathrm{i}$, and $\tanh z$ has period $\pi \mathrm{i}$. The zeros of $\sinh z$ and $\cosh z$ are $z=\mathrm{i}k\pi$ and $z=\mathrm{i}\left(k+\frac{1}{2}\right)\pi$, respectively, $k\in \mathbb{Z}$.

16: 6.14 Integrals

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§6.14(i) Laplace Transforms

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6.14.3 $${\int }_0^{\mathrm{\infty }}{\mathrm{e}}^{-at}\mathrm{si}\left(t\right)dt=-\frac{1}{a}\arctan a,$$ $\mathrm{\Re }a>0$.

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Symbols:

$dx$: differential of $x$ , $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $\int$: integral, $\arctan z$: arctangent function, $\mathrm{\Re }$: real part and $\mathrm{si}\left(z\right)$: sine integral

A&S Ref:

5.2.29

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/6.14.E3

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §6.14(i), §6.14 and Ch.6

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§6.14(ii) Other Integrals

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6.14.5 $${\int }_0^{\mathrm{\infty }}\cos t\mathrm{Ci}\left(t\right)dt={\int }_0^{\mathrm{\infty }}\sin t\mathrm{si}\left(t\right)dt=-\frac{1}{4}\pi ,$$

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Symbols:

$\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\cos z$: cosine function, $\mathrm{Ci}\left(z\right)$: cosine integral, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\int$: integral, $\mathrm{si}\left(z\right)$: sine integral and $\sin z$: sine function

A&S Ref:

5.2.30

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/6.14.E5

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §6.14(ii), §6.14 and Ch.6

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6.14.6 $${\int }_0^{\mathrm{\infty }}{\mathrm{Ci}}^2\left(t\right)dt={\int }_0^{\mathrm{\infty }}{\mathrm{si}}^2\left(t\right)dt=\frac{1}{2}\pi ,$$

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Symbols:

$\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\mathrm{Ci}\left(z\right)$: cosine integral, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\int$: integral and $\mathrm{si}\left(z\right)$: sine integral

A&S Ref:

5.2.31

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/6.14.E6

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §6.14(ii), §6.14 and Ch.6

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17: 6.20 Approximations

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Hastings (1955) gives several minimax polynomial and rational approximations for $E_1\left(x\right)+\ln x$, $x{\mathrm{e}}^x{E}_1\left(x\right)$, and the auxiliary functions $\mathrm{f}\left(x\right)$ and $\mathrm{g}\left(x\right)$. These are included in Abramowitz and Stegun (1964, Ch. 5).

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MacLeod (1996b) provides rational approximations for the sine and cosine integrals and for the auxiliary functions $\mathrm{f}$ and $\mathrm{g}$, with accuracies up to 20S.

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Luke and Wimp (1963) covers $\mathrm{Ei}\left(x\right)$ for $x\le -4$ (20D), and $\mathrm{Si}\left(x\right)$ and $\mathrm{Ci}\left(x\right)$ for $x\ge 4$ (20D).

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Luke (1969b, pp. 41–42) gives Chebyshev expansions of $\mathrm{Ein}\left(ax\right)$, $\mathrm{Si}\left(ax\right)$, and $\mathrm{Cin}\left(ax\right)$ for $-1\le x\le 1$, $a\in ℂ$. The coefficients are given in terms of series of Bessel functions.

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Luke (1969b, p. 25) gives a Chebyshev expansion near infinity for the confluent hypergeometric $U$-function (§13.2(i)) from which Chebyshev expansions near infinity for $E_1\left(z\right)$, $\mathrm{f}\left(z\right)$, and $\mathrm{g}\left(z\right)$ follow by using (6.11.2) and (6.11.3). Luke also includes a recursion scheme for computing the coefficients in the expansions of the $U$ functions. If the scheme can be used in backward direction.

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18: 4.43 Cubic Equations

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4.43.2 $$z^3+pz+q=0$$

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Symbols:

$\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\cosh z$: hyperbolic cosine function, $\sinh z$: hyperbolic sine function, $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $\sin z$: sine function, $a$: real or complex constant, $z$: complex variable, $p$: real constant and $q$: real constant

Referenced by:

(4.43.1), §4.43

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/4.43.E2

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

Errata (effective with 1.0.10):

Cases (a), (b), and (c) of of this equation have been corrected. Formerly, with constants $C$ and $D$ given in Eq. (4.43.1), they read

1. $A\sin a$, $A\sin \left(a+\frac{2}{3}\pi \right)$, and $A\sin \left(a+\frac{4}{3}\pi \right)$, with $\sin \left(3a\right)=C$, when and $C\le 1$.

2. $A\cosh a$, $A\cosh \left(a+\frac{2}{3}\pi \mathrm{i}\right)$, and $A\cosh \left(a+\frac{4}{3}\pi \mathrm{i}\right)$, with $\cosh \left(3a\right)=C$, when and $C>1$.

3. $B\sinh a$, $B\sinh \left(a+\frac{2}{3}\pi \mathrm{i}\right)$, and $B\sinh \left(a+\frac{4}{3}\pi \mathrm{i}\right)$, with $\sinh \left(3a\right)=D$, when $p>0$.

Reported 2014-10-31 by Masataka Urago

See also:

Annotations for §4.43 and Ch.4

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$A\sin a$, $A\sin \left(a+\frac{2}{3}\pi \right)$, and $A\sin \left(a+\frac{4}{3}\pi \right)$, with $\sin \left(3a\right)=4q/A^3$, when $4p^3+27q^2\le 0$.

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$B\sinh a$, $B\sinh \left(a+\frac{2}{3}\pi \mathrm{i}\right)$, and $B\sinh \left(a+\frac{4}{3}\pi \mathrm{i}\right)$, with $\sinh \left(3a\right)=-4q/B^3$, when $p>0$.

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19: 6.11 Relations to Other Functions

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6.11.2 $$E_1\left(z\right)={\mathrm{e}}^{-z}U(1,1,z),$$

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Symbols:

$U(a,b,z)$: Kummer confluent hypergeometric function, $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $E_1\left(z\right)$: exponential integral and $z$: complex variable

Referenced by:

§6.11, 5th item, §6.6

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/6.11.E2

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §6.11, §6.11 and Ch.6

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6.11.3 $$\mathrm{g}\left(z\right)+\mathrm{i}\mathrm{f}\left(z\right)=U(1,1,-\mathrm{i}z).$$

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Symbols:

$U(a,b,z)$: Kummer confluent hypergeometric function, $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $\mathrm{f}\left(z\right)$: auxiliary function for sine and cosine integrals, $\mathrm{g}\left(z\right)$: auxiliary function for sine and cosine integrals and $z$: complex variable

Referenced by:

§6.11, 5th item

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/6.11.E3

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §6.11, §6.11 and Ch.6

20: 6.5 Further Interrelations

§6.5 Further Interrelations

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6.5.3 $$\frac{1}{2}(\mathrm{Ei}\left(x\right)+E_1\left(x\right))=\mathrm{Shi}\left(x\right)=-\mathrm{i}\mathrm{Si}\left(\mathrm{i}x\right),$$

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Symbols:

$E_1\left(z\right)$: exponential integral, $\mathrm{Ei}\left(x\right)$: exponential integral, $\mathrm{Shi}\left(z\right)$: hyperbolic sine integral, $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $\mathrm{Si}\left(z\right)$: sine integral and $x$: real variable

A&S Ref:

5.2.22 (in modified form)

Referenced by:

§6.5

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/6.5.E3

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §6.5 and Ch.6

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6.5.5 $$\mathrm{Si}\left(z\right)=\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{i}(E_1\left(-\mathrm{i}z\right)-E_1\left(\mathrm{i}z\right))+\frac{1}{2}\pi ,$$

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Symbols:

$\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $E_1\left(z\right)$: exponential integral, $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $\mathrm{Si}\left(z\right)$: sine integral and $z$: complex variable

A&S Ref:

5.2.21

Referenced by:

§6.12(ii), §6.5

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/6.5.E5

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §6.5 and Ch.6

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6.5.7 $$\mathrm{g}\left(z\right)\pm \mathrm{i}\mathrm{f}\left(z\right)=E_1\left(\mp \mathrm{i}z\right){\mathrm{e}}^{\mp \mathrm{i}z}.$$

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Symbols:

$\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $E_1\left(z\right)$: exponential integral, $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $\mathrm{f}\left(z\right)$: auxiliary function for sine and cosine integrals, $\mathrm{g}\left(z\right)$: auxiliary function for sine and cosine integrals and $z$: complex variable

Referenced by:

§6.11, §6.5, §6.7(iii)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/6.5.E7

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §6.5 and Ch.6