Bernoulli and Euler numbers and polynomials

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31: 24.12 Zeros

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§24.12(i) Bernoulli Polynomials: Real Zeros

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§24.12(iii) Complex Zeros

►For complex zeros of Bernoulli and Euler polynomials, see Delange (1987) and Dilcher (1988). A related topic is the irreducibility of Bernoulli and Euler polynomials. … ►

§24.12(iv) Multiple Zeros

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32: 25.2 Definition and Expansions

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25.2.9 $$\zeta \left(s\right)=\sum _{k=1}^N\frac{1}{k^s}+\frac{N^{1-s}}{s-1}-\frac{1}{2}{N}^{-s}+\sum _{k=1}^n\left(\genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{s+2k-2}{2k-1}\right)\frac{B_{2k}}{2k}{N}^{1-s-2k}-\left(\genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{s+2n}{2n+1}\right){\int }_N^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{{\tilde{B}}_{2n+1}\left(x\right)}{x^{s+2n+1}}dx,$$ $\mathrm{\Re }s>-2n$; $n,N=1,2,3,\mathrm{\dots }$.

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Symbols:

$B_n$: Bernoulli numbers, $\zeta \left(s\right)$: Riemann zeta function, $\left(\genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{m}{n}\right)$: binomial coefficient, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\int$: integral, ${\tilde{B}}_n\left(x\right)$: periodic Bernoulli functions, $\mathrm{\Re }$: real part, $k$: nonnegative integer, $n$: nonnegative integer, $x$: real variable and $s$: complex variable

Keywords:

Euler–Maclaurin formula, improper integral

Proof sketch:

Derivable from (25.2.8) by repeated integration by parts.

Referenced by:

§25.18(i), (25.2.10)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/25.2.E9

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §25.2(iii), §25.2 and Ch.25

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25.2.10 $$\zeta \left(s\right)=\frac{1}{s-1}+\frac{1}{2}+\sum _{k=1}^n\left(\genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{s+2k-2}{2k-1}\right)\frac{B_{2k}}{2k}-\left(\genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{s+2n}{2n+1}\right){\int }_1^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{{\tilde{B}}_{2n+1}\left(x\right)}{x^{s+2n+1}}dx,$$ $\mathrm{\Re }s>-2n$, $n=1,2,3,\mathrm{\dots }$.

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Symbols:

$B_n$: Bernoulli numbers, $\zeta \left(s\right)$: Riemann zeta function, $\left(\genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{m}{n}\right)$: binomial coefficient, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\int$: integral, ${\tilde{B}}_n\left(x\right)$: periodic Bernoulli functions, $\mathrm{\Re }$: real part, $k$: nonnegative integer, $n$: nonnegative integer, $x$: real variable and $s$: complex variable

Keywords:

Euler–Maclaurin formula

Proof sketch:

Derivable from (25.2.9) with $N=1$.

A&S Ref:

23.2.3

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/25.2.E10

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §25.2(iii), §25.2 and Ch.25

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33: Bibliography D

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Asymptotic behaviour of Bernoulli, Euler, and generalized Bernoulli polynomials. J. Approx. Theory 49 (4), pp. 321–330.

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External Links:

ISSN 0021-9045, Document, MathReview (Guillermo López Lagomasino), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§24.11.

Encodings:

BibTeX

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Irreducibility of certain generalized Bernoulli polynomials belonging to quadratic residue class characters. J. Number Theory 25 (1), pp. 72–80.

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External Links:

ISSN 0022-314X, Document, MathReview (T. Metsänkylä)

Referenced by:

§24.12(iii).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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Zeros of Bernoulli, generalized Bernoulli and Euler polynomials. Mem. Amer. Math. Soc. 73 (386), pp. iv+94.

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External Links:

ISSN 0065-9266, MathReview (D. H. Lehmer), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§24.12(i), §24.12(iii), §24.16(ii).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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Sums of products of Bernoulli numbers. J. Number Theory 60 (1), pp. 23–41.

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External Links:

ISSN 0022-314X, Document, MathReview (Wen Peng Zhang), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§24.14(ii).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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Bernoulli Numbers and Confluent Hypergeometric Functions. In Number Theory for the Millennium, I (Urbana, IL, 2000), pp. 343–363.

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External Links:

ISBN 1-56881-126-8, MathReview (Arnold M. Adelberg), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§24.16(iii).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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34: Bibliography B

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Character analogues of the Poisson and Euler-MacLaurin summation formulas with applications. J. Number Theory 7 (4), pp. 413–445.

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External Links:

Document, MathReview (T. M. Apostol), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§24.16(ii).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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Periodic Bernoulli numbers, summation formulas and applications. In Theory and Application of Special Functions (Proc. Advanced Sem., Math. Res. Center, Univ. Wisconsin, Madison, Wis., 1975), pp. 143–189.

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External Links:

MathReview (L. Carlitz), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§24.16(iii), §24.8(ii).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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On the Euler and Bernoulli polynomials. J. Reine Angew. Math. 234, pp. 45–64.

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External Links:

ISSN 0075-4102, MathReview (L. Carlitz), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§24.12(iv).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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Bernoulli polynomials and asymptotic expansions of the quotient of gamma functions. J. Comput. Appl. Math. 235 (11), pp. 3315–3331.

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External Links:

ISSN 0377-0427, Document, FullText, MathReview (Roberto S. Costas-Santos), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§5.11(iii), §5.11(iii).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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Bernoulli numbers and polynomials of arbitrary complex indices. Appl. Math. Lett. 5 (6), pp. 83–88.

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External Links:

ISSN 0893-9659, MathReview, ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§24.16(iii).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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35: Bibliography H

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An Euler-Maclaurin-type formula involving conjugate Bernoulli polynomials and an application to $\zeta (2m+1)$ . Commun. Appl. Anal. 1 (1), pp. 15–32.

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External Links:

ISSN 1083-2564, MathReview (Pavel Guerzhoy), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§24.16(iii).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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An explicit formula for Bernoulli numbers. Rep. Fac. Sci. Technol. Meijo Univ. 29, pp. 1–6.

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External Links:

ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§24.6.

Encodings:

BibTeX

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On congruences involving Bernoulli numbers and irregular primes. II. Rep. Fac. Sci. Technol. Meijo Univ. 31, pp. 1–8.

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External Links:

ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§24.15(iii).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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Explicit formulas for degenerate Bernoulli numbers. Discrete Math. 162 (1-3), pp. 175–185.

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External Links:

ISSN 0012-365X, Document, MathReview (L. Skula), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§24.16(i).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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Bernoulli numbers and polynomials via residues. J. Number Theory 76 (2), pp. 178–193.

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External Links:

ISSN 0022-314X, Document, MathReview (L. Skula), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§24.14(ii).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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36: 3.5 Quadrature

… ►For the Bernoulli numbers $B_m$ see §24.2(i). … ►The remainder is given by … ►

Gauss–Legendre Formula

… ►The $p_n(x)$ are the monic Hermite polynomials $H_n\left(x\right)$ (§18.3). … ► …

37: 3.11 Approximation Techniques

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§3.11(i) Minimax Polynomial Approximations

… ► … ►Suppose a function $f(x)$ is approximated by the polynomial … ►For splines based on Bernoulli and Euler polynomials, see §24.17(ii). ►For many applications a spline function is a more adaptable approximating tool than the Lagrange interpolation polynomial involving a comparable number of parameters; see §3.3(i), where a single polynomial is used for interpolating $f(x)$ on the complete interval $[a,b]$. …

38: Bibliography E

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Uniform asymptotic expansions of the Jacobi polynomials and an associated function. Math. Comp. 25 (114), pp. 309–315.

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External Links:

FullText, MathReview, ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§18.15(i).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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The Euler-Maclaurin formula revisited. J. Austral. Math. Soc. Ser. B 40 (E), pp. E27–E76 (electronic).

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External Links:

ISSN 0334-2700, FullText, MathReview (J. Németh), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§2.10(i).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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Generalized Bernoulli numbers, generalized irregular primes, and class number. Ann. Univ. Turku. Ser. A I 178, pp. 1–72.

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External Links:

ISSN 0082-7002, MathReview (Wells Johnson), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§24.10(ii).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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On the representations of a number as a sum of three squares. Proc. London Math. Soc. (3) 9, pp. 575–594.

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External Links:

Document, MathReview (S. Chowla), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§20.12(i).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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Institutiones Calculi Integralis. Opera Omnia (1), Vol. 11, pp. 110–113.

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Referenced by:

§25.12(i).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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39: Errata

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5.17.5 $$\mathrm{Ln}G\left(z+1\right)\sim \frac{1}{4}{z}^2+z\mathrm{Ln}\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z+1\right)-\left(\frac{1}{2}z(z+1)+\frac{1}{12}\right)\ln z-\ln A+\sum _{k=1}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{B_{2k+2}}{2k(2k+1)(2k+2)z^{2k}}$$

For consistency we have replaced $\mathrm{Ln}z$ by $\ln z$.

… ►These additions were facilitated by an extension of the scheme for reference numbers; with “_” introducing intermediate numbers. … ►

The generalized hypergeometric function of matrix argument ${}_p{}^{}F_q^{}(a_1,\mathrm{\dots },a_p;b_1,\mathrm{\dots },b_q;𝐓)$, was linked inadvertently as its single variable counterpart ${}_p{}^{}F_q^{}(a_1,\mathrm{\dots },a_p;b_1,\mathrm{\dots },b_q;𝐓)$. Furthermore, the Jacobi function of matrix argument $P_{\nu }^{(\gamma ,\delta )}\left(𝐓\right)$, and the Laguerre function of matrix argument $L_{\nu }^{(\gamma )}\left(𝐓\right)$, were also linked inadvertently (and incorrectly) in terms of the single variable counterparts given by $P_{\nu }^{(\gamma ,\delta )}\left(𝐓\right)$, and $L_{\nu }^{(\gamma )}\left(𝐓\right)$. In order to resolve these inconsistencies, these functions now link correctly to their respective definitions.

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Originally all six integrands in these equations were incorrect because their numerators contained the function ${\tilde{B}}_2\left(x\right)$. The correct function is $\frac{{\tilde{B}}_2\left(x\right)-B_2}{2}$. The new equations are:

25.11.6 $$\zeta (s,a)=\frac{1}{a^s}\left(\frac{1}{2}+\frac{a}{s-1}\right)-\frac{s(s+1)}{2}{\int }_0^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{{\tilde{B}}_2\left(x\right)-B_2}{{(x+a)}^{s+2}}dx,$$ $s\ne 1$, $\mathrm{\Re }s>-1$, $a>0$

Reported 2016-05-08 by Clemens Heuberger.

25.11.19 $${\zeta }^{\prime }(s,a)=-\frac{\ln a}{a^s}\left(\frac{1}{2}+\frac{a}{s-1}\right)-\frac{a^{1-s}}{{(s-1)}^2}+\frac{s(s+1)}{2}{\int }_0^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{({\tilde{B}}_2\left(x\right)-B_2)\ln \left(x+a\right)}{{(x+a)}^{s+2}}dx-\frac{(2s+1)}{2}{\int }_0^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{{\tilde{B}}_2\left(x\right)-B_2}{{(x+a)}^{s+2}}dx,$$ $\mathrm{\Re }s>-1$, $s\ne 1$, $a>0$

Reported 2016-06-27 by Gergő Nemes.

25.11.20 $${(-1)}^k{\zeta }^{(k)}(s,a)=\frac{{(\ln a)}^k}{a^s}\left(\frac{1}{2}+\frac{a}{s-1}\right)+k!a^{1-s}\sum _{r=0}^{k-1}\frac{{(\ln a)}^r}{r!{(s-1)}^{k-r+1}}-\frac{s(s+1)}{2}{\int }_0^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{({\tilde{B}}_2\left(x\right)-B_2){(\ln \left(x+a\right))}^k}{{(x+a)}^{s+2}}dx+\frac{k(2s+1)}{2}{\int }_0^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{({\tilde{B}}_2\left(x\right)-B_2){(\ln \left(x+a\right))}^{k-1}}{{(x+a)}^{s+2}}dx-\frac{k(k-1)}{2}{\int }_0^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{({\tilde{B}}_2\left(x\right)-B_2){(\ln \left(x+a\right))}^{k-2}}{{(x+a)}^{s+2}}dx,$$ $\mathrm{\Re }s>-1$, $s\ne 1$, $a>0$

Reported 2016-06-27 by Gergő Nemes.

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5.17.5 $$\mathrm{Ln}G\left(z+1\right)\sim \frac{1}{4}{z}^2+z\mathrm{Ln}\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z+1\right)-\left(\frac{1}{2}z(z+1)+\frac{1}{12}\right)\mathrm{Ln}z-\ln A+\sum _{k=1}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{B_{2k+2}}{2k(2k+1)(2k+2)z^{2k}}$$

Originally the term $z\mathrm{Ln}\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z+1\right)$ was incorrectly stated as $z\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z+1\right)$.

Reported 2013-08-01 by Gergő Nemes and subsequently by Nick Jones on December 11, 2013.

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40: Bibliography F

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Asymptotic expansions of a class of hypergeometric polynomials with respect to the order. II. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 7 (3), pp. 440–451.

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External Links:

Document, MathReview (L. J. Slater), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§16.11(iii).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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Asymptotic expansions of a class of hypergeometric polynomials with respect to the order. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 6 (3), pp. 394–403.

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External Links:

Document, MathReview (L. J. Slater), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§16.11(iii).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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Faster computation of Bernoulli numbers. J. Algorithms 13 (3), pp. 431–445.

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External Links:

ISSN 0196-6774, MathReview (P. K. Subramanian), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§24.19(i).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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Euler sums and contour integral representations. Experiment. Math. 7 (1), pp. 15–35.

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External Links:

ISSN 1058-6458, Link, MathReview (Bruce C. Berndt), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

(25.16.13), §25.16(ii), §25.16(ii), §25.16.

Encodings:

BibTeX

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Introduction to the Random Matrix Theory: Gaussian Unitary Ensemble and Beyond. In Recent Perspectives in Random Matrix Theory and Number Theory, London Math. Soc. Lecture Note Ser., Vol. 322, pp. 31–78.

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External Links:

MathReview, ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§18.38(ii).

Encodings:

BibTeX