improper integral

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1: 25.5 Integral Representations

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25.5.1 $$\zeta \left(s\right)=\frac{1}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(s\right)}{\int }_0^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{x^{s-1}}{{\mathrm{e}}^x-1}dx,$$ $\mathrm{\Re }s>1$.

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Symbols:

$\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, $\zeta \left(s\right)$: Riemann zeta function, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $\int$: integral, $\mathrm{\Re }$: real part, $x$: real variable and $s$: complex variable

Keywords:

improperintegral, integral representation

Source:

Erdélyi et al. (1953a, (1.12.4), p. 32)

A&S Ref:

23.2.7

Referenced by:

§25.12(ii), (25.5.2), (25.5.6)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/25.5.E1

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §25.5(i), §25.5 and Ch.25

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25.5.2 $$\zeta \left(s\right)=\frac{1}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(s+1\right)}{\int }_0^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{{\mathrm{e}}^x{x}^s}{{({\mathrm{e}}^x-1)}^2}dx,$$ $\mathrm{\Re }s>1$.

ⓘ

Symbols:

$\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, $\zeta \left(s\right)$: Riemann zeta function, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $\int$: integral, $\mathrm{\Re }$: real part, $x$: real variable and $s$: complex variable

Keywords:

improperintegral, integral representation

Proof sketch:

Derivable from (25.5.1) by integration by parts.

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/25.5.E2

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §25.5(i), §25.5 and Ch.25

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25.5.3 $$\zeta \left(s\right)=\frac{1}{(1-2^{1-s})\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(s\right)}{\int }_0^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{x^{s-1}}{{\mathrm{e}}^x+1}dx,$$ $\mathrm{\Re }s>0$.

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Symbols:

$\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, $\zeta \left(s\right)$: Riemann zeta function, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $\int$: integral, $\mathrm{\Re }$: real part, $x$: real variable and $s$: complex variable

Keywords:

improperintegral, integral representation

Source:

Erdélyi et al. (1953a, (1.12.5), p. 32)

A&S Ref:

23.2.8

Referenced by:

(25.5.4)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/25.5.E3

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §25.5(i), §25.5 and Ch.25

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25.5.4 $$\zeta \left(s\right)=\frac{1}{(1-2^{1-s})\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(s+1\right)}{\int }_0^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{{\mathrm{e}}^x{x}^s}{{({\mathrm{e}}^x+1)}^2}dx,$$ $\mathrm{\Re }s>0$.

ⓘ

Symbols:

$\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, $\zeta \left(s\right)$: Riemann zeta function, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $\int$: integral, $\mathrm{\Re }$: real part, $x$: real variable and $s$: complex variable

Keywords:

improperintegral, integral representation

Proof sketch:

Derivable from (25.5.3) by integration by parts.

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/25.5.E4

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §25.5(i), §25.5 and Ch.25

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25.5.5 $$\zeta \left(s\right)=-s{\int }_0^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{x-\lfloor x\rfloor -\frac{1}{2}}{x^{s+1}}dx,$$ .

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Symbols:

$\zeta \left(s\right)$: Riemann zeta function, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\lfloor x\rfloor$: floor of $x$ , $\int$: integral, $\mathrm{\Re }$: real part, $x$: real variable and $s$: complex variable

Keywords:

improperintegral, integral representation

Source:

Titchmarsh (1986b, (2.1.6), p. 15)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/25.5.E5

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §25.5(i), §25.5 and Ch.25

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2: 25.14 Lerch’s Transcendent

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25.14.5 $$\mathrm{\Phi }(z,s,a)=\frac{1}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(s\right)}{\int }_0^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{x^{s-1}{\mathrm{e}}^{-ax}}{1-z{\mathrm{e}}^{-x}}dx,$$ $\mathrm{\Re }s>1$, $\mathrm{\Re }a>0$ if $z=1$; $\mathrm{\Re }s>0$, $\mathrm{\Re }a>0$ if $z\in ℂ\setminus [1,\mathrm{\infty })$.

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Symbols:

$\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, $\mathrm{\Phi }(z,s,a)$: Lerch’s transcendent, $[a,b)$: half-closed interval, $ℂ$: complex plane, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\in$: element of, $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $\int$: integral, $\mathrm{\Re }$: real part, $\setminus$: set subtraction, $x$: real variable, $a$: real or complex parameter, $s$: complex variable and $z$: complex variable

Keywords:

improperintegral, integral representation

Source:

Erdélyi et al. (1953a, (1.11.3), p. 27)

Referenced by:

Erratum (V1.1.4) for Equation (25.14.5)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/25.14.E5

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §25.14(ii), §25.14 and Ch.25

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25.14.6 $$\mathrm{\Phi }(z,s,a)=\frac{1}{2}{a}^{-s}+{\int }_0^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{z^x}{{(a+x)}^s}dx-2{\int }_0^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{\sin \left(x\ln z-s\arctan \left(x/a\right)\right)}{{(a^2+x^2)}^{s/2}({\mathrm{e}}^{2\pi x}-1)}dx,$$ $\mathrm{\Re }a>0$ if ; $\mathrm{\Re }s>1$, $\mathrm{\Re }a>0$ if $\left|z\right|=1$.

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Symbols:

$\mathrm{\Phi }(z,s,a)$: Lerch’s transcendent, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $\int$: integral, $\arctan z$: arctangent function, $\ln z$: principal branch of logarithm function, $\mathrm{\Re }$: real part, $\sin z$: sine function, $x$: real variable, $a$: real or complex parameter, $s$: complex variable and $z$: complex variable

Keywords:

improperintegral, integral representation

Source:

Erdélyi et al. (1953a, (1.11.4), p. 28)

Notes:

For the case see Erdélyi et al. (1953a, (1.11.4), p. 28). In the case $\left|z\right|=1$ one checks that the first integral converges absolutely iff $\mathrm{\Re }s>1$.

Referenced by:

Erratum (V1.1.4) for Equation (25.14.6)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/25.14.E6

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

Clarification (effective with 1.1.4):

The constraint which originally read “$\mathrm{\Re }s>0$ if ; $\mathrm{\Re }s>1$ if $|z|=1,\mathrm{\Re }a>0$” has been improved to be “$\mathrm{\Re }a>0$ if ; $\mathrm{\Re }s>1$, $\mathrm{\Re }a>0$ if $\left|z\right|=1$”.

Suggested 2021-08-23 by Gergő Nemes

See also:

Annotations for §25.14(ii), §25.14 and Ch.25

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3: 25.12 Polylogarithms

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25.12.11 $${\mathrm{Li}}_s\left(z\right)\equiv \frac{z}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(s\right)}{\int }_0^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{x^{s-1}}{{\mathrm{e}}^x-z}dx,$$

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Symbols:

$\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\equiv$: equals by definition, $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $\int$: integral, ${\mathrm{Li}}_s\left(z\right)$: polylogarithm, $x$: real variable, $s$: complex variable and $z$: complex variable

Keywords:

improperintegral, integral representation

Source:

Lewin (1981, (7.188), p. 236)

Referenced by:

(25.12.16), §25.12(ii)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/25.12.E11

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §25.12(ii), §25.12(ii), §25.12 and Ch.25

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25.12.14 $$F_s(x)=\frac{1}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(s+1\right)}{\int }_0^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{t^s}{{\mathrm{e}}^{t-x}+1}dt,$$ $s>-1$,

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Defines:

$F_s(x)$: Fermi–Dirac integral (locally)

Symbols:

$\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $\int$: integral, $x$: real variable and $s$: complex variable

Keywords:

definition, Fermi–Dirac integral, improperintegral, integral representation

Source:

Dingle (1957b, (1), p. 226)

Referenced by:

(25.12.16), 3rd item, 5th item

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/25.12.E14

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §25.12(iii), §25.12 and Ch.25

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25.12.15 $$G_s(x)=\frac{1}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(s+1\right)}{\int }_0^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{t^s}{{\mathrm{e}}^{t-x}-1}dt,$$ $s>-1$, ; or $s>0$, $x\le 0$,

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Defines:

$G_s(x)$: Bose–Einstein integral (locally)

Symbols:

$\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $\int$: integral, $x$: real variable and $s$: complex variable

Keywords:

Bose–Einstein integral, definition, improperintegral, integral representation

Source:

Dingle (1957a, p. 240)

Referenced by:

(25.12.16)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/25.12.E15

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §25.12(iii), §25.12 and Ch.25

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4: 25.11 Hurwitz Zeta Function

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25.11.5 $$\zeta (s,a)=\sum _{n=0}^N\frac{1}{{(n+a)}^s}+\frac{{(N+a)}^{1-s}}{s-1}-s{\int }_N^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{x-\lfloor x\rfloor }{{(x+a)}^{s+1}}dx,$$ $s\ne 1$, $\mathrm{\Re }s>0$, $a>0$, $N=0,1,2,3,\mathrm{\dots }$.

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Symbols:

$\zeta (s,a)$: Hurwitz zeta function, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\lfloor x\rfloor$: floor of $x$ , $\int$: integral, $\mathrm{\Re }$: real part, $n$: nonnegative integer, $x$: real variable, $a$: real or complex parameter and $s$: complex variable

Keywords:

Euler–Maclaurin formula, improperintegral

Source:

Apostol (1976, (25), p. 269)

Referenced by:

(25.11.7)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/25.11.E5

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §25.11(iii), §25.11 and Ch.25

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25.11.25 $$\zeta (s,a)=\frac{1}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(s\right)}{\int }_0^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{x^{s-1}{\mathrm{e}}^{-ax}}{1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-x}}dx,$$ $\mathrm{\Re }s>1$, $\mathrm{\Re }a>0$.

ⓘ

Symbols:

$\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, $\zeta (s,a)$: Hurwitz zeta function, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $\int$: integral, $\mathrm{\Re }$: real part, $x$: real variable, $a$: real or complex parameter and $s$: complex variable

Keywords:

improperintegral, integral representation

Sources:

Srivastava and Choi (2001, (2), p. 89); Apostol (1976, (5), p. 251)

Referenced by:

(25.11.27), (25.11.30), (25.11.35), §25.11(x)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/25.11.E25

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §25.11(vii), §25.11 and Ch.25

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25.11.26 $$\zeta (s,a)=-s{\int }_{-a}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{x-\lfloor x\rfloor -\frac{1}{2}}{{(x+a)}^{s+1}}dx,$$ , .

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Symbols:

$\zeta (s,a)$: Hurwitz zeta function, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\lfloor x\rfloor$: floor of $x$ , $\int$: integral, $\mathrm{\Re }$: real part, $x$: real variable, $a$: real or complex parameter and $s$: complex variable

Keywords:

improperintegral, integral representation

Source:

Berndt (1972, (5.3), p. 156)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/25.11.E26

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §25.11(vii), §25.11 and Ch.25

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25.11.29 $$\zeta (s,a)=\frac{1}{2}{a}^{-s}+\frac{a^{1-s}}{s-1}+2{\int }_0^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{\sin \left(s\arctan \left(x/a\right)\right)}{{(a^2+x^2)}^{s/2}({\mathrm{e}}^{2\pi x}-1)}dx,$$ $s\ne 1$, $\mathrm{\Re }a>0$.

ⓘ

Symbols:

$\zeta (s,a)$: Hurwitz zeta function, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $\int$: integral, $\arctan z$: arctangent function, $\mathrm{\Re }$: real part, $\sin z$: sine function, $x$: real variable, $a$: real or complex parameter and $s$: complex variable

Keywords:

improperintegral, integral representation

Source:

Erdélyi et al. (1953a, (1.10.7), p. 26)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/25.11.E29

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §25.11(vii), §25.11 and Ch.25

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25.11.31 $$\frac{1}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(s\right)}{\int }_0^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{x^{s-1}{\mathrm{e}}^{-ax}}{2\cosh x}dx=4^{-s}\left(\zeta (s,\frac{1}{4}+\frac{1}{4}a)-\zeta (s,\frac{3}{4}+\frac{1}{4}a)\right),$$ $\mathrm{\Re }s>0$, $\mathrm{\Re }a>-1$.

ⓘ

Symbols:

$\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, $\zeta (s,a)$: Hurwitz zeta function, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $\cosh z$: hyperbolic cosine function, $\int$: integral, $\mathrm{\Re }$: real part, $x$: real variable, $a$: real or complex parameter and $s$: complex variable

Keywords:

improperintegral, integral representation

Proof sketch:

The improper integral can be evaluated by using $2\cosh x={\mathrm{e}}^x(1+{\mathrm{e}}^{-2x})$, changing variables $2x=t$, and then applying (25.11.35).

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/25.11.E31

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §25.11(viii), §25.11 and Ch.25

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5: 25.16 Mathematical Applications

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25.16.6 $$H\left(s\right)=-{\zeta }^{\prime }\left(s\right)+\gamma \zeta \left(s\right)+\frac{1}{2}\zeta \left(s+1\right)+\sum _{r=1}^k\zeta \left(1-2r\right)\zeta \left(s+2r\right)+\sum _{n=1}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{1}{n^s}{\int }_n^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{{\tilde{B}}_{2k+1}\left(x\right)}{x^{2k+2}}dx,$$

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Symbols:

$\gamma$: Euler’s constant, $H\left(s\right)$: Euler sums, $\zeta \left(s\right)$: Riemann zeta function, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\int$: integral, ${\tilde{B}}_n\left(x\right)$: periodic Bernoulli functions, $k$: nonnegative integer, $n$: nonnegative integer, $x$: real variable and $s$: complex variable

Keywords:

Euler sum, finite sum, improperintegral, infinite series, integral representation, series representation

Source:

Apostol and Vu (1984, (3), p. 87)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/25.16.E6

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §25.16(ii), §25.16 and Ch.25

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25.16.7 $$H\left(s\right)=\frac{1}{2}\zeta \left(s+1\right)+\frac{\zeta \left(s\right)}{s-1}-\sum _{r=1}^k\left(\genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{s+2r-2}{2r-1}\right)\zeta \left(1-2r\right)\zeta \left(s+2r\right)-\left(\genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{s+2k}{2k+1}\right)\sum _{n=1}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{1}{n}{\int }_n^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{{\tilde{B}}_{2k+1}\left(x\right)}{x^{s+2k+1}}dx.$$

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Symbols:

$H\left(s\right)$: Euler sums, $\zeta \left(s\right)$: Riemann zeta function, $\left(\genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{m}{n}\right)$: binomial coefficient, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\int$: integral, ${\tilde{B}}_n\left(x\right)$: periodic Bernoulli functions, $k$: nonnegative integer, $n$: nonnegative integer, $x$: real variable and $s$: complex variable

Keywords:

Euler sum, finite sum, improperintegral, infinite series, integral representation, series representation

Source:

Apostol and Vu (1984, (6), p. 88)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/25.16.E7

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §25.16(ii), §25.16 and Ch.25

…

6: 25.2 Definition and Expansions

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25.2.8 $$\zeta \left(s\right)=\sum _{k=1}^N\frac{1}{k^s}+\frac{N^{1-s}}{s-1}-s{\int }_N^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{x-\lfloor x\rfloor }{x^{s+1}}dx,$$ $\mathrm{\Re }s>0$, $N=1,2,3,\mathrm{\dots }$.

ⓘ

Symbols:

$\zeta \left(s\right)$: Riemann zeta function, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\lfloor x\rfloor$: floor of $x$ , $\int$: integral, $\mathrm{\Re }$: real part, $k$: nonnegative integer, $x$: real variable, $a$: real or complex parameter and $s$: complex variable

Keywords:

Euler–Maclaurin formula, improperintegral

Source:

Apostol (1976, (25), p. 269)

Proof sketch:

Derivable from Apostol (1976, Theorem 12.21, p. 269) by setting $a=1$ and $N\mapsto N-1$.

A&S Ref:

23.2.9

Referenced by:

(25.2.9)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/25.2.E8

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §25.2(iii), §25.2 and Ch.25

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25.2.9 $$\zeta \left(s\right)=\sum _{k=1}^N\frac{1}{k^s}+\frac{N^{1-s}}{s-1}-\frac{1}{2}{N}^{-s}+\sum _{k=1}^n\left(\genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{s+2k-2}{2k-1}\right)\frac{B_{2k}}{2k}{N}^{1-s-2k}-\left(\genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{s+2n}{2n+1}\right){\int }_N^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{{\tilde{B}}_{2n+1}\left(x\right)}{x^{s+2n+1}}dx,$$ $\mathrm{\Re }s>-2n$; $n,N=1,2,3,\mathrm{\dots }$.

ⓘ

Symbols:

$B_n$: Bernoulli numbers, $\zeta \left(s\right)$: Riemann zeta function, $\left(\genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{m}{n}\right)$: binomial coefficient, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\int$: integral, ${\tilde{B}}_n\left(x\right)$: periodic Bernoulli functions, $\mathrm{\Re }$: real part, $k$: nonnegative integer, $n$: nonnegative integer, $x$: real variable and $s$: complex variable

Keywords:

Euler–Maclaurin formula, improperintegral

Proof sketch:

Derivable from (25.2.8) by repeated integration by parts.

Referenced by:

§25.18(i), (25.2.10)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/25.2.E9

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §25.2(iii), §25.2 and Ch.25

…

7: 28.32 Mathematical Applications

… ►defines a solution of Mathieu’s equation, provided that (in the case of an improper curve) the integral converges with respect to $z$ uniformly on compact subsets of $ℂ$. …

8: 1.17 Integral and Series Representations of the Dirac Delta

§1.17 Integral and Series Representations of the Dirac Delta

… ►

§1.17(ii) Integral Representations

… ►The inner integral does not converge. … ►

Sine and Cosine Functions

… ►In the language of physics and applied mathematics, these equations indicate the normalizations chosen for these non-$L^2$ improper eigenfunctions of the differential operators (with derivatives respect to spatial co-ordinates) which generate them; the normalizations (1.17.12_1) and (1.17.12_2) are explicitly derived in Friedman (1990, Ch. 4), the others follow similarly. …