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1: 31.3 Basic Solutions

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31.3.2 $$a\gamma c_1-q{c}_0=0,$$

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Symbols:

$\gamma$: real or complex parameter, $a$: complex parameter, $q$: real or complex parameter and $c_j$: coefficients

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/31.3.E2

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §31.3(i), §31.3 and Ch.31

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31.3.5 $$z^{1-\gamma }H\mathrm{\ell }(a,(a\delta +ϵ)(1-\gamma )+q;\alpha +1-\gamma ,\beta +1-\gamma ,2-\gamma ,\delta ;z).$$

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Symbols:

$H\mathrm{\ell }(a,q;\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma ,\delta ;z)$: Heun functions, $z$: complex variable, $\gamma$: real or complex parameter, $\delta$: real or complex parameter, $ϵ$: real or complex parameter, $a$: complex parameter, $q$: real or complex parameter, $\alpha$: real or complex parameter and $\beta$: real or complex parameter

Referenced by:

§31.3(iii), §31.7(ii)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/31.3.E5

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §31.3(i), §31.3 and Ch.31

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31.3.6 $$H\mathrm{\ell }(1-a,\alpha \beta -q;\alpha ,\beta ,\delta ,\gamma ;1-z),$$

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Symbols:

$H\mathrm{\ell }(a,q;\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma ,\delta ;z)$: Heun functions, $z$: complex variable, $\gamma$: real or complex parameter, $\delta$: real or complex parameter, $a$: complex parameter, $q$: real or complex parameter, $\alpha$: real or complex parameter and $\beta$: real or complex parameter

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/31.3.E6

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §31.3(ii), §31.3 and Ch.31

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31.3.7 $${(1-z)}^{1-\delta }H\mathrm{\ell }(1-a,((1-a)\gamma +ϵ)(1-\delta )+\alpha \beta -q;\alpha +1-\delta ,\beta +1-\delta ,2-\delta ,\gamma ;1-z).$$

ⓘ

Symbols:

$H\mathrm{\ell }(a,q;\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma ,\delta ;z)$: Heun functions, $z$: complex variable, $\gamma$: real or complex parameter, $\delta$: real or complex parameter, $ϵ$: real or complex parameter, $a$: complex parameter, $q$: real or complex parameter, $\alpha$: real or complex parameter and $\beta$: real or complex parameter

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/31.3.E7

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §31.3(ii), §31.3 and Ch.31

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31.3.8 $$H\mathrm{\ell }(\frac{a}{a-1},\frac{\alpha \beta a-q}{a-1};\alpha ,\beta ,ϵ,\delta ;\frac{a-z}{a-1}),$$

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Symbols:

$H\mathrm{\ell }(a,q;\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma ,\delta ;z)$: Heun functions, $z$: complex variable, $\delta$: real or complex parameter, $ϵ$: real or complex parameter, $a$: complex parameter, $q$: real or complex parameter, $\alpha$: real or complex parameter and $\beta$: real or complex parameter

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/31.3.E8

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §31.3(ii), §31.3 and Ch.31

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2: 20.12 Mathematical Applications

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§20.12(ii) Uniformization and Embedding of Complex Tori

►For the terminology and notation see McKean and Moll (1999, pp. 48–53). ►The space of complex tori $ℂ/(\mathbb{Z}+\tau \mathbb{Z})$ (that is, the set of complex numbers $z$ in which two of these numbers $z_1$ and $z_2$ are regarded as equivalent if there exist integers $m,n$ such that $z_1-z_2=m+\tau n$) is mapped into the projective space $P^3$ via the identification $z\to ({\theta }_1\left(2z\right|\tau ),{\theta }_2\left(2z\right|\tau ),{\theta }_3\left(2z\right|\tau ),{\theta }_4\left(2z\right|\tau ))$. Thus theta functions “uniformize” the complex torus. This ability to uniformize multiply-connected spaces (manifolds), or multi-sheeted functions of a complex variable (Riemann (1899), Rauch and Lebowitz (1973), Siegel (1988)) has led to applications in string theory (Green et al. (1988a, b), Krichever and Novikov (1989)), and also in statistical mechanics (Baxter (1982)). …

3: 31.1 Special Notation

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$x$, $y$	real variables.
$z$, $\zeta$, $w$, $W$	complex variables.
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$a$	complex parameter, $|a|\ge 1,a\ne 1$.
$q,\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma ,\delta ,ϵ,\nu$	complex parameters.

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4: 15.7 Continued Fractions

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15.7.1 $$\frac{𝐅(a,b;c;z)}{𝐅(a,b+1;c+1;z)}=t_0-\frac{u_{1}z}{t_1-}\frac{u_{2}z}{t_2-}\frac{u_{3}z}{t_3-}\mathrm{\cdots },$$

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Symbols:

$𝐅(a,b;c;z)$ or $𝐅(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{a,b}{c};z)$: $={}_2{}^{}𝐅_1^{}(a,b;c;z)$ Olver’s hypergeometric function, $z$: complex variable, $a$: real or complex parameter, $b$: real or complex parameter, $c$: real or complex parameter, $t_n$: coefficient and $u_n$: coefficient

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/15.7.E1

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §15.7 and Ch.15

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15.7.3 $$\frac{𝐅(a,b;c;z)}{𝐅(a,b+1;c+1;z)}=v_0-\frac{w_1}{v_1-}\frac{w_2}{v_2-}\frac{w_3}{v_3-}\mathrm{\cdots },$$

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Symbols:

$𝐅(a,b;c;z)$ or $𝐅(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{a,b}{c};z)$: $={}_2{}^{}𝐅_1^{}(a,b;c;z)$ Olver’s hypergeometric function, $z$: complex variable, $a$: real or complex parameter, $b$: real or complex parameter, $c$: real or complex parameter, $v_n$: coefficient and $w_n$: coefficient

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/15.7.E3

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §15.7 and Ch.15

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15.7.5 $$\frac{𝐅(a,b;c;z)}{𝐅(a+1,b+1;c+1;z)}=x_0+\frac{y_1}{x_1+}\frac{y_2}{x_2+}\frac{y_3}{x_3+}\mathrm{\cdots },$$

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Symbols:

$𝐅(a,b;c;z)$ or $𝐅(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{a,b}{c};z)$: $={}_2{}^{}𝐅_1^{}(a,b;c;z)$ Olver’s hypergeometric function, $x$: real variable, $y$: real variable, $z$: complex variable, $a$: real or complex parameter, $b$: real or complex parameter and $c$: real or complex parameter

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/15.7.E5

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §15.7 and Ch.15

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5: 4.34 Derivatives and Differential Equations

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4.34.7 $$\frac{d^{2}w}{{dz}^2}-a^{2}w=0,$$

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Symbols:

$\frac{df}{dx}$: derivative of $f$ with respect to $x$ , $a$: real or complex constant, $z$: complex variable and $w$: solution

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/4.34.E7

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §4.34 and Ch.4

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4.34.8 $${\left(\frac{dw}{dz}\right)}^2-a^2{w}^2=1,$$

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Symbols:

$\frac{df}{dx}$: derivative of $f$ with respect to $x$ , $a$: real or complex constant, $z$: complex variable and $w$: solution

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/4.34.E8

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §4.34 and Ch.4

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4.34.12 $$w=(1/a)\sinh \left(az+c\right),$$

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Symbols:

$\sinh z$: hyperbolic sine function, $a$: real or complex constant, $z$: complex variable, $w$: solution and $c$: arbitrary constant

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/4.34.E12

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §4.34 and Ch.4

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4.34.13 $$w=(1/a)\cosh \left(az+c\right),$$

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Symbols:

$\cosh z$: hyperbolic cosine function, $a$: real or complex constant, $z$: complex variable, $w$: solution and $c$: arbitrary constant

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/4.34.E13

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §4.34 and Ch.4

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4.34.14 $$w=(1/a)\coth \left(az+c\right),$$

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Symbols:

$\coth z$: hyperbolic cotangent function, $a$: real or complex constant, $z$: complex variable, $w$: solution and $c$: arbitrary constant

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/4.34.E14

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §4.34 and Ch.4

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6: 15.5 Derivatives and Contiguous Functions

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15.5.1 $$\frac{d}{dz}F(a,b;c;z)=\frac{ab}{c}F(a+1,b+1;c+1;z),$$

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Symbols:

$F(a,b;c;z)$ or $F(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{a,b}{c};z)$: $={}_2{}^{}F_1^{}(a,b;c;z)$ Gauss’ hypergeometric function, $\frac{df}{dx}$: derivative of $f$ with respect to $x$ , $z$: complex variable, $a$: real or complex parameter, $b$: real or complex parameter and $c$: real or complex parameter

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/15.5.E1

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §15.5(i), §15.5 and Ch.15

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15.5.2 $$\frac{d^n}{{dz}^n}F(a,b;c;z)=\frac{{\left(a\right)}_n{\left(b\right)}_n}{{\left(c\right)}_n}F(a+n,b+n;c+n;z).$$

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Symbols:

$F(a,b;c;z)$ or $F(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{a,b}{c};z)$: $={}_2{}^{}F_1^{}(a,b;c;z)$ Gauss’ hypergeometric function, ${\left(a\right)}_n$: Pochhammer’s symbol (or shifted factorial), $\frac{df}{dx}$: derivative of $f$ with respect to $x$ , $n$: integer, $z$: complex variable, $a$: real or complex parameter, $b$: real or complex parameter and $c$: real or complex parameter

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/15.5.E2

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §15.5(i), §15.5 and Ch.15

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15.5.3 $${\left(z\frac{d}{dz}z\right)}^n\left(z^{a-1}F(a,b;c;z)\right)={\left(a\right)}_n{z}^{a+n-1}F(a+n,b;c;z).$$

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Symbols:

$F(a,b;c;z)$ or $F(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{a,b}{c};z)$: $={}_2{}^{}F_1^{}(a,b;c;z)$ Gauss’ hypergeometric function, ${\left(a\right)}_n$: Pochhammer’s symbol (or shifted factorial), $\frac{df}{dx}$: derivative of $f$ with respect to $x$ , $n$: integer, $z$: complex variable, $a$: real or complex parameter, $b$: real or complex parameter and $c$: real or complex parameter

Referenced by:

§18.17(iv)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/15.5.E3

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §15.5(i), §15.5 and Ch.15

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15.5.4 $$\frac{d^n}{{dz}^n}\left(z^{c-1}F(a,b;c;z)\right)={\left(c-n\right)}_n{z}^{c-n-1}F(a,b;c-n;z).$$

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Symbols:

$F(a,b;c;z)$ or $F(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{a,b}{c};z)$: $={}_2{}^{}F_1^{}(a,b;c;z)$ Gauss’ hypergeometric function, ${\left(a\right)}_n$: Pochhammer’s symbol (or shifted factorial), $\frac{df}{dx}$: derivative of $f$ with respect to $x$ , $n$: integer, $z$: complex variable, $a$: real or complex parameter, $b$: real or complex parameter and $c$: real or complex parameter

Referenced by:

§18.17(iv)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/15.5.E4

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §15.5(i), §15.5 and Ch.15

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15.5.12 $$(b-a)F(a,b;c;z)+aF(a+1,b;c;z)-bF(a,b+1;c;z)=0,$$

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Symbols:

$F(a,b;c;z)$ or $F(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{a,b}{c};z)$: $={}_2{}^{}F_1^{}(a,b;c;z)$ Gauss’ hypergeometric function, $z$: complex variable, $a$: real or complex parameter, $b$: real or complex parameter and $c$: real or complex parameter

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/15.5.E12

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §15.5(ii), §15.5 and Ch.15

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7: 32.12 Asymptotic Approximations for Complex Variables

§32.12 Asymptotic Approximations for Complex Variables

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8: 4.20 Derivatives and Differential Equations

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4.20.9 $$\frac{d^{2}w}{{dz}^2}+a^{2}w=0,$$

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Symbols:

$\frac{df}{dx}$: derivative of $f$ with respect to $x$ , $a$: real or complex constant and $z$: complex variable

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/4.20.E9

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §4.20 and Ch.4

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4.20.10 $${\left(\frac{dw}{dz}\right)}^2+a^2{w}^2=1,$$

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Symbols:

$\frac{df}{dx}$: derivative of $f$ with respect to $x$ , $a$: real or complex constant and $z$: complex variable

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/4.20.E10

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §4.20 and Ch.4

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4.20.11 $$\frac{dw}{dz}-a^2{w}^2=1,$$

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Symbols:

$\frac{df}{dx}$: derivative of $f$ with respect to $x$ , $a$: real or complex constant and $z$: complex variable

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/4.20.E11

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §4.20 and Ch.4

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4.20.13 $$w=(1/a)\sin \left(az+c\right),$$

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Symbols:

$\sin z$: sine function, $a$: real or complex constant, $z$: complex variable and $c$: arbitrary constant

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/4.20.E13

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §4.20 and Ch.4

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4.20.14 $$w=(1/a)\tan \left(az+c\right),$$

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Symbols:

$\tan z$: tangent function, $a$: real or complex constant, $z$: complex variable and $c$: arbitrary constant

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/4.20.E14

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §4.20 and Ch.4

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9: 31.12 Confluent Forms of Heun’s Equation

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31.12.1 $$\frac{d^{2}w}{{dz}^2}+\left(\frac{\gamma }{z}+\frac{\delta }{z-1}+ϵ\right)\frac{dw}{dz}+\frac{\alpha z-q}{z(z-1)}w=0.$$

ⓘ

Symbols:

$\frac{df}{dx}$: derivative of $f$ with respect to $x$ , $z$: complex variable, $\gamma$: real or complex parameter, $\delta$: real or complex parameter, $ϵ$: real or complex parameter, $q$: real or complex parameter and $\alpha$: real or complex parameter

Referenced by:

§31.12

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/31.12.E1

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §31.12, §31.12 and Ch.31

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31.12.2 $$\frac{d^{2}w}{{dz}^2}+\left(\frac{\delta }{z^2}+\frac{\gamma }{z}+1\right)\frac{dw}{dz}+\frac{\alpha z-q}{z^2}w=0.$$

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Symbols:

$\frac{df}{dx}$: derivative of $f$ with respect to $x$ , $z$: complex variable, $\gamma$: real or complex parameter, $\delta$: real or complex parameter, $q$: real or complex parameter and $\alpha$: real or complex parameter

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/31.12.E2

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §31.12, §31.12 and Ch.31

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31.12.3 $$\frac{d^{2}w}{{dz}^2}-\left(\frac{\gamma }{z}+\delta +z\right)\frac{dw}{dz}+\frac{\alpha z-q}{z}w=0.$$

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Symbols:

$\frac{df}{dx}$: derivative of $f$ with respect to $x$ , $z$: complex variable, $\gamma$: real or complex parameter, $\delta$: real or complex parameter, $q$: real or complex parameter and $\alpha$: real or complex parameter

Referenced by:

Erratum (V1.0.7) for Equation (31.12.3)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/31.12.E3

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

Errata (effective with 1.0.7):

Originally the sign in front of the second term in this equation was $+$. The correct sign is $-$.

Reported 2013-10-31 by Henryk Witek

See also:

Annotations for §31.12, §31.12 and Ch.31

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31.12.4 $$\frac{d^{2}w}{{dz}^2}+\left(\gamma +z\right)z\frac{dw}{dz}+\left(\alpha z-q\right)w=0.$$

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Symbols:

$\frac{df}{dx}$: derivative of $f$ with respect to $x$ , $z$: complex variable, $\gamma$: real or complex parameter, $q$: real or complex parameter and $\alpha$: real or complex parameter

Referenced by:

§31.12

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/31.12.E4

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §31.12, §31.12 and Ch.31

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10: 30.6 Functions of Complex Argument

§30.6 Functions of Complex Argument

►The solutions …of (30.2.1) with $\mu =m$ and $\lambda ={\lambda }_n^m\left({\gamma }^2\right)$ are real when $z\in (1,\mathrm{\infty })$, and their principal values (§4.2(i)) are obtained by analytic continuation to $ℂ\setminus (-\mathrm{\infty },1]$. … ►For results for Equation (30.2.1) with complex parameters see Meixner and Schäfke (1954).