generalized hypergeometric differential equation

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41: 15.2 Definitions and Analytical Properties

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§15.2(i) Gauss Series

… ►In general, $F(a,b;c;z)$ does not exist when $c=0,-1,-2,\mathrm{\dots }$. … ►

§15.2(ii) Analytic Properties

… ►The same properties hold for $F(a,b;c;z)$, except that as a function of $c$, $F(a,b;c;z)$ in general has poles at $c=0,-1,-2,\mathrm{\dots }$. … ►(Both interpretations give solutions of the hypergeometric differential equation (15.10.1), as does $𝐅(a,b;c;z)$, which is analytic at $c=0,-1,-2,\mathrm{\dots }$.) …

42: 19.20 Special Cases

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19.20.2 $${\int }_0^1\frac{dt}{\sqrt{1-t^4}}=R_F(0,1,2)=\frac{{\left(\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{1}{4}\right)\right)}^2}{4{(2\pi )}^{1/2}}=\mathrm{1.31102\hspace{0.33em}87771\hspace{0.33em}46059\hspace{0.33em}90523}\mathrm{\dots }.$$

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Symbols:

$R_F(x,y,z)$: symmetric elliptic integral of first kind, $\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $dx$: differential of $x$ and $\int$: integral

Notes:

For more digits see OEIS Sequence A085565; see also Sloane (2003).

Referenced by:

§19.20(i), §19.20(iv), §19.21(i)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/19.20.E2

Encodings:

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See also:

Annotations for §19.20(i), §19.20 and Ch.19

… ►The general lemniscatic case is … ►

19.20.22 $${\int }_0^1\frac{t^{2}dt}{\sqrt{1-t^4}}=\frac{1}{3}{R}_D(0,2,1)=\frac{{\left(\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{3}{4}\right)\right)}^2}{{(2\pi )}^{1/2}}=\mathrm{0.59907\hspace{0.33em}01173\hspace{0.33em}67796\hspace{0.33em}10371}\mathrm{\dots }.$$

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Symbols:

$R_D(x,y,z)$: elliptic integral symmetric in only two variables, $\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $dx$: differential of $x$ and $\int$: integral

Notes:

For more digits see OEIS Sequence A085566; see also Sloane (2003).

Referenced by:

§19.20(iv), §19.21(i), Figure 19.3.6, Figure 19.3.6, Figure 19.3.6

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/19.20.E22

Encodings:

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See also:

Annotations for §19.20(iv), §19.20 and Ch.19

… ►The general lemniscatic case is … ►

19.20.25 $$R_{-c}(𝐛;𝐳)=\prod _{j=1}^n{z}_j^{-b_j},$$

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Symbols:

$R_{-a}(b_1,\mathrm{\dots },b_n;z_1,\mathrm{\dots },z_n)$ or $R_{-a}(𝐛;𝐳)$: multivariate hypergeometric function and $n$: nonnegative integer

Referenced by:

§19.18(ii), §19.21(ii)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/19.20.E25

Encodings:

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See also:

Annotations for §19.20(v), §19.20 and Ch.19

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43: Bibliography R

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Uniform asymptotic approximations to the solutions of the Orr-Sommerfeld equation. II. The general theory. Studies in Appl. Math. 53, pp. 217–224.

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External Links:

MathReview (T. W. Kao), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§2.8(iii).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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Total positivity properties of generalized hypergeometric functions of matrix argument. J. Statist. Phys. 116 (1-4), pp. 907–922.

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External Links:

ISSN 0022-4715, Document, MathReview (Stamatis Koumandos), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§35.9.

Encodings:

BibTeX

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Research Institute for Symbolic Computation, Hagenberg im Mühlkreis, Austria.

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Notes:

Software packages for hypergeometric and $q$-hypergeometric summation, sequences and power series, permutation groups, partition analysis, and difference equations.

External Links:

RISC Combinatorics Group

Referenced by:

6th item.

Encodings:

BibTeX

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Heun’s Differential Equations. The Clarendon Press Oxford University Press, New York.

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External Links:

ISBN 0-19-859695-2, MathReview (Harold Exton), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§31.1, §31.12, §31.13, §31.2(v), §31.2(i), §31.2(iv), §31.3(ii), §31.4, §31.7(ii), §31.9(i), Ch.31, Profile Gerhard Wolf.

Encodings:

BibTeX

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Elliptic hypergeometric series on root systems. Adv. Math. 181 (2), pp. 417–447.

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External Links:

ISSN 0001-8708, Document, MathReview, ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§20.11(iii).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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44: Bibliography Z

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On the Computation of Zeros of Bessel and Bessel-related Functions. In Proceedings of the Sixth International Colloquium on Differential Equations (Plovdiv, Bulgaria, 1995), D. Bainov (Ed.), Utrecht, pp. 409–416.

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External Links:

MathReview, ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§10.74(vi).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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Distribution of zeros of Gauss and Kummer hypergeometric functions. A semiclassical approach. Ann. Numer. Math. 2 (1-4), pp. 457–472.

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External Links:

ISSN 1021-2655, MathReview (B. D. Agrawal), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§13.9(i), §15.13.

Encodings:

BibTeX

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Doron Zeilberger’s Maple Packages and Programs Department of Mathematics, Rutgers University, New Jersey.

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Notes:

Includes hypergeometric and $q$-hypergeometric summation, solution of difference equations (for example, by Petkovšek’s algorithm), combinatorial algorithms, and (package LUC) evaluation of zonal polynomials.

External Links:

Home Page

Referenced by:

§ ‣ Software Cross Index, § ‣ Software Cross Index, L. Lapointe and L. Vinet (1996).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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Distribution Theory and Transform Analysis, An Introduction and Generalized Functions with Applications. Dover, New York.

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Notes:

Reprint of 1965 McGraw-Hill Publication

External Links:

ISBN 0-486-65479-6, MathReview Entry

Referenced by:

§1.16(ix).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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Generalized Watson Transforms and Applications to Group Representations. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Vermont, Burlington,VT.

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Referenced by:

§35.7(ii).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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45: 13.2 Definitions and Basic Properties

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§13.2(i) Differential Equation

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Kummer’s Equation

… ►It can be regarded as the limiting form of the hypergeometric differential equation (§15.10(i)) that is obtained on replacing $z$ by $z/b$, letting $b\to \mathrm{\infty }$, and subsequently replacing the symbol $c$ by $b$. In effect, the regular singularities of the hypergeometric differential equation at $b$ and $\mathrm{\infty }$ coalesce into an irregular singularity at $\mathrm{\infty }$. … ►In general, $U(a,b,z)$ has a branch point at $z=0$. …

46: Bibliography F

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Computation of complex Airy functions and their zeros using asymptotics and the differential equation. ACM Trans. Math. Software 30 (4), pp. 471–490.

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External Links:

ISSN 0098-3500, Document, MathReview, ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§9.17(ii), §9.17(v), §9.8(iv).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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Generalized parabolic cylinder functions. Asymptotic Anal. 5 (6), pp. 517–531.

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External Links:

ISSN 0921-7134, MathReview (Wolfgang Bühring), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§12.15.

Encodings:

BibTeX

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Theory and Computation of Spheroidal Harmonics with General Arguments. Master’s Thesis, The University of Western Australia, Department of Physics.

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Notes:

Contains Mathematica package for spheroidal wave functions of complex arguments with complex parameters.

External Links:

FullText

Referenced by:

§30.12, 1st item, 2nd item.

Encodings:

BibTeX

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Expansions of hypergeometric functions in hypergeometric functions. Math. Comp. 15 (76), pp. 390–395.

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External Links:

FullText, MathReview (L. J. Slater), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§16.10.

Encodings:

BibTeX

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Finite Differences and Difference Equations in the Real Domain. Clarendon Press, Oxford.

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External Links:

MathReview (W. J. Trjitzinsky), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§26.1, §26.1, Notations S, Notations S.

Encodings:

BibTeX

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47: 33.14 Definitions and Basic Properties

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§33.14(i) Coulomb Wave Equation

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§33.14(ii) Regular Solution $f(ϵ,\mathrm{\ell };r)$

… ►where $M_{\kappa ,\mu }\left(z\right)$ and $M(a,b,z)$ are defined in §§13.14(i) and 13.2(i), and … ►For nonzero values of $ϵ$ and $r$ the function $h(ϵ,\mathrm{\ell };r)$ is defined by … ►

33.14.15 $${\int }_0^{\mathrm{\infty }}{\varphi }_{m,\mathrm{\ell }}(r){\varphi }_{n,\mathrm{\ell }}(r)dr={\delta }_{m,n}.$$

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Symbols:

${\delta }_{j,k}$: Kronecker delta, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\int$: integral, $\mathrm{\ell }$: nonnegative integer, $r$: real variable and ${\varphi }_{n,\mathrm{\ell }}(r)$: function

Proof sketch:

Derivable from (33.14.14) by combining it with Dunkl (2003, Theorem 2.2).

Referenced by:

§13.10(vi), §13.23(v), §33.14(iv), Erratum (V1.0.24) for Equation (33.14.15), Erratum (V1.0.24) for Subsection 33.14(iv)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/33.14.E15

Encodings:

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Clarification (effective with 1.0.24):

This equation, originally written as a definite integral ${\int }_0^{\mathrm{\infty }}{\varphi }_{n,\mathrm{\ell }}^2(r)dr=1$, was rewritten more generally as an orthonormality relation.

See also:

Annotations for §33.14(iv), §33.14 and Ch.33

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48: Mathematical Introduction

… ►These include, for example, multivalued functions of complex variables, for which new definitions of branch points and principal values are supplied (§§1.10(vi), 4.2(i)); the Dirac delta (or delta function), which is introduced in a more readily comprehensible way for mathematicians (§1.17); numerically satisfactory solutions of differential and difference equations (§§2.7(iv), 2.9(i)); and numerical analysis for complex variables (Chapter 3). … ►For example, for the hypergeometric function we often use the notation $𝐅(a,b;c;z)$ (§15.2(i)) in place of the more conventional ${}_2{}^{}F_1^{}(a,b;c;z)$ or $F(a,b;c;z)$. This is because $𝐅$ is akin to the notation used for Bessel functions (§10.2(ii)), inasmuch as $𝐅$ is an entire function of each of its parameters $a$, $b$, and $c$:​ this results in fewer restrictions and simpler equations. Similarly in the case of confluent hypergeometric functions (§13.2(i)). … ►For equations or other technical information that appeared previously in AMS 55, the DLMF usually includes the corresponding AMS 55 equation number, or other form of reference, together with corrections, if needed. …

49: 13.16 Integral Representations

… ►In this subsection see §§10.2(ii), 10.25(ii) for the functions $J_{2\mu }$, $I_{2\mu }$, and $K_{2\mu }$, and §§15.1, 15.2(i) for ${}_2{}^{}𝐅_1^{}$. … ►

13.16.2 $$M_{\kappa ,\mu }\left(z\right)=\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(1+2\mu \right)z^{\lambda }}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(1+2\mu -2\lambda \right)\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(2\lambda \right)}{\int }_0^1{M}_{\kappa -\lambda ,\mu -\lambda }\left(zt\right){\mathrm{e}}^{\frac{1}{2}z(t-1)}{t}^{\mu -\lambda -\frac{1}{2}}{(1-t)}^{2\lambda -1}dt,$$ $\mathrm{\Re }\mu +\frac{1}{2}>\mathrm{\Re }\lambda >0$,

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Symbols:

$\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, $M_{\kappa ,\mu }\left(z\right)$: Whittaker confluent hypergeometric function, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $\int$: integral, $\mathrm{\Re }$: real part and $z$: complex variable

Referenced by:

§13.23(v)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/13.16.E2

Encodings:

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See also:

Annotations for §13.16(i), §13.16 and Ch.13

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13.16.3 $$\frac{1}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(1+2\mu \right)}{M}_{\kappa ,\mu }\left(z\right)=\frac{\sqrt{z}{\mathrm{e}}^{\frac{1}{2}z}}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{1}{2}+\mu +\kappa \right)}{\int }_0^{\mathrm{\infty }}{\mathrm{e}}^{-t}{t}^{\kappa -\frac{1}{2}}{J}_{2\mu }\left(2\sqrt{zt}\right)dt,$$ $\mathrm{\Re }\left(\kappa +\mu \right)+\frac{1}{2}>0$,

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Symbols:

$J_{\nu }\left(z\right)$: Bessel function of the first kind, $\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, $M_{\kappa ,\mu }\left(z\right)$: Whittaker confluent hypergeometric function, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $\int$: integral, $\mathrm{\Re }$: real part and $z$: complex variable

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/13.16.E3

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §13.16(i), §13.16 and Ch.13

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13.16.4 $$\frac{1}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(1+2\mu \right)}{M}_{\kappa ,\mu }\left(z\right)=\frac{\sqrt{z}{\mathrm{e}}^{-\frac{1}{2}z}}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{1}{2}+\mu -\kappa \right)}{\int }_0^{\mathrm{\infty }}{\mathrm{e}}^{-t}{t}^{-\kappa -\frac{1}{2}}{I}_{2\mu }\left(2\sqrt{zt}\right)dt,$$ .

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Symbols:

$\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, $M_{\kappa ,\mu }\left(z\right)$: Whittaker confluent hypergeometric function, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $\int$: integral, $I_{\nu }\left(z\right)$: modified Bessel function of the first kind, $\mathrm{\Re }$: real part and $z$: complex variable

Referenced by:

Erratum (V1.0.5) for Equation (13.16.4)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/13.16.E4

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

Errata (effective with 1.0.5):

Originally the condition for the validity of this equation was stated incorrectly as $\mathrm{\Re }(\kappa -\mu )-\frac{1}{2}>0$. The correct condition is .

See also:

Annotations for §13.16(i), §13.16 and Ch.13

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13.16.9 $$W_{\kappa ,\mu }\left(z\right)={\mathrm{e}}^{-\frac{1}{2}z}{z}^{\kappa +c}{\int }_0^{\mathrm{\infty }}{\mathrm{e}}^{-zt}{t}^{c-1}{}_2{}^{}𝐅_1^{}(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{\frac{1}{2}+\mu -\kappa ,\frac{1}{2}-\mu -\kappa }{c};-t)dt,$$ ,

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Symbols:

$W_{\kappa ,\mu }\left(z\right)$: Whittaker confluent hypergeometric function, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, ${}_p{}^{}𝐅_q^{}(𝐚;𝐛;z)$ or ${}_p{}^{}𝐅_q^{}(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{𝐚}{𝐛};z)$: scaled (or Olver’s) generalized hypergeometric function, $\int$: integral, $\mathrm{ph}$: phase and $z$: complex variable

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/13.16.E9

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §13.16(i), §13.16 and Ch.13

…

50: 13.14 Definitions and Basic Properties

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§13.14(i) Differential Equation

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Whittaker’s Equation

… ►In general $M_{\kappa ,\mu }\left(z\right)$ and $W_{\kappa ,\mu }\left(z\right)$ are many-valued functions of $z$ with branch points at $z=0$ and $z=\mathrm{\infty }$. The principal branches correspond to the principal branches of the functions $z^{\frac{1}{2}+\mu }$ and $U(\frac{1}{2}+\mu -\kappa ,1+2\mu ,z)$ on the right-hand sides of the equations (13.14.2) and (13.14.3); compare §4.2(i). … ►

§13.14(v) Numerically Satisfactory Solutions

…