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31: 18.27 $q$-Hahn Class

… ►The generic (top level) cases are the $q$-Hahn polynomials and the big $q$-Jacobi polynomials, each of which depends on three further parameters. … ►In case of unbounded sequences (18.27.2) can be rewritten as a $q$-integral, see §17.2(v), and more generally Gasper and Rahman (2004, (1.11.2)). …

32: 19.31 Probability Distributions

… ►More generally, let $𝐀$ ($=[a_{r,s}]$) and $𝐁$ ($=[b_{r,s}]$) be real positive-definite matrices with $n$ rows and $n$ columns, and let ${\lambda }_1,\mathrm{\dots },{\lambda }_n$ be the eigenvalues of $𝐀{𝐁}^{-1}$. …§19.16(iii) shows that for $n=3$ the incomplete cases of $R_F$ and $R_G$ occur when $\mu =-1/2$ and $\mu =1/2$, respectively, while their complete cases occur when $n=2$. ►For (19.31.2) and generalizations see Carlson (1972b).

33: 10.74 Methods of Computation

… ►In the case of the modified Bessel function $K_{\nu }\left(z\right)$ see especially Temme (1975). … ►In the case of the spherical Bessel functions the explicit formulas given in §§10.49(i) and 10.49(ii) are terminating cases of the asymptotic expansions given in §§10.17(i) and 10.40(i) for the Bessel functions and modified Bessel functions. … ►Similarly, to maintain stability in the interval the integration direction has to be forwards in the case of $I_{\nu }\left(x\right)$ and backwards in the case of $K_{\nu }\left(x\right)$, with initial values obtained in an analogous manner to those for $J_{\nu }\left(x\right)$ and $Y_{\nu }\left(x\right)$. … ►In the case of $J_n\left(x\right)$, the need for initial values can be avoided by application of Olver’s algorithm (§3.6(v)) in conjunction with Equation (10.12.4) used as a normalizing condition, or in the case of noninteger orders, (10.23.15). … ►The spherical Bessel transform is the Hankel transform (10.22.76) in the case when $\nu$ is half an odd positive integer. …

34: 28.35 Tables

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Blanch and Clemm (1965) includes values of ${\mathrm{Mc}}_n^{(2)}(x,\sqrt{q})$, $\mathrm{Mc}_n^{(2)}{}_{}{}^{\prime }(x,\sqrt{q})$ for $n=0(1)7$, $x=0(.02)1$; $n=8(1)15$, $x=0(.01)1$. Also ${\mathrm{Ms}}_n^{(2)}(x,\sqrt{q})$, $\mathrm{Ms}_n^{(2)}{}_{}{}^{\prime }(x,\sqrt{q})$ for $n=1(1)7$, $x=0(.02)1$; $n=8(1)15$, $x=0(.01)1$. In all cases $q=0(.05)1$. Precision is generally 7D. Approximate formulas and graphs are also included.

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35: 16.4 Argument Unity

… ►The special case ${}_{q+1}{}^{}F_q^{}(𝐚;𝐛;1)$ is $k$-balanced if $a_{q+1}$ is a nonpositive integer and …

36: 35.10 Methods of Computation

… ►See Yan (1992) for the ${}_1{}^{}F_1^{}$ and ${}_2{}^{}F_1^{}$ functions of matrix argument in the case $m=2$, and Bingham et al. (1992) for Monte Carlo simulation on $𝐎(m)$ applied to a generalization of the integral (35.5.8). …

37: 16.23 Mathematical Applications

§16.23 Mathematical Applications

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§16.23(ii) Random Graphs

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§16.23(iv) Combinatorics and Number Theory

►Many combinatorial identities, especially ones involving binomial and related coefficients, are special cases of hypergeometric identities. …

38: Errata

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The following additions were made in Chapter 18:

• In Subsection 18.2(i), Equation (18.2.1_5); the paragraph title “Orthogonality on Finite Point Sets” has been changed to “Orthogonality on Countable Sets”, and there are minor changes in the presentation of the final paragraph, including a new equation (18.2.4_5). The presentation of Subsection 18.2(iii) has changed, Equation (18.2.5_5) was added and an extra paragraph on standardizations has been included. The presentation of Subsection 18.2(iv) has changed and it has been expanded with two extra paragraphs and several new equations, (18.2.9_5), (18.2.11_1)–(18.2.11_9). Subsections 18.2(v) (with (18.2.12_5), (18.2.14)–(18.2.17)) and 18.2(vi) (with (18.2.17)–(18.2.20)) have been expanded. New subsections, 18.2(vii)–18.2(xii), with Equations (18.2.21)–(18.2.46),

• A new introduction, minor changes in the presentation, and three new paragraphs.

• Extra details for Chebyshev polynomials, and Equations (18.5.4_5), (18.5.11_1)–(18.5.11_4), (18.5.17_5).

• Line numbers and two extra rows were added to Table 18.8.1.

• Subsection 18.9(i) has been expanded, and 18.9(iii) has some additional explanation. Equations (18.9.2_1), (18.9.2_2), (18.9.18_5) and Table 18.9.2 were added.

• Three extra generating functions, (18.12.2_5), (18.12.3_5), (18.12.17).

• Equation (18.14.3_5). New subsection, 18.14(iv), with Equations (18.14.25)–(18.14.27).

• Equation (18.15.4_5).

• The title of Subsection 18.16(iii) was changed from “Ultraspherical and Legendre” to “Ultraspherical, Legendre and Chebyshev”. New subsection, 18.16(vii) Discriminants, with Equations (18.16.19)–(18.16.21).

• Extra explanatory text at many places and seven extra integrals (18.17.16_5), (18.17.21_1)–(18.17.21_3), (18.17.28_5), (18.17.34_5), (18.17.41_5).

• Extra explanatory text at several places and the title of Subsection 18.18(iv) was changed from “Connection Formulas” to “Connection and Inversion Formulas”.

• A new introduction.

• Equation (18.21.13).

• Extra explanatory text in Subsection 18.25(i) and the title of Subsection 18.25(ii) was changed from “Weights and Normalizations: Continuous Cases” to “Weights and Standardizations: Continuous Cases”.

• In Subsection 18.26(i) an extra paragraph on dualities has been included, with Equations (18.26.4_1), (18.26.4_2).

• Extra text at the start of this section and twenty seven extra formulas, (18.27.4_1), (18.27.4_2), (18.27.6_5), (18.27.9_5), (18.27.12_5), (18.27.14_1)–(18.27.14_6), (18.27.17_1)–(18.27.17_3), (18.27.20_5), (18.27.25), (18.27.26), (18.28.1_5).

• A big expansion. Six extra formulas in Subsection 18.28(ii) ((18.28.6_1)–(18.28.6_5)) and three extra formulas in Subsection 18.28(viii) ((18.28.21)–(18.28.23)). New subsections, 18.28(ix)–18.28(xi), with Equations (18.28.23)–(18.28.34).

• Originally this section did not have subsections. The original seven formulas have now more explanatory text and are split over two subsections. New subsections 18.30(iii)–18.30(viii), with Equations (18.30.8)–(18.30.31).

• This short section has been expanded, with Equation (18.32.2).

• Additional references and a new large subsection, 18.33(vi), including Equations (18.33.17)–(18.33.32).

• This section has been expanded, including an extra orthogonality relations (18.34.5_5), (18.34.7_1)–(18.34.7_3).

• This section on Pollaczek polynomials has been significantly updated with much more explanations and as well to include the Pollaczek polynomials of type 3 which are the most general with three free parameters. The Pollaczek polynomials which were previously treated, namely those of type 1 and type 2 are special cases of the type 3 Pollaczek polynomials. In the first paragraph of this section an extensive description of the relations between the three types of Pollaczek polynomials is given which was lacking previously. Equations (18.35.0_5), (18.35.2_1)–(18.35.2_5), (18.35.4_5), (18.35.6_1)–(18.35.6_6), (18.35.10).

• This section on miscellaneous polynomials has been expanded with new subsections, 18.36(v) on non-classical Laguerre polynomials and 18.36(vi) with examples of exceptional orthogonal polynomials, with Equations (18.36.1)–(18.36.10). In the titles of Subsections 18.36(ii) and 18.36(iii) we replaced “OP’s” by “Orthogonal Polynomials”.

• The paragraphs of Subsection 18.38(i) have been re-ordered and one paragraph was added. The title of Subsection 18.38(ii) was changed from “Classical OP’s: Other Applications” to “Classical OP’s: Mathematical Developments and Applications”. Subsection 18.38(iii) has been expanded with seven new paragraphs, and Equations (18.38.4)–(18.38.11).

• This section was completely rewritten. The previous 18.39(i) Quantum Mechanics has been replaced by Subsections 18.39(i) Quantum Mechanics and 18.39(ii) A 3D Separable Quantum System, the Hydrogen Atom, containing the same essential information; the original content of the subsection is reproduced below for reference. Subsection 18.39(ii) was moved to 18.39(v) Other Applications. New subsections, 18.39(iii) Non Classical Weight Functions of Utility in DVR Method in the Physical Sciences, 18.39(iv) Coulomb–Pollaczek Polynomials and J-Matrix Methods; Equations (18.39.7)–(18.39.48); and Figures 18.39.1, 18.39.2.

  The original text of 18.39(i) Quantum Mechanics was:

  “Classical OP’s appear when the time-dependent Schrödinger equation is solved by separation of variables. Consider, for example, the one-dimensional form of this equation for a particle of mass $m$ with potential energy $V(x)$:

  errata.1 $$\left(\frac{-{\mathrm{\hslash }}^2}{2m}\frac{{\partial }^2}{{\partial x}^2}+V(x)\right)\psi (x,t)=i\mathrm{\hslash }\frac{\partial }{\partial t}\psi (x,t),$$

  where $\mathrm{\hslash }$ is the reduced Planck’s constant. On substituting $\psi (x,t)=\eta (x)\zeta (t)$, we obtain two ordinary differential equations, each of which involve the same constant $E$. The equation for $\eta (x)$ is

  errata.2 $$\frac{d^2\eta }{{dx}^2}+\frac{2m}{{\mathrm{\hslash }}^2}\left(E-V(x)\right)\eta =0.$$

  For a harmonic oscillator, the potential energy is given by

  errata.3 $$V(x)=\frac{1}{2}m{\omega }^2{x}^2,$$

  where $\omega$ is the angular frequency. For (18.39.2) to have a nontrivial bounded solution in the interval , the constant $E$ (the total energy of the particle) must satisfy

  errata.4 $$E=E_n=\left(n+\frac{1}{2}\right)\mathrm{\hslash }\omega ,$$ $n=0,1,2,\mathrm{\dots }$.

  The corresponding eigenfunctions are

  errata.5 $${\eta }_n(x)={\pi }^{-\frac{1}{4}}{2}^{-\frac{1}{2}n}{(n!b)}^{-\frac{1}{2}}{H}_n\left(x/b\right){\mathrm{e}}^{-x^2/2b^2},$$

  where $b={(\mathrm{\hslash }/m\omega )}^{1/2}$, and $H_n$ is the Hermite polynomial. For further details, see Seaborn (1991, p. 224) or Nikiforov and Uvarov (1988, pp. 71-72).

  A second example is provided by the three-dimensional time-independent Schrödinger equation

  errata.6 $${\nabla }^2\psi +\frac{2m}{{\mathrm{\hslash }}^2}\left(E-V(𝐱)\right)\psi =0,$$

  when this is solved by separation of variables in spherical coordinates (§1.5(ii)). The eigenfunctions of one of the separated ordinary differential equations are Legendre polynomials. See Seaborn (1991, pp. 69-75).

  For a third example, one in which the eigenfunctions are Laguerre polynomials, see Seaborn (1991, pp. 87-93) and Nikiforov and Uvarov (1988, pp. 76-80 and 320-323).”

• The old section is now Subsection 18.40(i) and a large new subsection, 18.40(ii), on the classical moment problem has been added, with formulae (18.40.1)–(18.40.10) and Figures 18.40.1, 18.40.2.

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These equations have been generalized to include the additional cases of $\partial J_{-\nu }\left(z\right)/\partial \nu$, $\partial I_{-\nu }\left(z\right)/\partial \nu$, respectively.

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has been generalized to cover an additional case.

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Special cases of normalization of Jacobi polynomials for which the general formula is undefined have been stated explicitly in Table 18.3.1.

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39: 18.33 Polynomials Orthogonal on the Unit Circle

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§18.33(iv) Special Cases

… ►When $a=0$ the Askey case is also known as the Rogers–Szegő case. See for a more general class Costa et al. (2012). … ►See Baxter (1961) for general theory. See Askey (1982a) and Pastro (1985) for special cases extending (18.33.13)–(18.33.14) and (18.33.15)–(18.33.16), respectively. …

40: 2.6 Distributional Methods

… ►Although divergent, these integrals may be interpreted in a generalized sense. … ►Similarly, in the case $\alpha =1$, we define …In either case, we define the distribution associated with $f_n(t)$ by … ►Corresponding results for the generalized Stieltjes transform … ►However, in the theory of generalized functions (distributions), there is a method, known as “regularization”, by which these integrals can be interpreted in a meaningful manner. …