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11: 15.9 Relations to Other Functions

§15.9 Relations to Other Functions

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§15.9(i) Orthogonal Polynomials

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Jacobi

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Meixner

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§15.9(v) Complete Elliptic Integrals

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12: 20.9 Relations to Other Functions

§20.9 Relations to Other Functions

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§20.9(i) Elliptic Integrals

… ►and the notation of §19.2(ii), the complete Legendre integrals of the first kind may be expressed as theta functions: … ►

§20.9(ii) Elliptic Functions and Modular Functions

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§20.9(iii) Riemann Zeta Function

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13: Errata

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The following additions were made in Chapter 1:

• New subsections, 1.2(v) Matrices, Vectors, Scalar Products, and Norms and 1.2(vi) Square Matrices, with Equations (1.2.27)–(1.2.77).

• The title of this section was changed from “Determinants” to “Determinants, Linear Operators, and Spectral Expansions”. An extra paragraph just below (1.3.7). New subsection, 1.3(iv) Matrices as Linear Operators, with Equations (1.3.20), (1.3.21).

• In 1.4(v), three new paragraphs on Stieltjes integrals/measure, with Equations (1.4.23_1)–(1.4.23_3).

• In Subsection 1.8(i), the title of the paragraph “Bessel’s Inequality” was changed to “Parseval’s Formula”. We give the relation between the real and the complex coefficients, and include more general versions of Parseval’s Formula, Equations (1.8.6_1), (1.8.6_2). The title of Subsection 1.8(iv) was changed from “Transformations” to “Poisson’s Summation Formula”, and we added an extra remark just below (1.8.14).

• New subsection, 1.10(xi) Generating Functions, with Equations (1.10.26)–(1.10.29).

• New subsection, 1.13(viii) Eigenvalues and Eigenfunctions: Sturm-Liouville and Liouville forms, with Equations (1.13.26)–(1.13.31).

• Another form of Parseval’s formula, (1.14.7_5).

• We include several extra remarks and Equations (1.16.3_5), (1.16.9_5). New subsection, 1.16(ix) References for Section 1.16.

• Two extra paragraphs in Subsection 1.17(ii) Integral Representations, with Equations (1.17.12_1), (1.17.12_2); Subsection 1.17(iv) Mathematical Definitions is almost completely rewritten.

• An entire new section, 1.18 Linear Second Order Differential Operators and Eigenfunction Expansions, including new subsections, 1.18(i)–1.18(x), and several equations, (1.18.1)–(1.18.71).

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The following additions were made in Chapter 18:

• In Subsection 18.2(i), Equation (18.2.1_5); the paragraph title “Orthogonality on Finite Point Sets” has been changed to “Orthogonality on Countable Sets”, and there are minor changes in the presentation of the final paragraph, including a new equation (18.2.4_5). The presentation of Subsection 18.2(iii) has changed, Equation (18.2.5_5) was added and an extra paragraph on standardizations has been included. The presentation of Subsection 18.2(iv) has changed and it has been expanded with two extra paragraphs and several new equations, (18.2.9_5), (18.2.11_1)–(18.2.11_9). Subsections 18.2(v) (with (18.2.12_5), (18.2.14)–(18.2.17)) and 18.2(vi) (with (18.2.17)–(18.2.20)) have been expanded. New subsections, 18.2(vii)–18.2(xii), with Equations (18.2.21)–(18.2.46),

• A new introduction, minor changes in the presentation, and three new paragraphs.

• Extra details for Chebyshev polynomials, and Equations (18.5.4_5), (18.5.11_1)–(18.5.11_4), (18.5.17_5).

• Line numbers and two extra rows were added to Table 18.8.1.

• Subsection 18.9(i) has been expanded, and 18.9(iii) has some additional explanation. Equations (18.9.2_1), (18.9.2_2), (18.9.18_5) and Table 18.9.2 were added.

• Three extra generating functions, (18.12.2_5), (18.12.3_5), (18.12.17).

• Equation (18.14.3_5). New subsection, 18.14(iv), with Equations (18.14.25)–(18.14.27).

• Equation (18.15.4_5).

• The title of Subsection 18.16(iii) was changed from “Ultraspherical and Legendre” to “Ultraspherical, Legendre and Chebyshev”. New subsection, 18.16(vii) Discriminants, with Equations (18.16.19)–(18.16.21).

• Extra explanatory text at many places and seven extra integrals (18.17.16_5), (18.17.21_1)–(18.17.21_3), (18.17.28_5), (18.17.34_5), (18.17.41_5).

• Extra explanatory text at several places and the title of Subsection 18.18(iv) was changed from “Connection Formulas” to “Connection and Inversion Formulas”.

• A new introduction.

• Equation (18.21.13).

• Extra explanatory text in Subsection 18.25(i) and the title of Subsection 18.25(ii) was changed from “Weights and Normalizations: Continuous Cases” to “Weights and Standardizations: Continuous Cases”.

• In Subsection 18.26(i) an extra paragraph on dualities has been included, with Equations (18.26.4_1), (18.26.4_2).

• Extra text at the start of this section and twenty seven extra formulas, (18.27.4_1), (18.27.4_2), (18.27.6_5), (18.27.9_5), (18.27.12_5), (18.27.14_1)–(18.27.14_6), (18.27.17_1)–(18.27.17_3), (18.27.20_5), (18.27.25), (18.27.26), (18.28.1_5).

• A big expansion. Six extra formulas in Subsection 18.28(ii) ((18.28.6_1)–(18.28.6_5)) and three extra formulas in Subsection 18.28(viii) ((18.28.21)–(18.28.23)). New subsections, 18.28(ix)–18.28(xi), with Equations (18.28.23)–(18.28.34).

• Originally this section did not have subsections. The original seven formulas have now more explanatory text and are split over two subsections. New subsections 18.30(iii)–18.30(viii), with Equations (18.30.8)–(18.30.31).

• This short section has been expanded, with Equation (18.32.2).

• Additional references and a new large subsection, 18.33(vi), including Equations (18.33.17)–(18.33.32).

• This section has been expanded, including an extra orthogonality relations (18.34.5_5), (18.34.7_1)–(18.34.7_3).

• This section on Pollaczek polynomials has been significantly updated with much more explanations and as well to include the Pollaczek polynomials of type 3 which are the most general with three free parameters. The Pollaczek polynomials which were previously treated, namely those of type 1 and type 2 are special cases of the type 3 Pollaczek polynomials. In the first paragraph of this section an extensive description of the relations between the three types of Pollaczek polynomials is given which was lacking previously. Equations (18.35.0_5), (18.35.2_1)–(18.35.2_5), (18.35.4_5), (18.35.6_1)–(18.35.6_6), (18.35.10).

• This section on miscellaneous polynomials has been expanded with new subsections, 18.36(v) on non-classical Laguerre polynomials and 18.36(vi) with examples of exceptional orthogonal polynomials, with Equations (18.36.1)–(18.36.10). In the titles of Subsections 18.36(ii) and 18.36(iii) we replaced “OP’s” by “Orthogonal Polynomials”.

• The paragraphs of Subsection 18.38(i) have been re-ordered and one paragraph was added. The title of Subsection 18.38(ii) was changed from “Classical OP’s: Other Applications” to “Classical OP’s: Mathematical Developments and Applications”. Subsection 18.38(iii) has been expanded with seven new paragraphs, and Equations (18.38.4)–(18.38.11).

• This section was completely rewritten. The previous 18.39(i) Quantum Mechanics has been replaced by Subsections 18.39(i) Quantum Mechanics and 18.39(ii) A 3D Separable Quantum System, the Hydrogen Atom, containing the same essential information; the original content of the subsection is reproduced below for reference. Subsection 18.39(ii) was moved to 18.39(v) Other Applications. New subsections, 18.39(iii) Non Classical Weight Functions of Utility in DVR Method in the Physical Sciences, 18.39(iv) Coulomb–Pollaczek Polynomials and J-Matrix Methods; Equations (18.39.7)–(18.39.48); and Figures 18.39.1, 18.39.2.

  The original text of 18.39(i) Quantum Mechanics was:

  “Classical OP’s appear when the time-dependent Schrödinger equation is solved by separation of variables. Consider, for example, the one-dimensional form of this equation for a particle of mass $m$ with potential energy $V(x)$:

  errata.1 $$\left(\frac{-{\mathrm{\hslash }}^2}{2m}\frac{{\partial }^2}{{\partial x}^2}+V(x)\right)\psi (x,t)=i\mathrm{\hslash }\frac{\partial }{\partial t}\psi (x,t),$$

  where $\mathrm{\hslash }$ is the reduced Planck’s constant. On substituting $\psi (x,t)=\eta (x)\zeta (t)$, we obtain two ordinary differential equations, each of which involve the same constant $E$. The equation for $\eta (x)$ is

  errata.2 $$\frac{d^2\eta }{{dx}^2}+\frac{2m}{{\mathrm{\hslash }}^2}\left(E-V(x)\right)\eta =0.$$

  For a harmonic oscillator, the potential energy is given by

  errata.3 $$V(x)=\frac{1}{2}m{\omega }^2{x}^2,$$

  where $\omega$ is the angular frequency. For (18.39.2) to have a nontrivial bounded solution in the interval , the constant $E$ (the total energy of the particle) must satisfy

  errata.4 $$E=E_n=\left(n+\frac{1}{2}\right)\mathrm{\hslash }\omega ,$$ $n=0,1,2,\mathrm{\dots }$.

  The corresponding eigenfunctions are

  errata.5 $${\eta }_n(x)={\pi }^{-\frac{1}{4}}{2}^{-\frac{1}{2}n}{(n!b)}^{-\frac{1}{2}}{H}_n\left(x/b\right){\mathrm{e}}^{-x^2/2b^2},$$

  where $b={(\mathrm{\hslash }/m\omega )}^{1/2}$, and $H_n$ is the Hermite polynomial. For further details, see Seaborn (1991, p. 224) or Nikiforov and Uvarov (1988, pp. 71-72).

  A second example is provided by the three-dimensional time-independent Schrödinger equation

  errata.6 $${\nabla }^2\psi +\frac{2m}{{\mathrm{\hslash }}^2}\left(E-V(𝐱)\right)\psi =0,$$

  when this is solved by separation of variables in spherical coordinates (§1.5(ii)). The eigenfunctions of one of the separated ordinary differential equations are Legendre polynomials. See Seaborn (1991, pp. 69-75).

  For a third example, one in which the eigenfunctions are Laguerre polynomials, see Seaborn (1991, pp. 87-93) and Nikiforov and Uvarov (1988, pp. 76-80 and 320-323).”

• The old section is now Subsection 18.40(i) and a large new subsection, 18.40(ii), on the classical moment problem has been added, with formulae (18.40.1)–(18.40.10) and Figures 18.40.1, 18.40.2.

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Section: 15.9(v) Complete Elliptic Integrals. Equations: (11.11.9_5), (11.11.13_5), Intermediate equality in (15.4.27) which relates to $F(a,a;a+1;\frac{1}{2})$, (15.4.34), (19.5.4_1), (19.5.4_2) and (19.5.4_3).

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Just below (33.14.9), the constraint described in the text “ when ,” was removed. In Equation (33.14.13), the constraint ${ϵ}_1,{ϵ}_2>0$ was added. In the line immediately below (33.14.13), it was clarified that $s(ϵ,\mathrm{\ell };r)$ is $\exp \left(-r/n\right)$ times a polynomial in $r/n$, instead of simply a polynomial in $r$. In Equation (33.14.14), a second equality was added which relates ${\varphi }_{n,\mathrm{\ell }}(r)$ to Laguerre polynomials. A sentence was added immediately below (33.14.15) indicating that the functions ${\varphi }_{n,\mathrm{\ell }}$, $n=\mathrm{\ell },\mathrm{\ell }+1,\mathrm{\dots }$, do not form a complete orthonormal system.

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14: 18.2 General Orthogonal Polynomials

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§18.2(iii) Standardization and Related Constants

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§18.2(iv) Recurrence Relations

… ►the monic recurrence relations (18.2.8) and (18.2.10) take the form … ►The recurrence relations (18.2.10) can be equivalently written as … ►are OP’s with orthogonality relation …

15: 19.6 Special Cases

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§19.6(i) Complete Elliptic Integrals

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$K\left(0\right)=E\left(0\right)=K^{\prime }\left(1\right)=E^{\prime }\left(1\right)=\frac{1}{2}\pi ,$

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$K\left(1\right)=K^{\prime }\left(0\right)=\mathrm{\infty },$

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$E\left(1\right)=E^{\prime }\left(0\right)=1.$

… ►Exact values of $K\left(k\right)$ and $E\left(k\right)$ for various special values of $k$ are given in Byrd and Friedman (1971, 111.10 and 111.11) and Cooper et al. (2006). …

16: 19.7 Connection Formulas

… ►The first of the three relations maps each circular region onto itself and each hyperbolic region onto the other; in particular, it gives the Cauchy principal value of $\mathrm{\Pi }(\varphi ,{\alpha }^2,k)$ when ${\alpha }^2>{\csc }^2\varphi$ (see (19.6.5) for the complete case). …

17: 22.11 Fourier and Hyperbolic Series

… ►Next, with $E=E\left(k\right)$ denoting the complete elliptic integral of the second kind (§19.2(ii)) and , ►

22.11.13 $${\mathrm{sn}}^2(z,k)=\frac{1}{k^2}\left(1-\frac{E}{K}\right)-\frac{2{\pi }^2}{k^2{K}^2}\sum _{n=1}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{n{q}^n}{1-q^{2n}}\cos \left(2n\zeta \right).$$

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Symbols:

$\mathrm{sn}(z,k)$: Jacobian elliptic function, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $K\left(k\right)$: Legendre’s complete elliptic integral of the first kind, $E\left(k\right)$: Legendre’s complete elliptic integral of the second kind, $\cos z$: cosine function, $q$: nome, $z$: complex, $k$: modulus and $\zeta$: change of variable

Referenced by:

§22.11

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/22.11.E13

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §22.11 and Ch.22

… ►A related hyperbolic series is ►

22.11.14 $$k^2{\mathrm{sn}}^2(z,k)=\frac{E^{\prime }}{K^{\prime }}-{\left(\frac{\pi }{2K^{\prime }}\right)}^2\sum _{n=-\mathrm{\infty }}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\left({\mathrm{sech}}^2\left(\frac{\pi }{2K^{\prime }}(z-2nK)\right)\right),$$

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Symbols:

$\mathrm{sn}(z,k)$: Jacobian elliptic function, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $K^{\prime }\left(k\right)$: Legendre’s complementary complete elliptic integral of the first kind, $E^{\prime }\left(k\right)$: Legendre’s complementary complete elliptic integral of the second kind, $K\left(k\right)$: Legendre’s complete elliptic integral of the first kind, $\mathrm{sech}z$: hyperbolic secant function, $z$: complex and $k$: modulus

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/22.11.E14

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §22.11 and Ch.22

►where $E^{\prime }=E^{\prime }\left(k\right)$ is defined by §19.2.9. …

18: 33.14 Definitions and Basic Properties

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§33.14(ii) Regular Solution $f(ϵ,\mathrm{\ell };r)$

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§33.14(iii) Irregular Solution $h(ϵ,\mathrm{\ell };r)$

►For nonzero values of $ϵ$ and $r$ the function $h(ϵ,\mathrm{\ell };r)$ is defined by … ►

33.14.15 $${\int }_0^{\mathrm{\infty }}{\varphi }_{m,\mathrm{\ell }}(r){\varphi }_{n,\mathrm{\ell }}(r)dr={\delta }_{m,n}.$$

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Symbols:

${\delta }_{j,k}$: Kronecker delta, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\int$: integral, $\mathrm{\ell }$: nonnegative integer, $r$: real variable and ${\varphi }_{n,\mathrm{\ell }}(r)$: function

Proof sketch:

Derivable from (33.14.14) by combining it with Dunkl (2003, Theorem 2.2).

Referenced by:

§13.10(vi), §13.23(v), §33.14(iv), Erratum (V1.0.24) for Equation (33.14.15), Erratum (V1.0.24) for Subsection 33.14(iv)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/33.14.E15

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

Clarification (effective with 1.0.24):

This equation, originally written as a definite integral ${\int }_0^{\mathrm{\infty }}{\varphi }_{n,\mathrm{\ell }}^2(r)dr=1$, was rewritten more generally as an orthonormality relation.

See also:

Annotations for §33.14(iv), §33.14 and Ch.33

►Note that the functions ${\varphi }_{n,\mathrm{\ell }}$, $n=\mathrm{\ell },\mathrm{\ell }+1,\mathrm{\dots }$, do not form a complete orthonormal system. …

19: 29.14 Orthogonality

… ►First, the orthogonality relations (29.3.19) apply; see §29.12(i). …is orthogonal and complete with respect to the inner product ►

29.14.2 $$⟨g,h⟩={\int }_0^K{\int }_0^{K^{\prime }}w(s,t)g(s,t)h(s,t)dtds,$$

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Symbols:

$K^{\prime }\left(k\right)$: Legendre’s complementary complete elliptic integral of the first kind, $K\left(k\right)$: Legendre’s complete elliptic integral of the first kind, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\int$: integral, $k$: real parameter and $w(s,t)$: function

Referenced by:

§29.14

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/29.14.E2

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §29.14 and Ch.29

… ►Each of the following seven systems is orthogonal and complete with respect to the inner product (29.14.2): …When combined, all eight systems (29.14.1) and (29.14.4)–(29.14.10) form an orthogonal and complete system with respect to the inner product …

20: 15.17 Mathematical Applications

… ►This topic is treated in §§15.10 and 15.11. … ►

§15.17(ii) Conformal Mappings

… ►Hypergeometric functions, especially complete elliptic integrals, also play an important role in quasiconformal mapping. … ►Quadratic transformations give insight into the relation of elliptic integrals to the arithmetic-geometric mean (§19.22(ii)). …