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11: 2.4 Contour Integrals

… ►The most successful results are obtained on moving the integration contour as far to the left as possible. … ►Let $𝒫$ denote the path for the contour integral ►

2.4.10 $$I(z)={\int }_a^b{\mathrm{e}}^{-zp(t)}q(t)dt,$$

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Defines:

$I(z)$: contour integral (locally)

Symbols:

$dx$: differential of $x$ , $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $\int$: integral, $a$: left endpoint, $b$: right endpoint, $p(t)$: analytic function and $q(t)$: analytic function

Referenced by:

§2.4(iv)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/2.4.E10

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §2.4(iii), §2.4 and Ch.2

… ►

In a neighborhood of $a$

2.4.11

$$p(t)=p(a)+\sum _{s=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}{p}_s{(t-a)}^{s+\mu },$$

$$q(t)=\sum _{s=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}{q}_s{(t-a)}^{s+\lambda -1},$$

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Symbols:

$\lambda$: constant, $a$: left endpoint, $p(t)$: analytic function, $q(t)$: analytic function, $p_s$: coefficients, $q_s$: coefficients and $\mu$: positive constant

Referenced by:

§2.4(iv)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/2.4.E11

Encodings:

pMML, pMML, png, png, TeX, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §2.4(iii), §2.4 and Ch.2

with $\mathrm{\Re }\lambda >0$, $\mu >0$, $p_0\ne 0$, and the branches of ${(t-a)}^{\lambda }$ and ${(t-a)}^{\mu }$ continuous and constructed with $\mathrm{ph}\left(t-a\right)\to \omega$ as $t\to a$ along $𝒫$.

… ►

2.4.14 $$I(z)={\int }_{t_0}^b{\mathrm{e}}^{-zp(t)}q(t)dt-{\int }_{t_0}^a{\mathrm{e}}^{-zp(t)}q(t)dt,$$

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Symbols:

$dx$: differential of $x$ , $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $\int$: integral, $a$: left endpoint, $b$: right endpoint, $I(z)$: contour integral, $p(t)$: analytic function and $q(t)$: analytic function

Referenced by:

§2.4(iv)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/2.4.E14

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §2.4(iv), §2.4 and Ch.2

…

12: 15.6 Integral Representations

… ►

15.6.1 $$𝐅(a,b;c;z)=\frac{1}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(b\right)\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(c-b\right)}{\int }_0^1\frac{t^{b-1}{(1-t)}^{c-b-1}}{{(1-zt)}^a}dt,$$ ; $\mathrm{\Re }c>\mathrm{\Re }b>0$.

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Symbols:

$\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\int$: integral, $\mathrm{ph}$: phase, $\mathrm{\Re }$: real part, $𝐅(a,b;c;z)$ or $𝐅(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{a,b}{c};z)$: $={}_2{}^{}𝐅_1^{}(a,b;c;z)$ Olver’s hypergeometric function, $z$: complex variable, $a$: real or complex parameter, $b$: real or complex parameter and $c$: real or complex parameter

Keywords:

Mellin transform

Referenced by:

§15.19(iii), (15.4.34), §15.6, §15.6, Erratum (V1.0.23) for Equations (15.6.1)–(15.6.9), Erratum (V1.0.23) for Equations (15.6.1)–(15.6.9)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/15.6.E1

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

Addition (effective with 1.0.23):

The Olver hypergeometric function $𝐅(a,b;c;z)$, previously omitted from the left-hand side to make the formula more concise, has been added. The constraint , originally mentioned in the text, has been directly added to the formula.

See also:

Annotations for §15.6 and Ch.15

►

15.6.2 $$𝐅(a,b;c;z)=\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(1+b-c\right)}{2\pi \mathrm{i}\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(b\right)}{\int }_0^{(1+)}\frac{t^{b-1}{(t-1)}^{c-b-1}}{{(1-zt)}^a}dt,$$ ; $c-b\ne 1,2,3,\mathrm{\dots }$, $\mathrm{\Re }b>0$.

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Symbols:

$\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $\int$: integral, $\mathrm{ph}$: phase, $\mathrm{\Re }$: real part, $𝐅(a,b;c;z)$ or $𝐅(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{a,b}{c};z)$: $={}_2{}^{}𝐅_1^{}(a,b;c;z)$ Olver’s hypergeometric function, $z$: complex variable, $a$: real or complex parameter, $b$: real or complex parameter and $c$: real or complex parameter

Keywords:

Mellin transform

Referenced by:

§15.6

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/15.6.E2

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

Addition (effective with 1.0.23):

The Olver hypergeometric function $𝐅(a,b;c;z)$, previously omitted from the left-hand side to make the formula more concise, has been added. The constraint , originally mentioned in the text, has been directly added to the formula.

See also:

Annotations for §15.6 and Ch.15

… ►

15.6.3 $$𝐅(a,b;c;z)={\mathrm{e}}^{-b\pi \mathrm{i}}\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(1-b\right)}{2\pi \mathrm{i}\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(c-b\right)}{\int }_{\mathrm{\infty }}^{(0+)}\frac{t^{b-1}{(t+1)}^{a-c}}{{(t-zt+1)}^a}dt,$$ ; $b\ne 1,2,3,\mathrm{\dots }$, $\mathrm{\Re }\left(c-b\right)>0$.

ⓘ

Symbols:

$\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $\int$: integral, $\mathrm{ph}$: phase, $\mathrm{\Re }$: real part, $𝐅(a,b;c;z)$ or $𝐅(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{a,b}{c};z)$: $={}_2{}^{}𝐅_1^{}(a,b;c;z)$ Olver’s hypergeometric function, $z$: complex variable, $a$: real or complex parameter, $b$: real or complex parameter and $c$: real or complex parameter

Keywords:

Mellin transform

Referenced by:

§15.6, §15.6

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/15.6.E3

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

Addition (effective with 1.0.23):

The Olver hypergeometric function $𝐅(a,b;c;z)$, previously omitted from the left-hand side to make the formula more concise, has been added. The constraint , originally mentioned in the text, has been directly added to the formula.

See also:

Annotations for §15.6 and Ch.15

►

15.6.4 $$𝐅(a,b;c;z)={\mathrm{e}}^{-b\pi \mathrm{i}}\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(1-b\right)}{2\pi \mathrm{i}\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(c-b\right)}{\int }_1^{(0+)}\frac{t^{b-1}{(1-t)}^{c-b-1}}{{(1-zt)}^a}dt,$$ ; $b\ne 1,2,3,\mathrm{\dots }$, $\mathrm{\Re }\left(c-b\right)>0$.

ⓘ

Symbols:

$\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $\int$: integral, $\mathrm{ph}$: phase, $\mathrm{\Re }$: real part, $𝐅(a,b;c;z)$ or $𝐅(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{a,b}{c};z)$: $={}_2{}^{}𝐅_1^{}(a,b;c;z)$ Olver’s hypergeometric function, $z$: complex variable, $a$: real or complex parameter, $b$: real or complex parameter and $c$: real or complex parameter

Keywords:

Mellin transform

Referenced by:

§15.6, §15.6

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/15.6.E4

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

Addition (effective with 1.0.23):

The Olver hypergeometric function $𝐅(a,b;c;z)$, previously omitted from the left-hand side to make the formula more concise, has been added. The constraint , originally mentioned in the text, has been directly added to the formula.

See also:

Annotations for §15.6 and Ch.15

… ►

15.6.8 $$𝐅(a,b;c;z)=\frac{1}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(c-d\right)}{\int }_0^1𝐅(a,b;d;zt)t^{d-1}{(1-t)}^{c-d-1}dt,$$ ; $\mathrm{\Re }c>\mathrm{\Re }d>0$.

ⓘ

Symbols:

$\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\int$: integral, $\mathrm{ph}$: phase, $\mathrm{\Re }$: real part, $𝐅(a,b;c;z)$ or $𝐅(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{a,b}{c};z)$: $={}_2{}^{}𝐅_1^{}(a,b;c;z)$ Olver’s hypergeometric function, $z$: complex variable, $a$: real or complex parameter, $b$: real or complex parameter and $c$: real or complex parameter

Keywords:

Mellin transform

Proof sketch:

Follows from (15.6.9) with $\lambda =a+b$.

Referenced by:

(15.6.9), §15.6, §15.6, §15.6, §18.17(iv), Erratum (V1.0.14) for Equation (15.6.8), Erratum (V1.0.14) for Equation (15.6.8)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/15.6.E8

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

Addition (effective with 1.0.23):

The Olver hypergeometric function $𝐅(a,b;c;z)$, previously omitted from the left-hand side to make the formula more concise, has been added. The constraint , originally mentioned in the text, has been directly added to the formula.

See also:

Annotations for §15.6 and Ch.15

…

13: 16.5 Integral Representations and Integrals

… ►Then the integral converges when provided that $z\ne 0$, or when $p=q+1$ provided that , and provides an integral representation of the left-hand side with these conditions. … ►In the case $p=q$ the left-hand side of (16.5.1) is an entire function, and the right-hand side supplies an integral representation valid when . In the case $p=q+1$ the right-hand side of (16.5.1) supplies the analytic continuation of the left-hand side from the open unit disk to the sector ; compare §16.2(iii). Lastly, when $p>q+1$ the right-hand side of (16.5.1) can be regarded as the definition of the (customarily undefined) left-hand side. In this event, the formal power-series expansion of the left-hand side (obtained from (16.2.1)) is the asymptotic expansion of the right-hand side as $z\to 0$ in the sector $|\mathrm{ph}\left(-z\right)|\le (p+1-q-\delta )\pi /2$, where $\delta$ is an arbitrary small positive constant. …

14: 5.19 Mathematical Applications

… ►The left-hand side of (5.13.1) is a typical example. …

15: 10.59 Integrals

…

16: 24.19 Methods of Computation

… ►

Buhler et al. (1992) uses the expansion

24.19.3 $$\frac{t^2}{\cosh t-1}=-2\sum _{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}(2n-1)B_{2n}\frac{t^{2n}}{(2n)!},$$

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Symbols:

$B_n$: Bernoulli numbers, $!$: factorial (as in $n!$), $\cosh z$: hyperbolic cosine function, $n$: integer and $t$: real or complex

Referenced by:

§24.19(ii)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/24.19.E3

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §24.19(ii), §24.19 and Ch.24

and computes inverses modulo $p$ of the left-hand side. Multisectioning techniques are applied in implementations. See also Crandall (1996, pp. 116–120).

…

17: 3.2 Linear Algebra

… ►A nonzero vector $𝐲$ is called a left eigenvector of $𝐀$ corresponding to the eigenvalue $\lambda$ if ${𝐲}^{\mathrm{T}}𝐀=\lambda {𝐲}^{\mathrm{T}}$ or, equivalently, ${𝐀}^{\mathrm{T}}𝐲=\lambda 𝐲$. … … ►where $𝐱$ and $𝐲$ are the normalized right and left eigenvectors of $𝐀$ corresponding to the eigenvalue $\lambda$. …When $𝐀$ is a symmetric matrix, the left and right eigenvectors coincide, yielding $\kappa (\lambda )=1$, and the calculation of its eigenvalues is a well-conditioned problem. …

18: 1.8 Fourier Series

… ►at every point at which $f(x)$ has both a left-hand derivative (that is, (1.4.4) applies when $h\to 0-$) and a right-hand derivative (that is, (1.4.4) applies when $h\to 0+$). … …

19: 4.10 Integrals

… ►The left-hand side of (4.10.7) is a Cauchy principal value (§1.4(v)). …

20: 8.7 Series Expansions

… ►

8.7.6 $$\mathrm{\Gamma }(a,x)=x^a{\mathrm{e}}^{-x}\sum _{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{L_n^{(a)}\left(x\right)}{n+1},$$ $x>0$, .

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Symbols:

$L_n^{(\alpha )}\left(x\right)$: Laguerre (or generalized Laguerre) polynomial, $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $\mathrm{\Gamma }(a,z)$: incomplete gamma function, $\mathrm{\Re }$: real part, $x$: real variable, $z$: complex variable, $a$: parameter and $n$: nonnegative integer

Proof sketch:

Integrate (18.12.13) from $z=0$ to $z=1$ and for the integral on the left-hand side use the substitution $z=\frac{t}{1+t}$. The resulting integral is (8.6.5). The constraint follows from (18.15.14).

Referenced by:

Erratum (V1.1.8) for Equation (8.7.6)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/8.7.E6

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

Addition (effective with 1.1.8):

The constraint was updated to include .

Suggested 2022-10-14 by Walter Gautschi

See also:

Annotations for §8.7 and Ch.8

…