Bernoulli and Euler polynomials

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31: 25.1 Special Notation

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$k,m,n$	nonnegative integers.
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$\gamma$	Euler’s constant (§5.2(ii)).
$\psi \left(x\right)$	digamma function ${\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{\prime }\left(x\right)/\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(x\right)$ except in §25.16. See §5.2(i).
$B_n,B_n\left(x\right)$	Bernoulli number and polynomial (§24.2(i)).
${\tilde{B}}_n\left(x\right)$	periodic Bernoulli function $B_n\left(x-\lfloor x\rfloor \right)$.
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32: Errata

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5.17.5 $$\mathrm{Ln}G\left(z+1\right)\sim \frac{1}{4}{z}^2+z\mathrm{Ln}\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z+1\right)-\left(\frac{1}{2}z(z+1)+\frac{1}{12}\right)\mathrm{Ln}z-\ln A+\sum _{k=1}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{B_{2k+2}}{2k(2k+1)(2k+2)z^{2k}}$$

Originally the term $z\mathrm{Ln}\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z+1\right)$ was incorrectly stated as $z\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z+1\right)$.

Reported 2013-08-01 by Gergő Nemes and subsequently by Nick Jones on December 11, 2013.

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33: Bibliography B

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On the Euler and Bernoulli polynomials. J. Reine Angew. Math. 234, pp. 45–64.

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External Links:

ISSN 0075-4102, MathReview (L. Carlitz), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§24.12(iv).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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34: Bibliography C

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Some congruences for the Bernoulli numbers. Amer. J. Math. 75 (1), pp. 163–172.

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External Links:

FullText, MathReview (A. L. Whiteman), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§24.10(i).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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$q$-Bernoulli and Eulerian numbers. Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 76 (2), pp. 332–350.

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External Links:

FullText, MathReview (A. L. Whiteman), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§17.3(iii), §24.16(iii).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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A note on Euler numbers and polynomials. Nagoya Math. J. 7, pp. 35–43.

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External Links:

MathReview (A. L. Whiteman), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§24.10(iv).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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Expansions of $q$-Bernoulli numbers. Duke Math. J. 25 (2), pp. 355–364.

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External Links:

Document, MathReview (A. L. Whiteman), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§17.3(iii).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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Accélération de calcul de nombres de Bernoulli. J. Number Theory 28 (3), pp. 347–362 (French).

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External Links:

ISSN 0022-314X, Document, MathReview (Louis Shapiro), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§24.19(i).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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35: 25.11 Hurwitz Zeta Function

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25.11.6 $$\zeta (s,a)=\frac{1}{a^s}\left(\frac{1}{2}+\frac{a}{s-1}\right)-\frac{s(s+1)}{2}{\int }_0^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{{\tilde{B}}_2\left(x\right)-B_2}{{(x+a)}^{s+2}}dx,$$ $s\ne 1$, $\mathrm{\Re }s>-1$, $a>0$.

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Symbols:

$B_n$: Bernoulli numbers, $\zeta (s,a)$: Hurwitz zeta function, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\int$: integral, ${\tilde{B}}_n\left(x\right)$: periodic Bernoulli functions, $\mathrm{\Re }$: real part, $x$: real variable, $a$: real or complex parameter and $s$: complex variable

Keywords:

Euler–Maclaurin formula, improper integral

Source:

Apostol (1985a, (25), p. 231)

Referenced by:

Erratum (V1.0.12) for Equations (25.11.6), (25.11.19), and (25.11.20)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/25.11.E6

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

Errata (effective with 1.0.12):

Originally the integrand was incorrect because its numerator contained the function ${\tilde{B}}_2\left(x\right)$. The correct function is $\frac{{\tilde{B}}_2\left(x\right)-B_2}{2}$.

Reported 2016-05-08 by Clemens Heuberger

See also:

Annotations for §25.11(iii), §25.11 and Ch.25

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25.11.7 $$\zeta (s,a)=\frac{1}{a^s}+\frac{1}{{(1+a)}^s}\left(\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1+a}{s-1}\right)+\sum _{k=1}^n\left(\genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{s+2k-2}{2k-1}\right)\frac{B_{2k}}{2k}\frac{1}{{(1+a)}^{s+2k-1}}-\left(\genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{s+2n}{2n+1}\right){\int }_1^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{{\tilde{B}}_{2n+1}\left(x\right)}{{(x+a)}^{s+2n+1}}dx,$$ $s\ne 1$, $a>0$, $n=1,2,3,\mathrm{\dots }$, $\mathrm{\Re }s>-2n$.

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Symbols:

$B_n$: Bernoulli numbers, $\zeta (s,a)$: Hurwitz zeta function, $\left(\genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{m}{n}\right)$: binomial coefficient, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\int$: integral, ${\tilde{B}}_n\left(x\right)$: periodic Bernoulli functions, $\mathrm{\Re }$: real part, $k$: nonnegative integer, $n$: nonnegative integer, $x$: real variable, $a$: real or complex parameter and $s$: complex variable

Keywords:

Euler–Maclaurin formula, improper integral

Proof sketch:

Derivable from (25.11.5) by setting $N=1$ and repeatedly integrating by parts using (1.2.6), (24.2.2), (24.2.4), (24.2.11), (24.2.12), (24.4.34).

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/25.11.E7

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §25.11(iii), §25.11 and Ch.25

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36: 25.16 Mathematical Applications

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25.16.6 $$H\left(s\right)=-{\zeta }^{\prime }\left(s\right)+\gamma \zeta \left(s\right)+\frac{1}{2}\zeta \left(s+1\right)+\sum _{r=1}^k\zeta \left(1-2r\right)\zeta \left(s+2r\right)+\sum _{n=1}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{1}{n^s}{\int }_n^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{{\tilde{B}}_{2k+1}\left(x\right)}{x^{2k+2}}dx,$$

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Symbols:

$\gamma$: Euler’s constant, $H\left(s\right)$: Euler sums, $\zeta \left(s\right)$: Riemann zeta function, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\int$: integral, ${\tilde{B}}_n\left(x\right)$: periodic Bernoulli functions, $k$: nonnegative integer, $n$: nonnegative integer, $x$: real variable and $s$: complex variable

Keywords:

Euler sum, finite sum, improper integral, infinite series, integral representation, series representation

Source:

Apostol and Vu (1984, (3), p. 87)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/25.16.E6

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §25.16(ii), §25.16 and Ch.25

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25.16.7 $$H\left(s\right)=\frac{1}{2}\zeta \left(s+1\right)+\frac{\zeta \left(s\right)}{s-1}-\sum _{r=1}^k\left(\genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{s+2r-2}{2r-1}\right)\zeta \left(1-2r\right)\zeta \left(s+2r\right)-\left(\genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{s+2k}{2k+1}\right)\sum _{n=1}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{1}{n}{\int }_n^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{{\tilde{B}}_{2k+1}\left(x\right)}{x^{s+2k+1}}dx.$$

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Symbols:

$H\left(s\right)$: Euler sums, $\zeta \left(s\right)$: Riemann zeta function, $\left(\genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{m}{n}\right)$: binomial coefficient, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\int$: integral, ${\tilde{B}}_n\left(x\right)$: periodic Bernoulli functions, $k$: nonnegative integer, $n$: nonnegative integer, $x$: real variable and $s$: complex variable

Keywords:

Euler sum, finite sum, improper integral, infinite series, integral representation, series representation

Source:

Apostol and Vu (1984, (6), p. 88)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/25.16.E7

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §25.16(ii), §25.16 and Ch.25

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37: 2.10 Sums and Sequences

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§2.10(i) Euler–Maclaurin Formula

►As in §24.2, let $B_n$ and $B_n\left(x\right)$ denote the $n$th Bernoulli number and polynomial, respectively, and ${\tilde{B}}_n\left(x\right)$ the $n$th Bernoulli periodic function $B_n\left(x-\lfloor x\rfloor \right)$. … ►This is the Euler–Maclaurin formula. … ►From §24.12(i), (24.2.2), and (24.4.27), ${\tilde{B}}_{2m}\left(x\right)-B_{2m}$ is of constant sign ${(-1)}^m$. … ►

Example

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38: 25.2 Definition and Expansions

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25.2.9 $$\zeta \left(s\right)=\sum _{k=1}^N\frac{1}{k^s}+\frac{N^{1-s}}{s-1}-\frac{1}{2}{N}^{-s}+\sum _{k=1}^n\left(\genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{s+2k-2}{2k-1}\right)\frac{B_{2k}}{2k}{N}^{1-s-2k}-\left(\genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{s+2n}{2n+1}\right){\int }_N^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{{\tilde{B}}_{2n+1}\left(x\right)}{x^{s+2n+1}}dx,$$ $\mathrm{\Re }s>-2n$; $n,N=1,2,3,\mathrm{\dots }$.

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Symbols:

$B_n$: Bernoulli numbers, $\zeta \left(s\right)$: Riemann zeta function, $\left(\genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{m}{n}\right)$: binomial coefficient, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\int$: integral, ${\tilde{B}}_n\left(x\right)$: periodic Bernoulli functions, $\mathrm{\Re }$: real part, $k$: nonnegative integer, $n$: nonnegative integer, $x$: real variable and $s$: complex variable

Keywords:

Euler–Maclaurin formula, improper integral

Proof sketch:

Derivable from (25.2.8) by repeated integration by parts.

Referenced by:

§25.18(i), (25.2.10)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/25.2.E9

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §25.2(iii), §25.2 and Ch.25

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25.2.10 $$\zeta \left(s\right)=\frac{1}{s-1}+\frac{1}{2}+\sum _{k=1}^n\left(\genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{s+2k-2}{2k-1}\right)\frac{B_{2k}}{2k}-\left(\genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{s+2n}{2n+1}\right){\int }_1^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{{\tilde{B}}_{2n+1}\left(x\right)}{x^{s+2n+1}}dx,$$ $\mathrm{\Re }s>-2n$, $n=1,2,3,\mathrm{\dots }$.

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Symbols:

$B_n$: Bernoulli numbers, $\zeta \left(s\right)$: Riemann zeta function, $\left(\genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{m}{n}\right)$: binomial coefficient, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\int$: integral, ${\tilde{B}}_n\left(x\right)$: periodic Bernoulli functions, $\mathrm{\Re }$: real part, $k$: nonnegative integer, $n$: nonnegative integer, $x$: real variable and $s$: complex variable

Keywords:

Euler–Maclaurin formula

Proof sketch:

Derivable from (25.2.9) with $N=1$.

A&S Ref:

23.2.3

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/25.2.E10

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §25.2(iii), §25.2 and Ch.25

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39: 3.5 Quadrature

… ►For the Bernoulli numbers $B_m$ see §24.2(i). … ►

Gauss–Legendre Formula

… ►In the case of Chebyshev weight functions $w(x)={(1-x)}^{\alpha }{(1+x)}^{\beta }$ on $[-1,1]$, with $\left|\alpha \right|=\left|\beta \right|=\frac{1}{2}$, the nodes $x_k$, weights $w_k$, and error constant ${\gamma }_n$, are as follows: … ►The $p_n(x)$ are the monic Hermite polynomials $H_n\left(x\right)$ (§18.3). … ► …

40: Bibliography

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On the degrees of irreducible factors of higher order Bernoulli polynomials. Acta Arith. 62 (4), pp. 329–342.

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External Links:

ISSN 0065-1036, Pdf, MathReview (L. Skula), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§24.12(iii).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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Integrals of products of Bernoulli polynomials. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 381 (1), pp. 10–16.

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External Links:

ISSN 0022-247X, Document, FullText, MathReview (Pablo Manuel Román), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§24.13(i), §24.13(i).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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Some determinants of Bernoulli, Euler and related numbers. Portugal. Math. 18, pp. 91–99.

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External Links:

FullText, MathReview (D. P. Banerjee), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§24.14(ii).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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Bernoulli’s power-sum formulas revisited. Math. Gaz. 90 (518), pp. 276–279.

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Referenced by:

§24.4(iii).

Encodings:

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A primer on Bernoulli numbers and polynomials. Math. Mag. 81 (3), pp. 178–190.

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External Links:

ISSN 0025-570X, MathReview Entry, ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§24.5(ii), Ch.24.

Encodings:

BibTeX

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