Bernoulli

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31: 17.3 $q$-Elementary and $q$-Special Functions

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§17.3(iii) Bernoulli Polynomials; Euler and Stirling Numbers

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$q$-Bernoulli Polynomials

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17.3.7 $${\beta }_n(x,q)={(1-q)}^{1-n}\sum _{r=0}^n{(-1)}^r\left(\genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{n}{r}\right)\frac{r+1}{(1-q^{r+1})}{q}^{rx}.$$

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Defines:

${\beta }_n(x,q)$: $q$-Bernoulli polynomial

Symbols:

$\left(\genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{m}{n}\right)$: binomial coefficient, $q$: complex base, $n$: nonnegative integer, $r$: nonnegative integer and $x$: real variable

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/17.3.E7

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §17.3(iii), §17.3(iii), §17.3 and Ch.17

… ►The ${\beta }_n(x,q)$ are, in fact, rational functions of $q$, and not necessarily polynomials. …

32: 5.15 Polygamma Functions

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5.15.8 $${\psi }^{\prime }\left(z\right)\sim \frac{1}{z}+\frac{1}{2z^2}+\sum _{k=1}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{B_{2k}}{z^{2k+1}},$$

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Symbols:

$B_n$: Bernoulli numbers, $\sim$: Poincaré asymptotic expansion, $\psi \left(z\right)$: psi (or digamma) function, $k$: nonnegative integer and $z$: complex variable

A&S Ref:

6.4.12

Referenced by:

§5.15

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/5.15.E8

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §5.15 and Ch.5

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5.15.9 $${\psi }^{(n)}\left(z\right)\sim {(-1)}^{n-1}\left(\frac{(n-1)!}{z^n}+\frac{n!}{2z^{n+1}}+\sum _{k=1}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{(2k+n-1)!}{(2k)!}\frac{B_{2k}}{z^{2k+n}}\right).$$

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Symbols:

$B_n$: Bernoulli numbers, $\sim$: Poincaré asymptotic expansion, $\psi \left(z\right)$: psi (or digamma) function, $!$: factorial (as in $n!$), $n$: nonnegative integer, $k$: nonnegative integer and $z$: complex variable

A&S Ref:

6.4.11

Referenced by:

§5.15, Erratum (V1.1.3) for Additions

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/5.15.E9

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

Addition (effective with 1.1.3):

This equation was added.

Suggested 2021-09-09 by Calvin Khor

See also:

Annotations for §5.15 and Ch.5

►For $B_{2k}$ see §24.2(i). …

33: 2.10 Sums and Sequences

… ►As in §24.2, let $B_n$ and $B_n\left(x\right)$ denote the $n$th Bernoulli number and polynomial, respectively, and ${\tilde{B}}_n\left(x\right)$ the $n$th Bernoulli periodic function $B_n\left(x-\lfloor x\rfloor \right)$. … ►

2.10.1 $$\sum _{j=a}^{n}f(j)={\int }_a^{n}f(x)dx+\frac{1}{2}f(a)+\frac{1}{2}f(n)+\sum _{s=1}^{m-1}\frac{B_{2s}}{(2s)!}\left(f^{(2s-1)}(n)-f^{(2s-1)}(a)\right)+{\int }_a^n\frac{B_{2m}-{\tilde{B}}_{2m}\left(x\right)}{(2m)!}{f}^{(2m)}(x)dx.$$

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Symbols:

$B_n$: Bernoulli numbers, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $!$: factorial (as in $n!$), $\int$: integral, ${\tilde{B}}_n\left(x\right)$: periodic Bernoulli functions, $a$: integer, $m$: integer, $n$: integer and $f(x)$: integrable function

Referenced by:

§2.10(i), §2.10(i)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/2.10.E1

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §2.10(i), §2.10 and Ch.2

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2.10.4 $$S(n)=\frac{1}{2}{n}^2\ln n-\frac{1}{4}{n}^2+\frac{1}{2}n\ln n+\frac{1}{12}\ln n+C+\sum _{s=2}^{m-1}\frac{(-B_{2s})}{2s(2s-1)(2s-2)}\frac{1}{n^{2s-2}}+R_m(n),$$

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Symbols:

$B_n$: Bernoulli numbers, $\ln z$: principal branch of logarithm function, $m$: integer, $n$: integer, $S(n)$: sum, $C$: constant and $R_m(n)$: remainder

Referenced by:

§2.10(i)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/2.10.E4

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §2.10(i), §2.10(i), §2.10 and Ch.2

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2.10.5 $$R_m(n)={\int }_n^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{{\tilde{B}}_{2m}\left(x\right)-B_{2m}}{2m(2m-1)x^{2m-1}}dx.$$

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Symbols:

$B_n$: Bernoulli numbers, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\int$: integral, ${\tilde{B}}_n\left(x\right)$: periodic Bernoulli functions, $m$: integer, $n$: integer and $R_m(n)$: remainder

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/2.10.E5

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §2.10(i), §2.10(i), §2.10 and Ch.2

►From §24.12(i), (24.2.2), and (24.4.27), ${\tilde{B}}_{2m}\left(x\right)-B_{2m}$ is of constant sign ${(-1)}^m$. …

34: 25.6 Integer Arguments

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§25.6(i) Function Values

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25.6.2 $$\zeta \left(2n\right)=\frac{{(2\pi )}^{2n}}{2(2n)!}\left|B_{2n}\right|,$$ $n=1,2,3,\mathrm{\dots }$.

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Symbols:

$B_n$: Bernoulli numbers, $\zeta \left(s\right)$: Riemann zeta function, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $!$: factorial (as in $n!$) and $n$: nonnegative integer

Sources:

Magnus et al. (1966, p. 19); Apostol (1976, (22), p. 266)

A&S Ref:

23.2.16

Referenced by:

(25.11.21)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/25.6.E2

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §25.6(i), §25.6 and Ch.25

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25.6.3 $$\zeta \left(-n\right)=-\frac{B_{n+1}}{n+1},$$ $n=1,2,3,\mathrm{\dots }$.

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Symbols:

$B_n$: Bernoulli numbers, $\zeta \left(s\right)$: Riemann zeta function and $n$: nonnegative integer

Source:

Apostol (1976, (20), p. 266); with $n\ne 0$

A&S Ref:

23.2.15 (in slightly different form)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/25.6.E3

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §25.6(i), §25.6 and Ch.25

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25.6.6 $$\zeta \left(2k+1\right)=\frac{{(-1)}^{k+1}{(2\pi )}^{2k+1}}{2(2k+1)!}{\int }_0^1{B}_{2k+1}\left(t\right)\cot \left(\pi t\right)dt,$$ $k=1,2,3,\mathrm{\dots }$.

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Symbols:

$B_n\left(x\right)$: Bernoulli polynomials, $\zeta \left(s\right)$: Riemann zeta function, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\cot z$: cotangent function, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $!$: factorial (as in $n!$), $\int$: integral and $k$: nonnegative integer

Source:

Nörlund (1924, (81*), p. 66); with $\nu =k$

A&S Ref:

23.2.17

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/25.6.E6

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §25.6(i), §25.6 and Ch.25

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25.6.15 $${\zeta }^{\prime }\left(2n\right)=\frac{{(-1)}^{n+1}{(2\pi )}^{2n}}{2(2n)!}\left(2n{\zeta }^{\prime }\left(1-2n\right)-(\psi \left(2n\right)-\ln \left(2\pi \right))B_{2n}\right).$$

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Symbols:

$B_n$: Bernoulli numbers, $\zeta \left(s\right)$: Riemann zeta function, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\psi \left(z\right)$: psi (or digamma) function, $!$: factorial (as in $n!$), $\ln z$: principal branch of logarithm function and $n$: nonnegative integer

Source:

Miller and Adamchik (1998, (2), p. 202)

Referenced by:

(25.11.21)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/25.6.E15

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §25.6(ii), §25.6 and Ch.25

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35: 25.16 Mathematical Applications

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25.16.6 $$H\left(s\right)=-{\zeta }^{\prime }\left(s\right)+\gamma \zeta \left(s\right)+\frac{1}{2}\zeta \left(s+1\right)+\sum _{r=1}^k\zeta \left(1-2r\right)\zeta \left(s+2r\right)+\sum _{n=1}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{1}{n^s}{\int }_n^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{{\tilde{B}}_{2k+1}\left(x\right)}{x^{2k+2}}dx,$$

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Symbols:

$\gamma$: Euler’s constant, $H\left(s\right)$: Euler sums, $\zeta \left(s\right)$: Riemann zeta function, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\int$: integral, ${\tilde{B}}_n\left(x\right)$: periodic Bernoulli functions, $k$: nonnegative integer, $n$: nonnegative integer, $x$: real variable and $s$: complex variable

Keywords:

Euler sum, finite sum, improper integral, infinite series, integral representation, series representation

Source:

Apostol and Vu (1984, (3), p. 87)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/25.16.E6

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §25.16(ii), §25.16 and Ch.25

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25.16.7 $$H\left(s\right)=\frac{1}{2}\zeta \left(s+1\right)+\frac{\zeta \left(s\right)}{s-1}-\sum _{r=1}^k\left(\genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{s+2r-2}{2r-1}\right)\zeta \left(1-2r\right)\zeta \left(s+2r\right)-\left(\genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{s+2k}{2k+1}\right)\sum _{n=1}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{1}{n}{\int }_n^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{{\tilde{B}}_{2k+1}\left(x\right)}{x^{s+2k+1}}dx.$$

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Symbols:

$H\left(s\right)$: Euler sums, $\zeta \left(s\right)$: Riemann zeta function, $\left(\genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{m}{n}\right)$: binomial coefficient, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\int$: integral, ${\tilde{B}}_n\left(x\right)$: periodic Bernoulli functions, $k$: nonnegative integer, $n$: nonnegative integer, $x$: real variable and $s$: complex variable

Keywords:

Euler sum, finite sum, improper integral, infinite series, integral representation, series representation

Source:

Apostol and Vu (1984, (6), p. 88)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/25.16.E7

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §25.16(ii), §25.16 and Ch.25

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25.16.10 $$H\left(-2a\right)=\frac{1}{2}\zeta \left(1-2a\right)=-\frac{B_{2a}}{4a},$$ $a=1,2,3,\mathrm{\dots }$.

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Symbols:

$B_n$: Bernoulli numbers, $H\left(s\right)$: Euler sums, $\zeta \left(s\right)$: Riemann zeta function and $a$: real or complex parameter

Keywords:

Euler sum, special value

Source:

Apostol and Vu (1984, (7), p. 88)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/25.16.E10

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §25.16(ii), §25.16 and Ch.25

► $H\left(s\right)$ has a simple pole with residue $\zeta \left(1-2r\right)$ ($=-B_{2r}/(2r)$) at each odd negative integer $s=1-2r$, $r=1,2,3,\mathrm{\dots }$. …

36: 5.17 Barnes’ $G$-Function (Double Gamma Function)

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5.17.5 $$\mathrm{Ln}G\left(z+1\right)\sim \frac{1}{4}{z}^2+z\mathrm{Ln}\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z+1\right)-\left(\frac{1}{2}z(z+1)+\frac{1}{12}\right)\ln z-\ln A+\sum _{k=1}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{B_{2k+2}}{2k(2k+1)(2k+2)z^{2k}}.$$

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Symbols:

$G\left(z\right)$: Barnes’ $G$-function (or double gamma function), $B_n$: Bernoulli numbers, $\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, $\sim$: Poincaré asymptotic expansion, $\mathrm{Ln}z$: general logarithm function, $\ln z$: principal branch of logarithm function, $k$: nonnegative integer, $z$: complex variable and $A$: Glaisher’s constant

Referenced by:

§5.17, §5.17, Erratum (V1.0.7) for Equation (5.17.5), Erratum (V1.1.11) for Equation (5.17.5)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/5.17.E5

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

Errata (effective with 1.1.11):

For consistency we have replaced $\mathrm{Ln}z$ by $\ln z$.

Errata (effective with 1.0.7):

Originally the term $z\mathrm{Ln}\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z+1\right)$ was incorrectly stated as $z\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z+1\right)$. (This error was reported subsequently by Nick Jones on December 11, 2013.)

Reported 2013-08-01 by Gergő Nemes

See also:

Annotations for §5.17 and Ch.5

… ►Here $B_{2k+2}$ is the Bernoulli number (§24.2(i)), and $A$ is Glaisher’s constant, given by …

37: Bibliography D

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Sur les zéros réels des polynômes de Bernoulli. Ann. Inst. Fourier (Grenoble) 41 (2), pp. 267–309 (French).

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External Links:

ISSN 0373-0956, MathReview (F. Beukers), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§24.12(i).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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Asymptotic behaviour of Bernoulli, Euler, and generalized Bernoulli polynomials. J. Approx. Theory 49 (4), pp. 321–330.

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External Links:

ISSN 0021-9045, Document, MathReview (Guillermo López Lagomasino), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§24.11.

Encodings:

BibTeX

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Zeros of Bernoulli, generalized Bernoulli and Euler polynomials. Mem. Amer. Math. Soc. 73 (386), pp. iv+94.

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External Links:

ISSN 0065-9266, MathReview (D. H. Lehmer), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§24.12(i), §24.12(iii), §24.16(ii).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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Sums of products of Bernoulli numbers. J. Number Theory 60 (1), pp. 23–41.

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External Links:

ISSN 0022-314X, Document, MathReview (Wen Peng Zhang), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§24.14(ii).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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Bernoulli Numbers and Confluent Hypergeometric Functions. In Number Theory for the Millennium, I (Urbana, IL, 2000), pp. 343–363.

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External Links:

ISBN 1-56881-126-8, MathReview (Arnold M. Adelberg), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§24.16(iii).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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38: 19.30 Lengths of Plane Curves

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§19.30(iii) Bernoulli’s Lemniscate

►For $0\le \theta \le \frac{1}{4}\pi$, the arclength $s$ of Bernoulli’s lemniscate …

39: Bibliography T

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New congruences for the Bernoulli numbers. Math. Comp. 48 (177), pp. 341–350.

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External Links:

ISSN 0025-5718, FullText, MathReview (Wells Johnson), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

1st item.

Encodings:

BibTeX

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Bernoulli polynomials old and new: Generalizations and asymptotics. CWI Quarterly 8 (1), pp. 47–66.

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External Links:

ISSN 0922-5366, FullText, MathReview (Michael Hauss), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§24.11, §24.16(i).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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Explicit formulas for the Bernoulli and Euler polynomials and numbers. Abh. Math. Sem. Univ. Hamburg 61, pp. 175–180.

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External Links:

ISSN 0025-5858, Document, MathReview (L. Skula), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§24.4(v), §24.6.

Encodings:

BibTeX

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On the theory of the Bernoulli polynomials and numbers. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 104 (2), pp. 309–350.

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External Links:

ISSN 0022-247X, Document, MathReview (Louis Shapiro), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§24.15(iii).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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40: Bibliography H

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An Euler-Maclaurin-type formula involving conjugate Bernoulli polynomials and an application to $\zeta (2m+1)$ . Commun. Appl. Anal. 1 (1), pp. 15–32.

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External Links:

ISSN 1083-2564, MathReview (Pavel Guerzhoy), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§24.16(iii).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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An explicit formula for Bernoulli numbers. Rep. Fac. Sci. Technol. Meijo Univ. 29, pp. 1–6.

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External Links:

ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§24.6.

Encodings:

BibTeX

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On congruences involving Bernoulli numbers and irregular primes. II. Rep. Fac. Sci. Technol. Meijo Univ. 31, pp. 1–8.

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External Links:

ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§24.15(iii).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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Explicit formulas for degenerate Bernoulli numbers. Discrete Math. 162 (1-3), pp. 175–185.

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External Links:

ISSN 0012-365X, Document, MathReview (L. Skula), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§24.16(i).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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Bernoulli numbers and polynomials via residues. J. Number Theory 76 (2), pp. 178–193.

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External Links:

ISSN 0022-314X, Document, MathReview (L. Skula), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§24.14(ii).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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