# §14.18 Sums

## §14.18(i) Expansion Theorem

For expansions of arbitrary functions in series of Legendre polynomials see §18.18(i), and for expansions of arbitrary functions in series of associated Legendre functions see Schäfke (1961b).

In (14.18.1) and (14.18.2), $\theta_{1}$, $\theta_{2}$, and $\theta_{1}+\theta_{2}$ all lie in $[0,\pi)$, and $\phi$ is real.

 14.18.1 $\mathop{\mathsf{P}_{\nu}\/}\nolimits\!\left(\mathop{\cos\/}\nolimits\theta_{1}% \mathop{\cos\/}\nolimits\theta_{2}+\mathop{\sin\/}\nolimits\theta_{1}\mathop{% \sin\/}\nolimits\theta_{2}\mathop{\cos\/}\nolimits\phi\right)=\mathop{\mathsf{% P}_{\nu}\/}\nolimits\!\left(\mathop{\cos\/}\nolimits\theta_{1}\right)\mathop{% \mathsf{P}_{\nu}\/}\nolimits\!\left(\mathop{\cos\/}\nolimits\theta_{2}\right)+% 2\sum_{m=1}^{\infty}(-1)^{m}\mathop{\mathsf{P}^{-m}_{\nu}\/}\nolimits\!\left(% \mathop{\cos\/}\nolimits\theta_{1}\right)\mathop{\mathsf{P}^{m}_{\nu}\/}% \nolimits\!\left(\mathop{\cos\/}\nolimits\theta_{2}\right)\mathop{\cos\/}% \nolimits\!\left(m\phi\right),$
 14.18.2 $\mathop{\mathsf{P}_{n}\/}\nolimits\!\left(\mathop{\cos\/}\nolimits\theta_{1}% \mathop{\cos\/}\nolimits\theta_{2}+\mathop{\sin\/}\nolimits\theta_{1}\mathop{% \sin\/}\nolimits\theta_{2}\mathop{\cos\/}\nolimits\phi\right)=\sum_{m=-n}^{n}(% -1)^{m}\mathop{\mathsf{P}^{-m}_{n}\/}\nolimits\!\left(\mathop{\cos\/}\nolimits% \theta_{1}\right)\mathop{\mathsf{P}^{m}_{n}\/}\nolimits\!\left(\mathop{\cos\/}% \nolimits\theta_{2}\right)\mathop{\cos\/}\nolimits(m\phi).$

In (14.18.3), $\theta_{1}$ lies in $(0,\frac{1}{2}\pi)$, $\theta_{2}$ and $\theta_{1}+\theta_{2}$ both lie in $(0,\pi)$, $\theta_{1}<\theta_{2}$, $\phi$ is real, and $\nu\neq-1,-2,-3,\dots$.

 14.18.3 $\mathop{\mathsf{Q}_{\nu}\/}\nolimits\!\left(\mathop{\cos\/}\nolimits\theta_{1}% \mathop{\cos\/}\nolimits\theta_{2}+\mathop{\sin\/}\nolimits\theta_{1}\mathop{% \sin\/}\nolimits\theta_{2}\mathop{\cos\/}\nolimits\phi\right)=\mathop{\mathsf{% P}_{\nu}\/}\nolimits\!\left(\mathop{\cos\/}\nolimits\theta_{1}\right)\mathop{% \mathsf{Q}_{\nu}\/}\nolimits\!\left(\mathop{\cos\/}\nolimits\theta_{2}\right)+% 2\sum_{m=1}^{\infty}(-1)^{m}\mathop{\mathsf{P}^{-m}_{\nu}\/}\nolimits\!\left(% \mathop{\cos\/}\nolimits\theta_{1}\right)\mathop{\mathsf{Q}^{m}_{\nu}\/}% \nolimits\!\left(\mathop{\cos\/}\nolimits\theta_{2}\right)\mathop{\cos\/}% \nolimits\!\left(m\phi\right).$

In (14.18.4) and (14.18.5), $\xi_{1}$ and $\xi_{2}$ are positive, and $\phi$ is real; also in (14.18.5) $\xi_{1}<\xi_{2}$ and $\nu\neq-1,-2,-3,\dots$.

 14.18.4 $\mathop{P_{\nu}\/}\nolimits\!\left(\mathop{\cosh\/}\nolimits\xi_{1}\mathop{% \cosh\/}\nolimits\xi_{2}-\mathop{\sinh\/}\nolimits\xi_{1}\mathop{\sinh\/}% \nolimits\xi_{2}\mathop{\cos\/}\nolimits\phi\right)=\mathop{P_{\nu}\/}% \nolimits\!\left(\mathop{\cosh\/}\nolimits\xi_{1}\right)\mathop{P_{\nu}\/}% \nolimits\!\left(\mathop{\cosh\/}\nolimits\xi_{2}\right)+2\sum_{m=1}^{\infty}(% -1)^{m}\mathop{P^{-m}_{\nu}\/}\nolimits\!\left(\mathop{\cosh\/}\nolimits\xi_{1% }\right)\mathop{P^{m}_{\nu}\/}\nolimits\!\left(\mathop{\cosh\/}\nolimits\xi_{2% }\right)\mathop{\cos\/}\nolimits\!\left(m\phi\right),$
 14.18.5 $\mathop{Q_{\nu}\/}\nolimits\!\left(\mathop{\cosh\/}\nolimits\xi_{1}\mathop{% \cosh\/}\nolimits\xi_{2}-\mathop{\sinh\/}\nolimits\xi_{1}\mathop{\sinh\/}% \nolimits\xi_{2}\mathop{\cos\/}\nolimits\phi\right)=\mathop{P_{\nu}\/}% \nolimits\!\left(\mathop{\cosh\/}\nolimits\xi_{1}\right)\mathop{Q_{\nu}\/}% \nolimits\!\left(\mathop{\cosh\/}\nolimits\xi_{2}\right)+2\sum_{m=1}^{\infty}(% -1)^{m}\mathop{P^{-m}_{\nu}\/}\nolimits\!\left(\mathop{\cosh\/}\nolimits\xi_{1% }\right)\mathop{Q^{m}_{\nu}\/}\nolimits\!\left(\mathop{\cosh\/}\nolimits\xi_{2% }\right)\mathop{\cos\/}\nolimits\!\left(m\phi\right).$

## §14.18(iii) Other Sums

### Christoffel’s Formulas

 14.18.6 $\displaystyle(x-y)\sum_{k=0}^{n}(2k+1)\mathop{P_{k}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right% )\mathop{P_{k}\/}\nolimits\!\left(y\right)$ $\displaystyle=(n+1)\left(\mathop{P_{n+1}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)\mathop{P_% {n}\/}\nolimits\!\left(y\right)-\mathop{P_{n}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)% \mathop{P_{n+1}\/}\nolimits\!\left(y\right)\right),$ Symbols: $\mathop{P^{\NVar{\mu}}_{\NVar{\nu}}\/}\nolimits\!\left(\NVar{z}\right)$: associated Legendre function of the first kind and $n$: nonnegative integer A&S Ref: 8.9.1 Referenced by: Other Changes Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/14.18.E6 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png See also: info for 14.18(iii) 14.18.7 $\displaystyle(x-y)\sum_{k=0}^{n}(2k+1)\mathop{P_{k}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right% )\mathop{Q_{k}\/}\nolimits\!\left(y\right)$ $\displaystyle=(n+1)\left(\mathop{P_{n+1}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)\mathop{Q_% {n}\/}\nolimits\!\left(y\right)-\mathop{P_{n}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)% \mathop{Q_{n+1}\/}\nolimits\!\left(y\right)\right)-1.$

In these formulas the Legendre functions are as in §14.3(ii) with $\mu=0$. The formulas are also valid with the Ferrers functions as in §14.3(i) with $\mu=0$.

### Zonal Harmonic Series

 14.18.8 $\mathop{\mathsf{P}_{\nu}\/}\nolimits\!\left(-x\right)=\frac{\mathop{\sin\/}% \nolimits\!\left(\nu\pi\right)}{\pi}\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{2n+1}{(\nu-n)(\nu% +n+1)}\mathop{\mathsf{P}_{n}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right),$ $\nu\notin\Integer$.

### Dougall’s Expansion

 14.18.9 $\mathop{\mathsf{P}^{-\mu}_{\nu}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)=\frac{\mathop{\sin% \/}\nolimits\!\left(\nu\pi\right)}{\pi}\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}(-1)^{n}\frac{2n+1}{% (\nu-n)(\nu+n+1)}\mathop{\mathsf{P}^{-\mu}_{n}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right),$ $-1, $\mu\geq 0$, $\nu\notin\Integer$.

For a series representation of the Dirac delta in terms of products of Legendre polynomials see (1.17.22).

## §14.18(iv) Compendia

For collections of sums involving associated Legendre functions, see Hansen (1975, pp. 367–377, 457–460, and 475), Erdélyi et al. (1953a, §3.10), Gradshteyn and Ryzhik (2000, §8.92), Magnus et al. (1966, pp. 178–184), and Prudnikov et al. (1990, §§5.2, 6.5). See also §18.18 and (34.3.19).