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11: Bibliography I

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Centre for Experimental and Constructive Mathematics, Simon Fraser University, Canada.

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Notes:

From a decimal approximation, find the most likely exact value.

External Links:

Inverse Symbolic Calculator

Referenced by:

3rd item.

Encodings:

BibTeX

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A Classical Introduction to Modern Number Theory. 2nd edition, Springer-Verlag, New York.

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External Links:

ISBN 0-387-97329-X, MathReview (Glenn Stevens), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§24.10(i), §24.10(ii), §24.10(iii), §24.17(iii).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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12: Errata

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The following additions were made in Chapter 18:

• In Subsection 18.2(i), Equation (18.2.1_5); the paragraph title “Orthogonality on Finite Point Sets” has been changed to “Orthogonality on Countable Sets”, and there are minor changes in the presentation of the final paragraph, including a new equation (18.2.4_5). The presentation of Subsection 18.2(iii) has changed, Equation (18.2.5_5) was added and an extra paragraph on standardizations has been included. The presentation of Subsection 18.2(iv) has changed and it has been expanded with two extra paragraphs and several new equations, (18.2.9_5), (18.2.11_1)–(18.2.11_9). Subsections 18.2(v) (with (18.2.12_5), (18.2.14)–(18.2.17)) and 18.2(vi) (with (18.2.17)–(18.2.20)) have been expanded. New subsections, 18.2(vii)–18.2(xii), with Equations (18.2.21)–(18.2.46),

• A new introduction, minor changes in the presentation, and three new paragraphs.

• Extra details for Chebyshev polynomials, and Equations (18.5.4_5), (18.5.11_1)–(18.5.11_4), (18.5.17_5).

• Line numbers and two extra rows were added to Table 18.8.1.

• Subsection 18.9(i) has been expanded, and 18.9(iii) has some additional explanation. Equations (18.9.2_1), (18.9.2_2), (18.9.18_5) and Table 18.9.2 were added.

• Three extra generating functions, (18.12.2_5), (18.12.3_5), (18.12.17).

• Equation (18.14.3_5). New subsection, 18.14(iv), with Equations (18.14.25)–(18.14.27).

• Equation (18.15.4_5).

• The title of Subsection 18.16(iii) was changed from “Ultraspherical and Legendre” to “Ultraspherical, Legendre and Chebyshev”. New subsection, 18.16(vii) Discriminants, with Equations (18.16.19)–(18.16.21).

• Extra explanatory text at many places and seven extra integrals (18.17.16_5), (18.17.21_1)–(18.17.21_3), (18.17.28_5), (18.17.34_5), (18.17.41_5).

• Extra explanatory text at several places and the title of Subsection 18.18(iv) was changed from “Connection Formulas” to “Connection and Inversion Formulas”.

• A new introduction.

• Equation (18.21.13).

• Extra explanatory text in Subsection 18.25(i) and the title of Subsection 18.25(ii) was changed from “Weights and Normalizations: Continuous Cases” to “Weights and Standardizations: Continuous Cases”.

• In Subsection 18.26(i) an extra paragraph on dualities has been included, with Equations (18.26.4_1), (18.26.4_2).

• Extra text at the start of this section and twenty seven extra formulas, (18.27.4_1), (18.27.4_2), (18.27.6_5), (18.27.9_5), (18.27.12_5), (18.27.14_1)–(18.27.14_6), (18.27.17_1)–(18.27.17_3), (18.27.20_5), (18.27.25), (18.27.26), (18.28.1_5).

• A big expansion. Six extra formulas in Subsection 18.28(ii) ((18.28.6_1)–(18.28.6_5)) and three extra formulas in Subsection 18.28(viii) ((18.28.21)–(18.28.23)). New subsections, 18.28(ix)–18.28(xi), with Equations (18.28.23)–(18.28.34).

• Originally this section did not have subsections. The original seven formulas have now more explanatory text and are split over two subsections. New subsections 18.30(iii)–18.30(viii), with Equations (18.30.8)–(18.30.31).

• This short section has been expanded, with Equation (18.32.2).

• Additional references and a new large subsection, 18.33(vi), including Equations (18.33.17)–(18.33.32).

• This section has been expanded, including an extra orthogonality relations (18.34.5_5), (18.34.7_1)–(18.34.7_3).

• This section on Pollaczek polynomials has been significantly updated with much more explanations and as well to include the Pollaczek polynomials of type 3 which are the most general with three free parameters. The Pollaczek polynomials which were previously treated, namely those of type 1 and type 2 are special cases of the type 3 Pollaczek polynomials. In the first paragraph of this section an extensive description of the relations between the three types of Pollaczek polynomials is given which was lacking previously. Equations (18.35.0_5), (18.35.2_1)–(18.35.2_5), (18.35.4_5), (18.35.6_1)–(18.35.6_6), (18.35.10).

• This section on miscellaneous polynomials has been expanded with new subsections, 18.36(v) on non-classical Laguerre polynomials and 18.36(vi) with examples of exceptional orthogonal polynomials, with Equations (18.36.1)–(18.36.10). In the titles of Subsections 18.36(ii) and 18.36(iii) we replaced “OP’s” by “Orthogonal Polynomials”.

• The paragraphs of Subsection 18.38(i) have been re-ordered and one paragraph was added. The title of Subsection 18.38(ii) was changed from “Classical OP’s: Other Applications” to “Classical OP’s: Mathematical Developments and Applications”. Subsection 18.38(iii) has been expanded with seven new paragraphs, and Equations (18.38.4)–(18.38.11).

• This section was completely rewritten. The previous 18.39(i) Quantum Mechanics has been replaced by Subsections 18.39(i) Quantum Mechanics and 18.39(ii) A 3D Separable Quantum System, the Hydrogen Atom, containing the same essential information; the original content of the subsection is reproduced below for reference. Subsection 18.39(ii) was moved to 18.39(v) Other Applications. New subsections, 18.39(iii) Non Classical Weight Functions of Utility in DVR Method in the Physical Sciences, 18.39(iv) Coulomb–Pollaczek Polynomials and J-Matrix Methods; Equations (18.39.7)–(18.39.48); and Figures 18.39.1, 18.39.2.

  The original text of 18.39(i) Quantum Mechanics was:

  “Classical OP’s appear when the time-dependent Schrödinger equation is solved by separation of variables. Consider, for example, the one-dimensional form of this equation for a particle of mass $m$ with potential energy $V(x)$:

  errata.1 $$\left(\frac{-{\mathrm{\hslash }}^2}{2m}\frac{{\partial }^2}{{\partial x}^2}+V(x)\right)\psi (x,t)=i\mathrm{\hslash }\frac{\partial }{\partial t}\psi (x,t),$$

  where $\mathrm{\hslash }$ is the reduced Planck’s constant. On substituting $\psi (x,t)=\eta (x)\zeta (t)$, we obtain two ordinary differential equations, each of which involve the same constant $E$. The equation for $\eta (x)$ is

  errata.2 $$\frac{d^2\eta }{{dx}^2}+\frac{2m}{{\mathrm{\hslash }}^2}\left(E-V(x)\right)\eta =0.$$

  For a harmonic oscillator, the potential energy is given by

  errata.3 $$V(x)=\frac{1}{2}m{\omega }^2{x}^2,$$

  where $\omega$ is the angular frequency. For (18.39.2) to have a nontrivial bounded solution in the interval , the constant $E$ (the total energy of the particle) must satisfy

  errata.4 $$E=E_n=\left(n+\frac{1}{2}\right)\mathrm{\hslash }\omega ,$$ $n=0,1,2,\mathrm{\dots }$.

  The corresponding eigenfunctions are

  errata.5 $${\eta }_n(x)={\pi }^{-\frac{1}{4}}{2}^{-\frac{1}{2}n}{(n!b)}^{-\frac{1}{2}}{H}_n\left(x/b\right){\mathrm{e}}^{-x^2/2b^2},$$

  where $b={(\mathrm{\hslash }/m\omega )}^{1/2}$, and $H_n$ is the Hermite polynomial. For further details, see Seaborn (1991, p. 224) or Nikiforov and Uvarov (1988, pp. 71-72).

  A second example is provided by the three-dimensional time-independent Schrödinger equation

  errata.6 $${\nabla }^2\psi +\frac{2m}{{\mathrm{\hslash }}^2}\left(E-V(𝐱)\right)\psi =0,$$

  when this is solved by separation of variables in spherical coordinates (§1.5(ii)). The eigenfunctions of one of the separated ordinary differential equations are Legendre polynomials. See Seaborn (1991, pp. 69-75).

  For a third example, one in which the eigenfunctions are Laguerre polynomials, see Seaborn (1991, pp. 87-93) and Nikiforov and Uvarov (1988, pp. 76-80 and 320-323).”

• The old section is now Subsection 18.40(i) and a large new subsection, 18.40(ii), on the classical moment problem has been added, with formulae (18.40.1)–(18.40.10) and Figures 18.40.1, 18.40.2.

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13: 19.11 Addition Theorems

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19.11.6_5 $$R_C(\gamma -\delta ,\gamma )=\frac{-1}{\sqrt{\delta }}\arctan \left(\frac{\sqrt{\delta }\sin \theta \sin \varphi \sin \psi }{{\alpha }^2-1-{\alpha }^2\cos \theta \cos \varphi \cos \psi }\right).$$

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Symbols:

$R_C(x,y)$: Carlson’s combination of inverse circular and inverse hyperbolic functions, $\cos z$: cosine function, $\arctan z$: arctangent function, $\sin z$: sine function, $\varphi$: real or complex argument, ${\alpha }^2$: real or complex parameter, $\theta$: amplitude, $\psi$: angle, $\gamma$ and $\delta$

Referenced by:

§19.11(i), Erratum (V1.0.28) for Equations (15.2.3_5), (19.11.6_5)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/19.11.E6_5

Encodings:

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Clarification (effective with 1.0.28):

This equation was given a number.

See also:

Annotations for §19.11(i), §19.11 and Ch.19

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14: 1.9 Calculus of a Complex Variable

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§1.9(i) Complex Numbers

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Polar Representation

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Modulus and Phase

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Powers

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Winding Number

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15: Bibliography T

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New congruences for the Bernoulli numbers. Math. Comp. 48 (177), pp. 341–350.

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External Links:

ISSN 0025-5718, FullText, MathReview (Wells Johnson), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

1st item.

Encodings:

BibTeX

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Asymptotic inversion of incomplete gamma functions. Math. Comp. 58 (198), pp. 755–764.

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External Links:

ISSN 0025-5718, FullText, Document, MathReview (F. W. J. Olver), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§8.12, §8.12.

Encodings:

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Asymptotic inversion of the incomplete beta function. J. Comput. Appl. Math. 41 (1-2), pp. 145–157.

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Notes:

Asymptotic methods in analysis and combinatorics

External Links:

ISSN 0377-0427, Document, MathReview (Dumitru Acu), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§8.18(ii).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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Asymptotic estimates of Stirling numbers. Stud. Appl. Math. 89 (3), pp. 233–243.

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External Links:

ISSN 0022-2526, FullText, MathReview (E. Rodney Canfield), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§26.8(vii).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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Explicit formulas for the Bernoulli and Euler polynomials and numbers. Abh. Math. Sem. Univ. Hamburg 61, pp. 175–180.

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External Links:

ISSN 0025-5858, Document, MathReview (L. Skula), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§24.4(v), §24.6.

Encodings:

BibTeX

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16: 19.22 Quadratic Transformations

… ►The AGM, $M(a_0,g_0)$, of two positive numbers $a_0$ and $g_0$ is defined in §19.8(i). … ►

19.22.22 $$R_C(x^2,y^2)=R_C(a^2,ay).$$

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Symbols:

$R_C(x,y)$: Carlson’s combination of inverse circular and inverse hyperbolic functions

Referenced by:

§19.15, §19.22(iii), §19.22(iii), §19.26(iii)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/19.22.E22

Encodings:

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See also:

Annotations for §19.22(iii), §19.22 and Ch.19

… ►However, if $x$ and $y$ are complex conjugates and $z$ and $p$ are real, then the right-hand sides of all transformations in §§19.22(i) and 19.22(iii)—except (19.22.3) and (19.22.22)—are free of complex numbers and $p_{\pm }^2-p_{\mp }^2=\pm |p^2-x^2|\ne 0$. ►The transformations inverse to the ones just described are the descending Landen transformations and the ascending Gauss transformations. The equations inverse to (19.22.5) and (19.22.16) are given by …

17: Bibliography D

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Multiplicative Number Theory. 3rd edition, Graduate Texts in Mathematics, Vol. 74, Springer-Verlag, New York.

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Notes:

Revised and with a preface by Hugh L. Montgomery

External Links:

ISBN 0-387-95097-4, MathReview, ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§27.12.

Encodings:

BibTeX

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Elements of the Theory of Numbers. Harcourt/Academic Press, San Diego, CA.

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External Links:

ISBN 0-12-209130-2, MathReview (Bruce C. Berndt), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

Ch.24.

Encodings:

BibTeX

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Computation of the incomplete gamma function ratios and their inverses. ACM Trans. Math. Software 12 (4), pp. 377–393.

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External Links:

ISSN 0098-3500, Document, ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§8.12, §8.25(iii).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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Sums of products of Bernoulli numbers. J. Number Theory 60 (1), pp. 23–41.

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External Links:

ISSN 0022-314X, Document, MathReview (Wen Peng Zhang), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§24.14(ii).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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Bernoulli Numbers and Confluent Hypergeometric Functions. In Number Theory for the Millennium, I (Urbana, IL, 2000), pp. 343–363.

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External Links:

ISBN 1-56881-126-8, MathReview (Arnold M. Adelberg), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§24.16(iii).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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18: Bibliography J

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Sur l’inversion de $y^{\alpha }{e}^y$ au moyen des nombres de Stirling associés. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris Sér. I Math. 320 (12), pp. 1449–1452.

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External Links:

ISSN 0764-4442, MathReview (F. Beukers), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

(4.13.10).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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Stirling Numbers, Lambert W and the Gamma Function. In Mathematical Aspects of Computer and Information Sciences, J. Blömer, I. S. Kotsireas, T. Kutsia, and D. E. Simos (Eds.), Cham, pp. 275–279.

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External Links:

ISBN 978-3-319-72453-9, ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§4.13.

Encodings:

BibTeX

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19: Mathematical Introduction

… ►The NIST Handbook has essentially the same objective as the Handbook of Mathematical Functions that was issued in 1964 by the National Bureau of Standards as Number 55 in the NBS Applied Mathematics Series (AMS). … ► ►►►►►

$(a,b]$ or $[a,b)$	half-closed intervals.
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${𝐀}^{-1}$	inverse of matrix $𝐀$.
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$\mathbb{N}$	set of all positive integers.
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$\mathbb{Q}$	set of all rational numbers.
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… ►For equations or other technical information that appeared previously in AMS 55, the DLMF usually includes the corresponding AMS 55 equation number, or other form of reference, together with corrections, if needed. …

20: 1.2 Elementary Algebra

… ►The arithmetic mean of $n$ numbers $a_1,a_2,\mathrm{\dots },a_n$ is … ►If $r$ is a nonzero real number, then the weighted mean $M(r)$ of $n$ nonnegative numbers $a_1,a_2,\mathrm{\dots },a_n$, and $n$ positive numbers $p_1,p_2,\mathrm{\dots },p_n$ with … ►

The Inverse

►If det($𝐀$) $\ne$ $0$, $𝐀$ has a unique inverse, ${𝐀}^{-1}$, such that … ►has a unique solution, $𝐛={𝐀}^{-1}𝐜$. …