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11: 36.10 Differential Equations

… ►In terms of the normal forms (36.2.2) and (36.2.3), the ${\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{U})}\left(𝐱\right)$ satisfy the following operator equations … ►

36.10.14 $$3\left(\frac{{\partial }^2{\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{E})}}{{\partial x}^2}-\frac{{\partial }^2{\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{E})}}{{\partial y}^2}\right)+2\mathrm{i}z\frac{\partial {\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{E})}}{\partial x}-x{\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{E})}=0.$$

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Symbols:

${\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{E})}\left(𝐱\right)$: elliptic umbilic canonical integral function, ${\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{H})}\left(𝐱\right)$: hyperbolic umbilic canonical integral function, $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $\frac{\partial f}{\partial x}$: partial derivative of $f$ with respect to $x$ , $\partial x$: partial differential of $x$ , $y$: real parameter, $z$: real parameter and $x$: real parameter

Referenced by:

Erratum (V1.0.1) for Equation (36.10.14)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/36.10.E14

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

Errata (effective with 1.0.1):

Originally appeared with $\frac{\partial {\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{H})}}{\partial x}$, rather than $\frac{\partial {\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{E})}}{\partial x}$:

$$3\left(\frac{{\partial }^2{\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{E})}}{{\partial x}^2}-\frac{{\partial }^2{\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{E})}}{{\partial y}^2}\right)+2\mathrm{i}z\frac{\partial {\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{H})}}{\partial x}-x{\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{E})}=0.$$

See also:

Annotations for §36.10(iii), §36.10 and Ch.36

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36.10.15 $$3\frac{{\partial }^2{\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{H})}}{{\partial x}^2}+\mathrm{i}z\frac{\partial {\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{H})}}{\partial y}-x{\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{H})}=0,$$

ⓘ

Symbols:

${\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{H})}\left(𝐱\right)$: hyperbolic umbilic canonical integral function, $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $\frac{\partial f}{\partial x}$: partial derivative of $f$ with respect to $x$ , $\partial x$: partial differential of $x$ , $y$: real parameter, $z$: real parameter and $x$: real parameter

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/36.10.E15

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §36.10(iii), §36.10 and Ch.36

►

36.10.16 $$3\frac{{\partial }^2{\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{H})}}{{\partial y}^2}+\mathrm{i}z\frac{\partial {\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{H})}}{\partial x}-y{\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{H})}=0.$$

ⓘ

Symbols:

${\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{H})}\left(𝐱\right)$: hyperbolic umbilic canonical integral function, $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $\frac{\partial f}{\partial x}$: partial derivative of $f$ with respect to $x$ , $\partial x$: partial differential of $x$ , $y$: real parameter, $z$: real parameter and $x$: real parameter

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/36.10.E16

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §36.10(iii), §36.10 and Ch.36

… ►

36.10.18 $$\mathrm{i}\frac{\partial {\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{H})}}{\partial z}=\frac{{\partial }^2{\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{H})}}{\partial x\partial y}.$$

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Symbols:

${\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{H})}\left(𝐱\right)$: hyperbolic umbilic canonical integral function, $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $\frac{\partial f}{\partial x}$: partial derivative of $f$ with respect to $x$ , $\partial x$: partial differential of $x$ , $y$: real parameter, $z$: real parameter and $x$: real parameter

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/36.10.E18

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §36.10(iv), §36.10 and Ch.36

…

12: 36.11 Leading-Order Asymptotics

§36.11 Leading-Order Asymptotics

… ►and far from the bifurcation set, the cuspoid canonical integrals are approximated by … ►

36.11.4

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Symbols:

${\mathrm{\Psi }}_K\left(𝐱\right)$: canonical integral function, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\cos z$: cosine function, $\exp z$: exponential function, $o\left(x\right)$: order less than and $x$: real parameter

Referenced by:

§36.11

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/36.11.E4

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §36.11, §36.11 and Ch.36

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36.11.7 $${\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{E})}\left(0,0,z\right)=\frac{\pi }{z}\left(\mathrm{i}+\sqrt{3}\exp \left(\frac{4}{27}\mathrm{i}{z}^3\right)+o\left(1\right)\right),$$ $z\to \pm \mathrm{\infty }$,

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Symbols:

$\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, ${\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{E})}\left(𝐱\right)$: elliptic umbilic canonical integral function, $\exp z$: exponential function, $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $o\left(x\right)$: order less than and $z$: real parameter

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/36.11.E7

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §36.11, §36.11 and Ch.36

►

36.11.8 $${\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{H})}\left(0,0,z\right)=\frac{2\pi }{z}\left(1-\frac{\mathrm{i}}{\sqrt{3}}\exp \left(\frac{1}{27}\mathrm{i}{z}^3\right)+o\left(1\right)\right),$$ $z\to \pm \mathrm{\infty }$.

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Symbols:

$\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\exp z$: exponential function, ${\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{H})}\left(𝐱\right)$: hyperbolic umbilic canonical integral function, $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $o\left(x\right)$: order less than and $z$: real parameter

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/36.11.E8

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §36.11, §36.11 and Ch.36

13: 36.7 Zeros

… ►

§36.7(iii) Elliptic Umbilic Canonical Integral

… ►The zeros are lines in $𝐱=(x,y,z)$ space where $\mathrm{ph}{\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{E})}\left(𝐱\right)$ is undetermined. …Near $z=z_n$, and for small $x$ and $y$, the modulus $|{\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{E})}\left(𝐱\right)|$ has the symmetry of a lattice with a rhombohedral unit cell that has a mirror plane and an inverse threefold axis whose $z$ and $x$ repeat distances are given by … ►

§36.7(iv) Swallowtail and Hyperbolic Umbilic Canonical Integrals

►The zeros of these functions are curves in $𝐱=(x,y,z)$ space; see Nye (2007) for ${\mathrm{\Phi }}_3$ and Nye (2006) for ${\mathrm{\Phi }}^{(\mathrm{H})}$.

14: 4.40 Integrals

§4.40 Integrals

… ►

§4.40(ii) Indefinite Integrals

… ►

§4.40(iii) Definite Integrals

… ►

§4.40(iv) Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

… ►Extensive compendia of indefinite and definite integrals of hyperbolic functions include Apelblat (1983, pp. 96–109), Bierens de Haan (1939), Gröbner and Hofreiter (1949, pp. 139–160), Gröbner and Hofreiter (1950, pp. 160–167), Gradshteyn and Ryzhik (2000, Chapters 2–4), and Prudnikov et al. (1986a, §§1.4, 1.8, 2.4, 2.8).

15: Bibliography B

… ►

Pionic atoms. Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 20, pp. 467–508.

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External Links:

Document

Referenced by:

§33.22(iv).

Encodings:

BibTeX

… ►

A program for computing the Riemann zeta function for complex argument. Comput. Phys. Comm. 20 (3), pp. 441–445.

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Notes:

Double-precision Fortran, maximum accuracy 10S.

External Links:

Document, Code, ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

1st item.

Encodings:

BibTeX

… ►

Coulomb functions (negative energies). Comput. Phys. Comm. 20 (3), pp. 447–458.

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Notes:

Double-precision Fortran code.

External Links:

Document, Code

Referenced by:

1st item, 4th item.

Encodings:

BibTeX

… ►

Some solutions of the problem of forced convection. Philos. Mag. Series 7 20, pp. 322–343.

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External Links:

Document, ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§10.73(iv).

Encodings:

BibTeX

… ►

Bessel functions and modular relations of higher type and hyperbolic differential equations. Comm. Sém. Math. Univ. Lund [Medd. Lunds Univ. Mat. Sem.] 1952 (Tome Supplementaire), pp. 12–20.

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External Links:

MathReview (S. C. van Veen), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§35.5(i).

Encodings:

BibTeX

…

16: 36.9 Integral Identities

§36.9 Integral Identities

►

36.9.1 $${|{\mathrm{\Psi }}_1\left(x\right)|}^2=2^{5/3}{\int }_0^{\mathrm{\infty }}{\mathrm{\Psi }}_1\left(2^{2/3}(3u^2+x)\right)du;$$

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Symbols:

${\mathrm{\Psi }}_K\left(𝐱\right)$: canonical integral function, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\int$: integral and $x$: real parameter

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/36.9.E1

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §36.9 and Ch.36

… ►

36.9.7 $${|{\mathrm{\Psi }}_3\left(x,y,z\right)|}^2=\frac{2^{7/4}}{5^{1/4}}{\int }_0^{\mathrm{\infty }}\mathrm{\Re }\left({\mathrm{e}}^{2\mathrm{i}u(u^4+z{u}^2+x)}{\mathrm{\Psi }}_2\left(\frac{2^{7/4}}{5^{1/4}}y{u}^{3/4},\sqrt{\frac{2u}{5}}(3z+10u^2)\right)\right)\frac{du}{u^{1/4}}.$$

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Symbols:

${\mathrm{\Psi }}_K\left(𝐱\right)$: canonical integral function, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $\int$: integral, $\mathrm{\Re }$: real part, $y$: real parameter, $z$: real parameter and $x$: real parameter

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/36.9.E7

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §36.9 and Ch.36

►

36.9.8 $${\left|{\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{H})}\left(x,y,z\right)\right|}^2=8{\pi }^2{\left(\frac{2}{9}\right)}^{1/3}{\int }_{-\mathrm{\infty }}^{\mathrm{\infty }}{\int }_{-\mathrm{\infty }}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\mathrm{Ai}\left({\left(\frac{4}{3}\right)}^{1/3}(x+zv+3u^2)\right)\mathrm{Ai}\left({\left(\frac{4}{3}\right)}^{1/3}(y+zu+3v^2)\right)dudv.$$

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Symbols:

$\mathrm{Ai}\left(z\right)$: Airy function, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $dx$: differential of $x$ , ${\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{H})}\left(𝐱\right)$: hyperbolic umbilic canonical integral function, $\int$: integral, $y$: real parameter, $z$: real parameter and $x$: real parameter

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/36.9.E8

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §36.9 and Ch.36

►

36.9.9 $${\left|{\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{E})}\left(x,y,z\right)\right|}^2=\frac{8{\pi }^2}{3^{2/3}}{\int }_0^{\mathrm{\infty }}{\int }_0^{2\pi }\mathrm{\Re }\left(\mathrm{Ai}\left(\frac{1}{3^{1/3}}\left(x+\mathrm{i}y+2zu\exp \left(\mathrm{i}\theta \right)+3u^2\exp \left(-2\mathrm{i}\theta \right)\right)\right)\mathrm{Bi}\left(\frac{1}{3^{1/3}}\left(x-\mathrm{i}y+2zu\exp \left(-\mathrm{i}\theta \right)+3u^2\exp \left(2\mathrm{i}\theta \right)\right)\right)\right)udud\theta .$$

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Symbols:

$\mathrm{Ai}\left(z\right)$: Airy function, $\mathrm{Bi}\left(z\right)$: Airy function, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $dx$: differential of $x$ , ${\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{E})}\left(𝐱\right)$: elliptic umbilic canonical integral function, $\exp z$: exponential function, $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $\int$: integral, $\mathrm{\Re }$: real part, $y$: real parameter, $z$: real parameter and $x$: real parameter

Keywords:

elliptic umbilic canonical integral, integral identity

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/36.9.E9

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §36.9 and Ch.36

…

17: 36.8 Convergent Series Expansions

§36.8 Convergent Series Expansions

… ►

36.8.3 $$\frac{3^{2/3}}{4{\pi }^2}{\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{H})}\left(3^{1/3}𝐱\right)=\mathrm{Ai}\left(x\right)\mathrm{Ai}\left(y\right)\sum _{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}{(-3^{-1/3}\mathrm{i}z)}^n\frac{c_n(x)c_n(y)}{n!}+\mathrm{Ai}\left(x\right){\mathrm{Ai}}^{\prime }\left(y\right)\sum _{n=2}^{\mathrm{\infty }}{(-3^{-1/3}\mathrm{i}z)}^n\frac{c_n(x)d_n(y)}{n!}+{\mathrm{Ai}}^{\prime }\left(x\right)\mathrm{Ai}\left(y\right)\sum _{n=2}^{\mathrm{\infty }}{(-3^{-1/3}\mathrm{i}z)}^n\frac{d_n(x)c_n(y)}{n!}+{\mathrm{Ai}}^{\prime }\left(x\right){\mathrm{Ai}}^{\prime }\left(y\right)\sum _{n=1}^{\mathrm{\infty }}{(-3^{-1/3}\mathrm{i}z)}^n\frac{d_n(x)d_n(y)}{n!},$$

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Symbols:

$\mathrm{Ai}\left(z\right)$: Airy function, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $!$: factorial (as in $n!$), ${\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{H})}\left(𝐱\right)$: hyperbolic umbilic canonical integral function, $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $y$: real parameter, $z$: real parameter, $m$: integer, $x$: real parameter, $c_n(t)$: coefficients and $d_n(t)$: coefficients

Referenced by:

§36.8

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/36.8.E3

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §36.8 and Ch.36

… ►

36.8.4 $${\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{E})}\left(𝐱\right)=2{\pi }^2{\left(\frac{2}{3}\right)}^{2/3}\sum _{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{{\left(-\mathrm{i}{(2/3)}^{2/3}z\right)}^n}{n!}\mathrm{\Re }\left(f_n(\frac{x+\mathrm{i}y}{{12}^{1/3}},\frac{x-\mathrm{i}y}{{12}^{1/3}})\right),$$

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Symbols:

$\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, ${\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{E})}\left(𝐱\right)$: elliptic umbilic canonical integral function, $!$: factorial (as in $n!$), $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $\mathrm{\Re }$: real part, $y$: real parameter, $z$: real parameter, $m$: integer, $x$: real parameter and $f_n$: function

Referenced by:

§36.8

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/36.8.E4

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §36.8 and Ch.36

…

18: Bibliography N

… ►

On an integral transform involving a class of Mathieu functions. SIAM J. Math. Anal. 20 (6), pp. 1500–1513.

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External Links:

ISSN 0036-1410, Document, MathReview (K. C. Gupta), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§28.26(ii).

Encodings:

BibTeX

… ►

Reduction and evaluation of elliptic integrals. Math. Comp. 20 (94), pp. 223–231.

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External Links:

FullText, MathReview (I. A. Stegun), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§19.37(iv).

Encodings:

BibTeX

… ►

A table of integrals of the error functions. J. Res. Nat. Bur. Standards Sect B. 73B, pp. 1–20.

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Notes:

See for additions and corrections same journal, Sect. B 75, 149–163 (1975)

External Links:

MathReview, ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§7.14(iii), §7.21, §7.7(iii).

Encodings:

BibTeX

… ►

Dislocation lines in the hyperbolic umbilic diffraction catastrophe. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. Ser. A 462, pp. 2299–2313.

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External Links:

ISSN 1364-5021, Document, MathReview, ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§36.7(iv).

Encodings:

BibTeX

…

19: 4.30 Elementary Properties

§4.30 Elementary Properties

►

Table 4.30.1: Hyperbolic functions: interrelations. …

► ►►►►

	$\sinh \theta =a$	$\cosh \theta =a$	$\tanh \theta =a$	$\mathrm{csch}\theta =a$	$\mathrm{sech}\theta =a$	$\coth \theta =a$
$\sinh \theta$	$a$	${(a^2-1)}^{1/2}$	$a{(1-a^2)}^{-1/2}$	$a^{-1}$	$a^{-1}{(1-a^2)}^{1/2}$	${(a^2-1)}^{-1/2}$
$\cosh \theta$	${(1+a^2)}^{1/2}$	$a$	${(1-a^2)}^{-1/2}$	$a^{-1}{(1+a^2)}^{1/2}$	$a^{-1}$	$a{(a^2-1)}^{-1/2}$
…

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20: Errata

… ►

Scales were corrected in all figures. The interval $-8.4\le \frac{x-y}{\sqrt{2}}\le 8.4$ was replaced by $-12.0\le \frac{x-y}{\sqrt{2}}\le 12.0$ and $-12.7\le \frac{x+y}{\sqrt{2}}\le 4.2$ replaced by $-18.0\le \frac{x+y}{\sqrt{2}}\le 6.0$. All plots and interactive visualizations were regenerated to improve image quality.

(a) Density plot.	(b) 3D plot.

Figure 36.3.9: Modulus of hyperbolic umbilic canonical integral function $|{\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{H})}\left(x,y,0\right)|$.

(a) Density plot.	(b) 3D plot.

Figure 36.3.10: Modulus of hyperbolic umbilic canonical integral function $|{\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{H})}\left(x,y,1\right)|$.

(a) Density plot.	(b) 3D plot.

Figure 36.3.11: Modulus of hyperbolic umbilic canonical integral function $|{\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{H})}\left(x,y,2\right)|$.

(a) Density plot.	(b) 3D plot.

Figure 36.3.12: Modulus of hyperbolic umbilic canonical integral function $|{\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{H})}\left(x,y,3\right)|$.

Reported 2016-09-12 by Dan Piponi.

►

The scaling error reported on 2016-09-12 by Dan Piponi also applied to contour and density plots for the phase of the hyperbolic umbilic canonical integrals. Scales were corrected in all figures. The interval $-8.4\le \frac{x-y}{\sqrt{2}}\le 8.4$ was replaced by $-12.0\le \frac{x-y}{\sqrt{2}}\le 12.0$ and $-12.7\le \frac{x+y}{\sqrt{2}}\le 4.2$ replaced by $-18.0\le \frac{x+y}{\sqrt{2}}\le 6.0$. All plots and interactive visualizations were regenerated to improve image quality.

(a) Contour plot.	(b) Density plot.

Figure 36.3.18: Phase of hyperbolic umbilic canonical integral $\mathrm{ph}{\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{H})}\left(x,y,0\right)$.

(a) Contour plot.	(b) Density plot.

Figure 36.3.19: Phase of hyperbolic umbilic canonical integral $\mathrm{ph}{\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{H})}\left(x,y,1\right)$.

(a) Contour plot.	(b) Density plot.

Figure 36.3.20: Phase of hyperbolic umbilic canonical integral $\mathrm{ph}{\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{H})}\left(x,y,2\right)$.

(a) Contour plot.	(b) Density plot.

Figure 36.3.21: Phase of hyperbolic umbilic canonical integral $\mathrm{ph}{\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{H})}\left(x,y,3\right)$.

Reported 2016-09-28.

… ►

Several new equations have been added. See (8.17.24), (20.7.34), §20.11(v), (26.12.27), (36.2.28), and (36.2.29).

… ►

36.10.14 $$3\left(\frac{{\partial }^2{\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{E})}}{{\partial x}^2}-\frac{{\partial }^2{\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{E})}}{{\partial y}^2}\right)+2\mathrm{i}z\frac{\partial {\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{E})}}{\partial x}-x{\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{E})}=0$$

Originally this equation appeared with $\frac{\partial {\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{H})}}{\partial x}$ in the second term, rather than $\frac{\partial {\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{E})}}{\partial x}$.

Reported 2010-04-02.

… ►

Bibliographic citations were added in §§1.13(v), 10.14, 10.21(ii), 18.15(v), 18.32, 30.16(iii), 32.13(ii), and as general references in Chapters 19, 20, 22, and 23.

…