error%20functions

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11: 25.20 Approximations

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Cody et al. (1971) gives rational approximations for $\zeta\left(s\right)$ in the form of quotients of polynomials or quotients of Chebyshev series. The ranges covered are $0.5\leq s\leq 5$ , $5\leq s\leq 11$ , $11\leq s\leq 25$ , $25\leq s\leq 55$ . Precision is varied, with a maximum of 20S.

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Piessens and Branders (1972) gives the coefficients of the Chebyshev-series expansions of $s\zeta\left(s+1\right)$ and $\zeta\left(s+k\right)$ , $k=2,3,4,5,8$ , for $0\leq s\leq 1$ (23D).

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Antia (1993) gives minimax rational approximations for $\Gamma\left(s+1\right)F_{s}(x)$ , where $F_{s}(x)$ is the Fermi–Dirac integral (25.12.14), for the intervals $-\infty<x\leq 2$ and $2\leq x<\infty$ , with $s=-\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{2},\frac{3}{2},\frac{5}{2}$ . For each $s$ there are three sets of approximations, with relative maximum errors $10^{-4},10^{-8},10^{-12}$ .

12: 9.18 Tables

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Miller (1946) tabulates $\operatorname{Ai}\left(x\right)$ , $\operatorname{Ai}'\left(x\right)$ for $x=-20(.01)2;$ $\operatorname{log}_{10}\operatorname{Ai}\left(x\right)$ , $\operatorname{Ai}'\left(x\right)/\operatorname{Ai}\left(x\right)$ for $x=0(.1)25(1)75$ ; $\operatorname{Bi}\left(x\right)$ , $\operatorname{Bi}'\left(x\right)$ for $x=-10(.1)2.5$ ; $\operatorname{log}_{10}\operatorname{Bi}\left(x\right)$ , $\operatorname{Bi}'\left(x\right)/\operatorname{Bi}\left(x\right)$ for $x=0(.1)10$ ; $M\left(x\right)$ , $N\left(x\right)$ , $\theta\left(x\right)$ , $\phi\left(x\right)$ (respectively $F(x)$ , $G(x)$ , $\chi(x)$ , $\psi(x)$ ) for $x=-80(1)-30(.1)0$ . Precision is generally 8D; slightly less for some of the auxiliary functions. Extracts from these tables are included in Abramowitz and Stegun (1964, Chapter 10), together with some auxiliary functions for large arguments.

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Zhang and Jin (1996, p. 337) tabulates $\operatorname{Ai}\left(x\right)$ , $\operatorname{Ai}'\left(x\right)$ , $\operatorname{Bi}\left(x\right)$ , $\operatorname{Bi}'\left(x\right)$ for $x=0(1)20$ to 8S and for $x=-20(1)0$ to 9D.

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Miller (1946) tabulates $a_{k}$ , $\operatorname{Ai}'\left(a_{k}\right)$ , $a^{\prime}_{k}$ , $\operatorname{Ai}\left(a^{\prime}_{k}\right)$ , $k=1(1)50$ ; $b_{k}$ , $\operatorname{Bi}'\left(b_{k}\right)$ , $b^{\prime}_{k}$ , $\operatorname{Bi}\left(b^{\prime}_{k}\right)$ , $k=1(1)20$ . Precision is 8D. Entries for $k=1(1)20$ are reproduced in Abramowitz and Stegun (1964, Chapter 10).

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Sherry (1959) tabulates $a_{k}$ , $\operatorname{Ai}'\left(a_{k}\right)$ , $a^{\prime}_{k}$ , $\operatorname{Ai}\left(a^{\prime}_{k}\right)$ , $k=1(1)50$ ; 20S.

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§9.18(vi) Scorer Functions

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13: 7.8 Inequalities

§7.8 Inequalities

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7.8.5

\frac{x^{2}}{2x^{2}+1}\leq\frac{x^{2}(2x^{2}+5)}{4x^{4}+12x^{2}+3}\leq x% \mathsf{M}\left(x\right)<\frac{2x^{4}+9x^{2}+4}{4x^{4}+20x^{2}+15}<\frac{x^{2}% +1}{2x^{2}+3},

x\geq 0

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Symbols:: $\mathsf{M}\left(\NVar{x}\right)$ : Mills’ ratio and $x$ : real variable
Referenced by:: §7.8
Permalink:: http://dlmf.nist.gov/7.8.E5
Encodings:: pMML, png, TeX
See also:: Annotations for §7.8 and Ch.7

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7.8.7

\frac{\sinh x^{2}}{x}<{\mathrm{e}}^{x^{2}}F\left(x\right)=\int_{0}^{x}{\mathrm% {e}}^{t^{2}}\,\mathrm{d}t<\frac{{\mathrm{e}}^{x^{2}}-1}{x},

x>0

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Symbols:: $F\left(\NVar{z}\right)$ : Dawson’s integral, $\,\mathrm{d}\NVar{x}$ : differential of $x$ , $\mathrm{e}$ : base of natural logarithm, $\sinh\NVar{z}$ : hyperbolic sine function, $\int$ : integral and $x$ : real variable
Referenced by:: Erratum (V1.1.5) for Additions
Permalink:: http://dlmf.nist.gov/7.8.E7
Encodings:: pMML, png, TeX
Addition (effective with 1.1.5):: A new inequality was added.
See also:: Annotations for §7.8 and Ch.7

►The function

F\left(x\right)/\sqrt{1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-2x^{2}}}

is strictly decreasing for

x>0

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7.8.8

\operatorname{erf}x<\sqrt{1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-4x^{2}/\pi}},

x>0

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Symbols:: $\pi$ : the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\operatorname{erf}\NVar{z}$ : error function, $\mathrm{e}$ : base of natural logarithm and $x$ : real variable
Source:: Pólya (1949, (1.5))
Referenced by:: §7.8, Erratum (V1.0.17) for Equation (7.8.8)
Permalink:: http://dlmf.nist.gov/7.8.E8
Encodings:: pMML, png, TeX
Addition (effective with 1.0.17):: This inequality was added. It is Pólya (1949, (1.5)). Note that it is a special case of (8.10.11).
Suggested by Roberto Iacono
See also:: Annotations for §7.8 and Ch.7

14: 11.6 Asymptotic Expansions

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§11.6(i) Large $|z|$ , Fixed $\nu$

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§11.6(ii) Large $|\nu|$ , Fixed $z$

… ► … ►Here … ►and for an estimate of the relative error in this approximation see Watson (1944, p. 336).

15: Bibliography G

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W. Gautschi (1969) Algorithm 363: Complex error function. Comm. ACM 12 (11), pp. 635.

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Notes:: Includes Algol program, maximum accuracy 10S. For certification see same journal v. 15 (1972), pp. 465–466
External Links:: ISSN 0001-0782, Document
Referenced by:: §7.25(iii).
Encodings:: BibTeX

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W. Gautschi (1961) Recursive computation of the repeated integrals of the error function. Math. Comp. 15 (75), pp. 227–232.

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External Links:: FullText, MathReview (J. C. P. Miller), ZentralBlatt
Referenced by:: §7.22(iii).
Encodings:: BibTeX

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W. Gautschi (1970) Efficient computation of the complex error function. SIAM J. Numer. Anal. 7 (1), pp. 187–198.

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External Links:: Document, MathReview (P. Barrucand), ZentralBlatt
Referenced by:: §7.22(i), §7.25(iii).
Encodings:: BibTeX

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M. Geller and E. W. Ng (1971) A table of integrals of the error function. II. Additions and corrections. J. Res. Nat. Bur. Standards Sect. B 75B, pp. 149–163.

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Notes:: See for the first part same journal, Sect. B 73, 1-20 (1969)
External Links:: MathReview, ZentralBlatt
Referenced by:: §7.14(iii).
Encodings:: BibTeX

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A. Gil, J. Segura, and N. M. Temme (2014) Algorithm 939: computation of the Marcum Q-function. ACM Trans. Math. Softw. 40 (3), pp. 20:1–20:21.

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Notes:: Includes Fortran program claiming 12S accuracy
External Links:: ISSN 0098-3500, Link, Document, MathReview Entry, ZentralBlatt
Referenced by:: 3rd item, §10.77(ix).
Encodings:: BibTeX

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16: Bibliography B

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A. Bañuelos and R. A. Depine (1980) A program for computing the Riemann zeta function for complex argument. Comput. Phys. Comm. 20 (3), pp. 441–445.

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Notes:: Double-precision Fortran, maximum accuracy 10S.
External Links:: Document, Code, ZentralBlatt
Referenced by:: 1st item.
Encodings:: BibTeX

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K. L. Bell and N. S. Scott (1980) Coulomb functions (negative energies). Comput. Phys. Comm. 20 (3), pp. 447–458.

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Notes:: Double-precision Fortran code.
External Links:: Document, Code
Referenced by:: 1st item, 4th item.
Encodings:: BibTeX

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M. V. Berry and C. J. Howls (1994) Overlapping Stokes smoothings: Survival of the error function and canonical catastrophe integrals. Proc. Roy. Soc. London Ser. A 444, pp. 201–216.

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External Links:: ISSN 0962-8444, FullText, MathReview (F. Ursell), ZentralBlatt
Referenced by:: §36.12(iii).
Encodings:: BibTeX

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J. M. Blair, C. A. Edwards, and J. H. Johnson (1976) Rational Chebyshev approximations for the inverse of the error function. Math. Comp. 30 (136), pp. 827–830.

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External Links:: FullText, MathReview, ZentralBlatt
Referenced by:: §7.17(iii), §7.17(iii).
Encodings:: BibTeX

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S. Bochner (1952) Bessel functions and modular relations of higher type and hyperbolic differential equations. Comm. Sém. Math. Univ. Lund [Medd. Lunds Univ. Mat. Sem.] 1952 (Tome Supplementaire), pp. 12–20.

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External Links:: MathReview (S. C. van Veen), ZentralBlatt
Referenced by:: §35.5(i).
Encodings:: BibTeX

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17: 12.10 Uniform Asymptotic Expansions for Large Parameter

… ►The turning points can be included if expansions in terms of Airy functions are used instead of elementary functions (§2.8(iii)). … ►

§12.10(vi) Modifications of Expansions in Elementary Functions

… ►The proof of the double asymptotic property then follows with the aid of error bounds; compare §10.41(iv). … ►

Modified Expansions

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18: 6.20 Approximations

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§6.20(i) Approximations in Terms of Elementary Functions

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Cody and Thacher (1968) provides minimax rational approximations for $E_{1}\left(x\right)$ , with accuracies up to 20S.

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Cody and Thacher (1969) provides minimax rational approximations for $\operatorname{Ei}\left(x\right)$ , with accuracies up to 20S.

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MacLeod (1996b) provides rational approximations for the sine and cosine integrals and for the auxiliary functions $\mathrm{f}$ and $\mathrm{g}$ , with accuracies up to 20S.

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Luke (1969b, pp. 402, 410, and 415–421) gives main diagonal Padé approximations for $\operatorname{Ein}\left(z\right)$ , $\operatorname{Si}\left(z\right)$ , $\operatorname{Cin}\left(z\right)$ (valid near the origin), and $E_{1}\left(z\right)$ (valid for large $|z|$ ); approximate errors are given for a selection of $z$ -values.

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19: 28.8 Asymptotic Expansions for Large $q$

… ►For error estimates see Kurz (1979), and for graphical interpretation see Figure 28.2.1. … ►

Barrett’s Expansions

… ►The approximants are elementary functions, Airy functions, Bessel functions, and parabolic cylinder functions; compare §2.8. … ►They are derived by rigorous analysis and accompanied by strict and realistic error bounds. … ►

20: Errata

… ►The Editors thank the users who have contributed to the accuracy of the DLMF Project by submitting reports of possible errors. For confirmed errors, the Editors have made the corrections listed here. … ►

Equation (7.2.3)

Originally named as a complementary error function, $w\left(z\right)$ has been renamed as the Faddeeva (or Faddeyeva) function.

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Chapters 8, 20, 36

Several new equations have been added. See (8.17.24), (20.7.34), §20.11(v), (26.12.27), (36.2.28), and (36.2.29).

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References

Bibliographic citations were added in §§1.13(v), 10.14, 10.21(ii), 18.15(v), 18.32, 30.16(iii), 32.13(ii), and as general references in Chapters 19, 20, 22, and 23.

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