Liouville–Green approximation theorem

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41: Errata

… ►We now include Markov’s Theorem. In regard to orthogonal polynomials on the unit circle, we now discuss monic polynomials, Verblunsky’s Theorem, and Szegő’s theorem. … ►The spectral theory of these operators, based on Sturm-Liouville and Liouville normal forms, distribution theory, is now discussed more completely, including linear algebra, matrices, matrices as linear operators, orthonormal expansions, Stieltjes integrals/measures, generating functions. … ►

The following additions were made in Chapter 1:

• New subsections, 1.2(v) Matrices, Vectors, Scalar Products, and Norms and 1.2(vi) Square Matrices, with Equations (1.2.27)–(1.2.77).

• The title of this section was changed from “Determinants” to “Determinants, Linear Operators, and Spectral Expansions”. An extra paragraph just below (1.3.7). New subsection, 1.3(iv) Matrices as Linear Operators, with Equations (1.3.20), (1.3.21).

• In 1.4(v), three new paragraphs on Stieltjes integrals/measure, with Equations (1.4.23_1)–(1.4.23_3).

• In Subsection 1.8(i), the title of the paragraph “Bessel’s Inequality” was changed to “Parseval’s Formula”. We give the relation between the real and the complex coefficients, and include more general versions of Parseval’s Formula, Equations (1.8.6_1), (1.8.6_2). The title of Subsection 1.8(iv) was changed from “Transformations” to “Poisson’s Summation Formula”, and we added an extra remark just below (1.8.14).

• New subsection, 1.10(xi) Generating Functions, with Equations (1.10.26)–(1.10.29).

• New subsection, 1.13(viii) Eigenvalues and Eigenfunctions: Sturm-Liouville and Liouville forms, with Equations (1.13.26)–(1.13.31).

• Another form of Parseval’s formula, (1.14.7_5).

• We include several extra remarks and Equations (1.16.3_5), (1.16.9_5). New subsection, 1.16(ix) References for Section 1.16.

• Two extra paragraphs in Subsection 1.17(ii) Integral Representations, with Equations (1.17.12_1), (1.17.12_2); Subsection 1.17(iv) Mathematical Definitions is almost completely rewritten.

• An entire new section, 1.18 Linear Second Order Differential Operators and Eigenfunction Expansions, including new subsections, 1.18(i)–1.18(x), and several equations, (1.18.1)–(1.18.71).

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A number of changes were made with regard to fractional integrals and derivatives. In §1.15(vi) a reference to Miller and Ross (1993) was added, the fractional integral operator of order $\alpha$ was more precisely identified as the Riemann-Liouville fractional integral operator of order $\alpha$, and a paragraph was added below (1.15.50) to generalize (1.15.47). In §1.15(vii) the sentence defining the fractional derivative was clarified. In §2.6(iii) the identification of the Riemann-Liouville fractional integral operator was made consistent with §1.15(vi).

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42: 27.3 Multiplicative Properties

… ►Examples are $\lfloor 1/n\rfloor$ and $\lambda \left(n\right)$, and the Dirichlet characters, defined in §27.8. …

43: 2.1 Definitions and Elementary Properties

… ►This result also holds with both $O$’s replaced by $o$’s. … ►Some asymptotic approximations are expressed in terms of two or more Poincaré asymptotic expansions. …For an example see (2.8.15). … ►

§2.1(iv) Uniform Asymptotic Expansions

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§2.1(v) Generalized Asymptotic Expansions

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44: 4.47 Approximations

§4.47 Approximations

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§4.47(iii) Padé Approximations

►Luke (1975, Chapter 3) supplies real and complex approximations for $\ln$, $\exp$, $\sin$, $\cos$, $\tan$, $\arctan$, $\mathrm{arcsinh}$. …

45: Bibliography I

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Ordinary Differential Equations. Longmans, Green and Co., London.

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Notes:

Reprinted by Dover Publications, New York, 1944, 1956.

External Links:

MathReview, ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§1.13(i), §1.13(i), §1.13(i), §31.12, §31.14(i), §32.2(i), §32.2(vi), Erratum (V1.0.25) for Section 1.13.

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Centre for Experimental and Constructive Mathematics, Simon Fraser University, Canada.

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Notes:

From a decimal approximation, find the most likely exact value.

External Links:

Inverse Symbolic Calculator

Referenced by:

3rd item.

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46: Bibliography R

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Normal limit theorems for symmetric random matrices. Probab. Theory Related Fields 112 (3), pp. 411–423.

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External Links:

ISSN 0178-8051, Document, MathReview (Alexei Khorunzhy), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§35.9.

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Rational Chebyshev approximation by Remes’ algorithms. Numer. Math. 7 (4), pp. 322–330.

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External Links:

ISSN 0029-599X, Document, MathReview (C. W. Clenshaw), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§3.11(i).

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Remark on Algorithm 498: Airy functions using Chebyshev series approximations. ACM Trans. Math. Software 7 (3), pp. 404–405.

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External Links:

ISSN 0098-3500, Document

Referenced by:

1st item.

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13 Lectures on Fermat’s Last Theorem. Springer-Verlag, New York.

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External Links:

ISBN 0-387-90432-8, MathReview (T. Metsänkylä), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§24.10(iv), §24.17(iii).

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Dawson’s integral and the sampling theorem. Computers in Physics 3 (2), pp. 85–87.

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Referenced by:

§7.25(vi).

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47: 7.24 Approximations

§7.24 Approximations

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§7.24(i) Approximations in Terms of Elementary Functions

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Cody (1969) provides minimax rational approximations for $\mathrm{erf}x$ and $\mathrm{erfc}x$. The maximum relative precision is about 20S.

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Cody (1968) gives minimax rational approximations for the Fresnel integrals (maximum relative precision 19S); for a Fortran algorithm and comments see Snyder (1993).

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Cody et al. (1970) gives minimax rational approximations to Dawson’s integral $F\left(x\right)$ (maximum relative precision 20S–22S).

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48: 27.15 Chinese Remainder Theorem

§27.15 Chinese Remainder Theorem

►The Chinese remainder theorem states that a system of congruences $x\equiv a_1(mod{m}_1),\mathrm{\dots },x\equiv a_k(mod{m}_k)$, always has a solution if the moduli are relatively prime in pairs; the solution is unique (mod $m$), where $m$ is the product of the moduli. ►This theorem is employed to increase efficiency in calculating with large numbers by making use of smaller numbers in most of the calculation. …By the Chinese remainder theorem each integer in the data can be uniquely represented by its residues (mod $m_1$), (mod $m_2$), (mod $m_3$), and (mod $m_4$), respectively. …These numbers, in turn, are combined by the Chinese remainder theorem to obtain the final result $(modm)$, which is correct to 20 digits. …

49: Bibliography C

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The Staudt-Clausen theorem. Math. Mag. 34, pp. 131–146.

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External Links:

MathReview (K. Goldberg), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§24.6.

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New proof of the addition theorem for Gegenbauer polynomials. SIAM J. Math. Anal. 2, pp. 347–351.

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External Links:

ISSN 1095-7154, Document, MathReview (Mary L. Boas), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§18.18(ii).

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Short proofs of three theorems on elliptic integrals. SIAM J. Math. Anal. 9 (3), pp. 524–528.

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External Links:

Document, MathReview (Y. L. Luke), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§19.26(i).

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The universal von Staudt theorems. Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 315 (2), pp. 591–603.

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External Links:

ISSN 0002-9947, FullText, MathReview (T. Metsänkylä), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§24.16(iii).

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Modular Forms and Fermat’s Last Theorem. Springer-Verlag, New York.

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External Links:

ISBN 0-387-94609-8; 0-387-98998-6, MathReview (M. Ram Murty), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§23.20(v).

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50: 25.20 Approximations

§25.20 Approximations

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Cody et al. (1971) gives rational approximations for $\zeta \left(s\right)$ in the form of quotients of polynomials or quotients of Chebyshev series. The ranges covered are $0.5\le s\le 5$, $5\le s\le 11$, $11\le s\le 25$, $25\le s\le 55$. Precision is varied, with a maximum of 20S.

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Piessens and Branders (1972) gives the coefficients of the Chebyshev-series expansions of $s\zeta \left(s+1\right)$ and $\zeta \left(s+k\right)$, $k=2,3,4,5,8$, for $0\le s\le 1$ (23D).

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Morris (1979) gives rational approximations for ${\mathrm{Li}}_2\left(x\right)$ (§25.12(i)) for $0.5\le x\le 1$. Precision is varied with a maximum of 24S.

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Antia (1993) gives minimax rational approximations for $\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(s+1\right)F_s(x)$, where $F_s(x)$ is the Fermi–Dirac integral (25.12.14), for the intervals and , with $s=-\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{2},\frac{3}{2},\frac{5}{2}$. For each $s$ there are three sets of approximations, with relative maximum errors ${10}^{-4},{10}^{-8},{10}^{-12}$.