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1: Need Help?

… ►In the Digital Library of Mathematical Functions, we have tried to provide the most accurate, carefully selected information about Special Functions possible. We have also tried to use the best technologies available in order to make this information useful and accessible. … ►

• How can I view ‘VRML’? What is it? See Viewing DLMF Interactive 3D Graphics.

• What do the colors mean? See About Color Map.

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• I think I found an error! See Possible Errors in DLMF.

• How do I cite DLMF? See How to Cite.

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• How do I search within DLMF? See Guide to Searching the DLMF.

• See also the Index or Notations sections.

• Links to definitions, keywords, annotations and other interesting information can be found in the Info boxes by clicking or hovering the mouse over the icon next to each formula, table, figure, and section heading.

2: Foreword

… ►That 1046-page tome proved to be an invaluable reference for the many scientists and engineers who use the special functions of applied mathematics in their day-to-day work, so much so that it became the most widely distributed and most highly cited NIST publication in the first 100 years of the institution’s existence. The success of the original handbook, widely referred to as “Abramowitz and Stegun” (“A&S”), derived not only from the fact that it provided critically useful scientific data in a highly accessible format, but also because it served to standardize definitions and notations for special functions. … ►However, we have also seen the birth of a new age of computing technology, which has not only changed how we utilize special functions, but also how we communicate technical information. The document you are now holding, or the Web page you are now reading, represents an effort to extend the legacy of A&S well into the 21st century. … ►Particular attention is called to the generous support of the National Science Foundation, which made possible the participation of experts from academia and research institutes worldwide. …

3: How to Cite

How to Cite

►When citing DLMF from a formal publication, we suggest a format similar to the following: … ►Citations from other electronic media (the web, email, …), should, of course, use the appropriate means to give the site URL (https://dlmf.nist.gov/), or specific Permalinks. … ►The direct correspondence between the reference numbers in the printed Handbook and the permalinks used online in the DLMF enables readers of either version to cite specific items and their readers to easily look them up again — in either version! … ►Note the ‘E’, ‘F’ and ‘T’ used to disambiguate equations, figures and tables. …

4: About MathML

… ►, built-in to the browser) support for MathML is growing, (see Browsers supporting MathML). However, the MathJax javascript library can also used to render the MathML, albeit more slowly. By default, DLMF will use Native support when available; You may choose how MathML is processed (Native or MathJax) at Customize DLMF. … ►Of course you are encouraged to use a modern, up-to-date browser. … ►Recent enhancements to the WebKit engine now provide support for MathML Core. …

5: DLMF Project News

error generating summary

6: 25 Zeta and Related Functions

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7: 13.5 Continued Fractions

… ►This continued fraction converges to the meromorphic function of $z$ on the left-hand side everywhere in $ℂ$. For more details on how a continued fraction converges to a meromorphic function see Jones and Thron (1980). … ►This continued fraction converges to the meromorphic function of $z$ on the left-hand side throughout the sector . …

8: 13.17 Continued Fractions

… ►This continued fraction converges to the meromorphic function of $z$ on the left-hand side for all $z\in ℂ$. For more details on how a continued fraction converges to a meromorphic function see Jones and Thron (1980). … ►This continued fraction converges to the meromorphic function of $z$ on the left-hand side throughout the sector . …

9: 33.21 Asymptotic Approximations for Large $|r|$

… ►We indicate here how to obtain the limiting forms of $f(ϵ,\mathrm{\ell };r)$, $h(ϵ,\mathrm{\ell };r)$, $s(ϵ,\mathrm{\ell };r)$, and $c(ϵ,\mathrm{\ell };r)$ as $r\to \pm \mathrm{\infty }$, with $ϵ$ and $\mathrm{\ell }$ fixed, in the following cases: ►

When $r\to \pm \mathrm{\infty }$ with $ϵ>0$, Equations (33.16.4)–(33.16.7) are combined with (33.10.1).

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When $r\to \pm \mathrm{\infty }$ with , Equations (33.16.10)–(33.16.13) are combined with

33.21.1

${\zeta }_{\mathrm{\ell }}(\nu ,r)\sim {\mathrm{e}}^{-r/\nu }{(2r/\nu )}^{\nu },$

${\xi }_{\mathrm{\ell }}(\nu ,r)\sim {\mathrm{e}}^{r/\nu }{(2r/\nu )}^{-\nu }$ , $r\to \mathrm{\infty }$,

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Symbols:

$\sim$: asymptotic equality, $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $\mathrm{\ell }$: nonnegative integer, $r$: real variable, $\nu$: parameter, ${\zeta }_{\mathrm{\ell }}(\nu ,r)$: function and ${\xi }_{\mathrm{\ell }}(\nu ,r)$: function

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/33.21.E1

Encodings:

pMML, pMML, png, png, TeX, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §33.21(i), §33.21 and Ch.33

33.21.2

${\zeta }_{\mathrm{\ell }}(-\nu ,r)\sim {\mathrm{e}}^{r/\nu }{(-2r/\nu )}^{-\nu },$

${\xi }_{\mathrm{\ell }}(-\nu ,r)\sim {\mathrm{e}}^{-r/\nu }{(-2r/\nu )}^{\nu },$ $r\to -\mathrm{\infty }$.

ⓘ

Symbols:

$\sim$: asymptotic equality, $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $\mathrm{\ell }$: nonnegative integer, $r$: real variable, $\nu$: parameter, ${\zeta }_{\mathrm{\ell }}(\nu ,r)$: function and ${\xi }_{\mathrm{\ell }}(\nu ,r)$: function

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/33.21.E2

Encodings:

pMML, pMML, png, png, TeX, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §33.21(i), §33.21 and Ch.33

Corresponding approximations for $s(ϵ,\mathrm{\ell };r)$ and $c(ϵ,\mathrm{\ell };r)$ as $r\to \mathrm{\infty }$ can be obtained via (33.16.17), and as $r\to -\mathrm{\infty }$ via (33.16.18).

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When $r\to \pm \mathrm{\infty }$ with $ϵ=0$, combine (33.20.1), (33.20.2) with §§10.7(ii), 10.30(ii).

… ►For asymptotic expansions of $f(ϵ,\mathrm{\ell };r)$ and $h(ϵ,\mathrm{\ell };r)$ as $r\to \pm \mathrm{\infty }$ with $ϵ$ and $\mathrm{\ell }$ fixed, see Curtis (1964a, §6).

10: 18.40 Methods of Computation

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A numerical approach to the recursion coefficients and quadrature abscissas and weights

… ►See Gautschi (1983) for examples of numerically stable and unstable use of the above recursion relations, and how one can then usefully differentiate between numerical results of low and high precision, as produced thereby. ►Having now directly connected computation of the quadrature abscissas and weights to the moments, what follows uses these for a Stieltjes–Perron inversion to regain $w(x)$. … ►The question is then: how is this possible given only $F_N(z)$, rather than $F(z)$ itself? $F_N(z)$ often converges to smooth results for $z$ off the real axis for $\mathrm{\Im }z$ at a distance greater than the pole spacing of the $x_n$, this may then be followed by approximate numerical analytic continuation via fitting to lower order continued fractions (either Padé, see §3.11(iv), or pointwise continued fraction approximants, see Schlessinger (1968, Appendix)), to $F_N(z)$ and evaluating these on the real axis in regions of higher pole density that those of the approximating function. Results of low ($2$ to $3$ decimal digits) precision for $w(x)$ are easily obtained for $N\sim 10$ to $20$. …