in terms of Airy functions

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31: 1.17 Integral and Series Representations of the Dirac Delta

… ►In applications in physics, engineering, and applied mathematics, (see Friedman (1990)), the Dirac delta distribution (§1.16(iii)) is historically and customarily replaced by the Dirac delta (or Dirac delta function) $\delta \left(x\right)$. …From the mathematical standpoint the left-hand side of (1.17.2) can be interpreted as a generalized integral in the sense that … ►

Airy Functions (§9.2)

… ►In the language of physics and applied mathematics, these equations indicate the normalizations chosen for these non-$L^2$ improper eigenfunctions of the differential operators (with derivatives respect to spatial co-ordinates) which generate them; the normalizations (1.17.12_1) and (1.17.12_2) are explicitly derived in Friedman (1990, Ch. 4), the others follow similarly. Equations (1.17.12_1) through (1.17.16) may re-interpreted as spectral representations of completeness relations, expressed in terms of Dirac delta distributions, as discussed in §1.18(v), and §1.18(vi) Further mathematical underpinnings are referenced in §1.17(iv). …

32: 12.11 Zeros

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§12.11(i) Distribution of Real Zeros

… ►For large negative values of $a$ the real zeros of $U(a,x)$, $U^{\prime }(a,x)$, $V(a,x)$, and $V^{\prime }(a,x)$ can be approximated by reversion of the Airy-type asymptotic expansions of §§12.10(vii) and 12.10(viii). …Here $\alpha ={\mu }^{-\frac{4}{3}}{a}_s$, $a_s$ denoting the $s$th negative zero of the function $\mathrm{Ai}$ (see §9.9(i)). … ►where $\beta ={\mu }^{-\frac{4}{3}}{a}_s^{\prime }$, $a_s^{\prime }$ denoting the $s$th negative zero of the function ${\mathrm{Ai}}^{\prime }$ and … ►For further information, including associated functions, see Olver (1959).

33: 9.10 Integrals

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§9.10(i) Indefinite Integrals

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§9.10(ii) Asymptotic Approximations

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§9.10(iv) Definite Integrals

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§9.10(v) Laplace Transforms

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§9.10(vi) Mellin Transform

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34: 9.9 Zeros

… ►They are denoted by $a_k$, $a_k^{\prime }$, $b_k$, $b_k^{\prime }$, respectively, arranged in ascending order of absolute value for $k=1,2,\mathrm{\dots }.$ … ►

§9.9(ii) Relation to Modulus and Phase

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§9.9(iii) Derivatives With Respect to $k$

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§9.9(iv) Asymptotic Expansions

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§9.9(v) Tables

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35: Guide to Searching the DLMF

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Terms, Phrases and Expressions

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a textual word, a number, or a math symbol.

… ►For example, the expression ${\mathrm{Ai}}^2+{\mathrm{Bi}}^2$ does not occur verbatim in DLMF, but ${\mathrm{Ai}}^2\left(z\right)+{\mathrm{Bi}}^2\left(z\right)$ and ${\mathrm{Ai}}^2\left(x\right)+{\mathrm{Bi}}^2\left(x\right)$ do. … ►If you do not want a term or a sequence of terms in your query to undergo math processing, you should quote them as a phrase. … ►

Single-letter terms

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36: 10.21 Zeros

… ►For the next three terms in (10.21.19) and the next two terms in (10.21.20) see Bickley et al. (1952, p. xxxvii) or Olver (1960, pp. xvii–xviii). … ►Let ${𝒞}_{\nu }\left(x\right)$, ${\rho }_{\nu }(t)$, and ${\sigma }_{\nu }(t)$ be defined as in §10.21(ii) and $M\left(x\right)$, $\theta \left(x\right)$, $N\left(x\right)$, and $\varphi \left(x\right)$ denote the modulus and phase functions for the Airy functions and their derivatives as in §9.8. … ►Here $a_m$ and $a_m^{\prime }$ denote respectively the zeros of the Airy function $\mathrm{Ai}\left(z\right)$ and its derivative ${\mathrm{Ai}}^{\prime }\left(z\right)$; see §9.9. …(Note: If the term $z(\zeta ){(h(\zeta ))}^2{C}_0(\zeta )/(2\zeta \nu )$ in (10.21.43) is omitted, then the uniform character of the error term $O(1/\nu )$ is destroyed.) … ►Higher coefficients in the asymptotic expansions in this subsection can be obtained by expressing the cross-products in terms of the modulus and phase functions (§10.18), and then reverting the asymptotic expansion for the difference of the phase functions. …

37: 28.8 Asymptotic Expansions for Large $q$

… ►These results are derived formally in Sips (1949, 1959, 1965). … ►The approximants are elementary functions, Airy functions, Bessel functions, and parabolic cylinder functions; compare §2.8. … ►The approximations are expressed in terms of Whittaker functions $W_{\kappa ,\mu }\left(z\right)$ and $M_{\kappa ,\mu }\left(z\right)$ with $\mu =\frac{1}{4}$; compare §2.8(vi). …With additional restrictions on $z$, uniform asymptotic approximations for solutions of (28.2.1) and (28.20.1) are also obtained in terms of elementary functions by re-expansions of the Whittaker functions; compare §2.8(ii). ►Subsequently the asymptotic solutions involving either elementary or Whittaker functions are identified in terms of the Floquet solutions ${\mathrm{me}}_{\nu }(z,q)$ (§28.12(ii)) and modified Mathieu functions ${\mathrm{M}}_{\nu }^{(j)}(z,h)$ (§28.20(iii)). …

38: Bibliography S

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The Laplace transforms of products of Airy functions. Dirāsāt Ser. B Pure Appl. Sci. 19 (2), pp. 7–11.

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External Links:

ISSN 0253-424X, MathReview

Referenced by:

§9.10(v).

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BibTeX

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Characterization of Jacobian varieties in terms of soliton equations. Invent. Math. 83 (2), pp. 333–382.

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External Links:

ISSN 0020-9910, Document, MathReview (Bert van Geemen), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§21.9.

Encodings:

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Tables of Airy Functions and Special Confluent Hypergeometric Functions. Pergamon Press, New York.

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Notes:

Translated from the Russian by D. G. Fry

External Links:

MathReview (W. F. Freiberger), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

(9.13.19), (9.13.20), (9.13.21), §9.13(i), 1st item.

Encodings:

BibTeX

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A Riccati approach to the Airy equation. In Asymptotic and computational analysis (Winnipeg, MB, 1989), R. Wong (Ed.), pp. 403–415.

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External Links:

MathReview (Donald A. Lutz), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§9.2(vi).

Encodings:

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Exact error terms in the asymptotic expansion of a class of integral transforms. I. Oscillatory kernels. SIAM J. Math. Anal. 11 (5), pp. 828–841.

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External Links:

ISSN 0036-1410, Document, MathReview (John S. Lew), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§2.5(ii).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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39: 3.3 Interpolation

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§3.3(i) Lagrange Interpolation

… ►With an error term the Lagrange interpolation formula for $f$ is given by … ►This represents the Lagrange interpolation polynomial in terms of divided differences: … ►

Example

►To compute the first negative zero $a_1=-\mathrm{2.33810\hspace{0.33em}7410}\mathrm{\dots }$ of the Airy function $f(x)=\mathrm{Ai}\left(x\right)$ (§9.2). …

40: Errata

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§4.13 has been enlarged. The Lambert $W$-function is multi-valued and we use the notation $W_k\left(x\right)$, $k\in \mathbb{Z}$, for the branches. The original two solutions are identified via $\mathrm{Wp}\left(x\right)=W_0\left(x\right)$ and $\mathrm{Wm}\left(x\right)=W_{\pm 1}\left(x\mp 0\mathrm{i}\right)$.

Other changes are the introduction of the Wright $\omega$-function and tree $T$-function in (4.13.1_2) and (4.13.1_3), simplification formulas (4.13.3_1) and (4.13.3_2), explicit representation (4.13.4_1) for $\frac{d^{n}W}{{dz}^n}$, additional Maclaurin series (4.13.5_1) and (4.13.5_2), an explicit expansion about the branch point at $z=-{\mathrm{e}}^{-1}$ in (4.13.9_1), extending the number of terms in asymptotic expansions (4.13.10) and (4.13.11), and including several integrals and integral representations for Lambert $W$-functions in the end of the section.

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In the line just below (18.15.4), it was previously stated “is less than twice the first neglected term in absolute value.” It now states “is less than twice the first neglected term in absolute value, in which one has to take $\cos {\theta }_{n,m,\mathrm{\ell }}=1$.”

Reported by Gergő Nemes on 2019-02-08

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Bounds have been sharpened. The second paragraph now reads, “The $n$th error term is bounded in magnitude by the first neglected term multiplied by $\chi (n+\sigma )+1$ where $\sigma =\frac{1}{6}$ for (9.7.7) and $\sigma =0$ for (9.7.8), provided that $n\ge 0$ in the first case and $n\ge 1$ in the second case.” Previously it read, “In (9.7.7) and (9.7.8) the $n$th error term is bounded in magnitude by the first neglected term multiplied by $2\chi (n)\exp \left(\sigma \pi /(72\zeta )\right)$ where $\sigma =5$ for (9.7.7) and $\sigma =7$ for (9.7.8), provided that $n\ge 1$ in both cases.” In Equation (9.7.16)

9.7.16

$$\mathrm{Bi}\left(x\right)\le \frac{{\mathrm{e}}^{\xi }}{\sqrt{\pi }{x}^{1/4}}\left(1+\left(\chi (\frac{7}{6})+1\right)\frac{5}{72\xi }\right),$$

$${\mathrm{Bi}}^{\prime }\left(x\right)\le \frac{x^{1/4}{\mathrm{e}}^{\xi }}{\sqrt{\pi }}\left(1+\left(\frac{\pi }{2}+1\right)\frac{7}{72\xi }\right),$$

the bounds on the right-hand sides have been sharpened. The factors $\left(\chi (\frac{7}{6})+1\right)\frac{5}{72\xi }$, $\left(\frac{\pi }{2}+1\right)\frac{7}{72\xi }$, were originally given by $\frac{5\pi }{72\xi }\exp \left(\frac{5\pi }{72\xi }\right)$, $\frac{7\pi }{72\xi }\exp \left(\frac{7\pi }{72\xi }\right)$, respectively.

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The validity constraint was added. Additionally, specific source citations are now given in the metadata for all equations in Chapter 9 Airy and Related Functions.

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A short paragraph dealing with asymptotic approximations that are expressed in terms of two or more Poincaré asymptotic expansions has been added below (2.1.16).

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