Riemann%20%CE%BE-function

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11: 25.5 Integral Representations

§25.5 Integral Representations

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25.5.1 $$\zeta \left(s\right)=\frac{1}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(s\right)}{\int }_0^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{x^{s-1}}{{\mathrm{e}}^x-1}dx,$$ $\mathrm{\Re }s>1$.

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Symbols:

$\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, $\zeta \left(s\right)$: Riemann zeta function, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $\int$: integral, $\mathrm{\Re }$: real part, $x$: real variable and $s$: complex variable

Keywords:

improper integral, integral representation

Source:

Erdélyi et al. (1953a, (1.12.4), p. 32)

A&S Ref:

23.2.7

Referenced by:

§25.12(ii), (25.5.2), (25.5.6)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/25.5.E1

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §25.5(i), §25.5 and Ch.25

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25.5.5 $$\zeta \left(s\right)=-s{\int }_0^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{x-\lfloor x\rfloor -\frac{1}{2}}{x^{s+1}}dx,$$ .

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Symbols:

$\zeta \left(s\right)$: Riemann zeta function, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\lfloor x\rfloor$: floor of $x$ , $\int$: integral, $\mathrm{\Re }$: real part, $x$: real variable and $s$: complex variable

Keywords:

improper integral, integral representation

Source:

Titchmarsh (1986b, (2.1.6), p. 15)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/25.5.E5

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §25.5(i), §25.5 and Ch.25

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25.5.19 $$\zeta \left(m+s\right)={(-1)}^{m-1}\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(s\right)\sin \left(\pi s\right)}{\pi \mathrm{\Gamma }\left(m+s\right)}{\int }_0^{\mathrm{\infty }}{\psi }^{(m)}\left(1+x\right)x^{-s}dx,$$ $m=1,2,3,\mathrm{\dots }$.

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Symbols:

$\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, $\zeta \left(s\right)$: Riemann zeta function, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\psi \left(z\right)$: psi (or digamma) function, $\int$: integral, $\sin z$: sine function, $m$: nonnegative integer, $x$: real variable and $s$: complex variable

Keywords:

improper integral, integral representation

Source:

de Bruijn (1937, p. 178)

Referenced by:

§25.5(ii)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/25.5.E19

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §25.5(ii), §25.5 and Ch.25

►

§25.5(iii) Contour Integrals

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12: 21.9 Integrable Equations

§21.9 Integrable Equations

… ►Typical examples of such equations are the Korteweg–de Vries equation … ► … ►Furthermore, the solutions of the KP equation solve the Schottky problem: this is the question concerning conditions that a Riemann matrix needs to satisfy in order to be associated with a Riemann surface (Schottky (1903)). …

13: 21.6 Products

§21.6 Products

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§21.6(i) Riemann Identity

… ►Then …This is the Riemann identity. On using theta functions with characteristics, it becomes …

14: 8.22 Mathematical Applications

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§8.22(ii) Riemann Zeta Function and Incomplete Riemann Zeta Function

… ►See Paris and Cang (1997). ►If ${\zeta }_x(s)$ denotes the incomplete Riemann zeta function defined by …so that ${lim}_{x\to \mathrm{\infty }}{\zeta }_x(s)=\zeta \left(s\right)$, then …For further information on ${\zeta }_x(s)$, including zeros and uniform asymptotic approximations, see Kölbig (1970, 1972a) and Dunster (2006). …

15: 25.4 Reflection Formulas

§25.4 Reflection Formulas

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25.4.1 $$\zeta \left(1-s\right)=2{(2\pi )}^{-s}\cos \left(\frac{1}{2}\pi s\right)\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(s\right)\zeta \left(s\right),$$

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Symbols:

$\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, $\zeta \left(s\right)$: Riemann zeta function, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\cos z$: cosine function and $s$: complex variable

Keywords:

reflection formula

Source:

Apostol (1976, (12), p. 259)

Referenced by:

§25.10(i), §5.17

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/25.4.E1

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §25.4 and Ch.25

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25.4.3 $$\xi \left(s\right)=\xi \left(1-s\right),$$

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Symbols:

$\xi \left(s\right)$: Riemann’s $\xi$-function and $s$: complex variable

Keywords:

reflection formula

Source:

Apostol (1976, p. 260)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/25.4.E3

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §25.4 and Ch.25

►where $\xi \left(s\right)$ is Riemann’s $\xi$-function, defined by: ►

25.4.4 $$\xi \left(s\right)=\frac{1}{2}s(s-1)\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{1}{2}s\right){\pi }^{-s/2}\zeta \left(s\right).$$

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Defines:

$\xi \left(s\right)$: Riemann’s $\xi$-function

Symbols:

$\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, $\zeta \left(s\right)$: Riemann zeta function, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter and $s$: complex variable

Keywords:

definition

Source:

Apostol (1976, p. 260)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/25.4.E4

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §25.4 and Ch.25

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16: 25.18 Methods of Computation

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§25.18(i) Function Values and Derivatives

►The principal tools for computing $\zeta \left(s\right)$ are the expansion (25.2.9) for general values of $s$, and the Riemann–Siegel formula (25.10.3) (extended to higher terms) for $\zeta \left(\frac{1}{2}+\mathrm{i}t\right)$. …Calculations relating to derivatives of $\zeta \left(s\right)$ and/or $\zeta (s,a)$ can be found in Apostol (1985a), Choudhury (1995), Miller and Adamchik (1998), and Yeremin et al. (1988). … ►

§25.18(ii) Zeros

►Most numerical calculations of the Riemann zeta function are concerned with locating zeros of $\zeta \left(\frac{1}{2}+\mathrm{i}t\right)$ in an effort to prove or disprove the Riemann hypothesis, which states that all nontrivial zeros of $\zeta \left(s\right)$ lie on the critical line $\mathrm{\Re }s=\frac{1}{2}$. …

17: 21.4 Graphics

§21.4 Graphics

►Figure 21.4.1 provides surfaces of the scaled Riemann theta function $\widehat{\theta }\left(𝐳\right|𝛀)$, with …This Riemann matrix originates from the Riemann surface represented by the algebraic curve ${\mu }^3-{\lambda }^7+2{\lambda }^3\mu =0$; compare §21.7(i). … ►For the scaled Riemann theta functions depicted in Figures 21.4.2–21.4.5 … ►

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Figure 21.4.5: The real part of a genus 3 scaled Riemann theta function: $\mathrm{\Re }\widehat{\theta }\left(x+\mathrm{i}y,0,0\right|{𝛀}_2)$, $0\le x\le 1$, $0\le y\le 3$. … Magnify 3D Help

18: 25.10 Zeros

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§25.10(i) Distribution

… ►The Riemann hypothesis states that all nontrivial zeros lie on this line. … ►

§25.10(ii) Riemann–Siegel Formula

… ►Riemann also developed a technique for determining further terms. …

19: 27.4 Euler Products and Dirichlet Series

… ►The completely multiplicative function $f(n)=n^{-s}$ gives the Euler product representation of the Riemann zeta function $\zeta \left(s\right)$ (§25.2(i)): ►

27.4.3 $$\zeta \left(s\right)=\sum _{n=1}^{\mathrm{\infty }}{n}^{-s}=\prod _p{(1-p^{-s})}^{-1},$$ $\mathrm{\Re }s>1$.

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Symbols:

$\zeta \left(s\right)$: Riemann zeta function, $\mathrm{\Re }$: real part, $n$: positive integer and $p,p_1,\mathrm{\dots }$: prime numbers

A&S Ref:

23.2.1 and 23.2.2

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/27.4.E3

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §27.4 and Ch.27

►The Riemann zeta function is the prototype of series of the form … ►

27.4.5 $$\sum _{n=1}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\mu \left(n\right)n^{-s}=\frac{1}{\zeta \left(s\right)},$$ $\mathrm{\Re }s>1$,

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Symbols:

$\mu \left(n\right)$: Möbius function, $\zeta \left(s\right)$: Riemann zeta function, $\mathrm{\Re }$: real part and $n$: positive integer

A&S Ref:

24.3.1 I.B

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/27.4.E5

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §27.4 and Ch.27

… ►In (27.4.12) and (27.4.13) ${\zeta }^{\prime }\left(s\right)$ is the derivative of $\zeta \left(s\right)$.

20: 20.10 Integrals

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20.10.1 $${\int }_0^{\mathrm{\infty }}{x}^{s-1}{\theta }_2\left(0\right|\mathrm{i}{x}^2)dx=2^s(1-2^{-s}){\pi }^{-s/2}\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{1}{2}s\right)\zeta \left(s\right),$$ $\mathrm{\Re }s>1$,

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Symbols:

$\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, ${\theta }_j\left(z\right|\tau )$: theta function, $\zeta \left(s\right)$: Riemann zeta function, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $\int$: integral and $\mathrm{\Re }$: real part

Keywords:

Mellin transform

Referenced by:

§20.10(i), Erratum (V1.1.5) for §20.10(i)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/20.10.E1

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

Modification (effective with 1.1.5):

Originally the constraint was $\mathrm{\Re }s>2$. This can be relaxed to $\mathrm{\Re }s>1$ because ${\theta }_2\left(0\right|\mathrm{i}{x}^2)=x^{-1}{\theta }_4\left(0\right|\mathrm{i}{x}^{-2})\sim x^{-1}$ as $x\to 0+$, which follows from (20.7.31) and (20.4.5).

See also:

Annotations for §20.10(i), §20.10 and Ch.20

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20.10.2 $${\int }_0^{\mathrm{\infty }}{x}^{s-1}({\theta }_3\left(0\right|\mathrm{i}{x}^2)-1)dx={\pi }^{-s/2}\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{1}{2}s\right)\zeta \left(s\right),$$ $\mathrm{\Re }s>1$,

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Symbols:

$\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, ${\theta }_j\left(z\right|\tau )$: theta function, $\zeta \left(s\right)$: Riemann zeta function, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $\int$: integral and $\mathrm{\Re }$: real part

Keywords:

Mellin transform

Referenced by:

§20.10(i), Erratum (V1.1.5) for §20.10(i)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/20.10.E2

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

Modification (effective with 1.1.5):

Originally the constraint was $\mathrm{\Re }s>2$. This can be relaxed to $\mathrm{\Re }s>1$ because ${\theta }_3\left(0\right|\mathrm{i}{x}^2)=x^{-1}{\theta }_3\left(0\right|\mathrm{i}{x}^{-2})\sim x^{-1}$ as $x\to 0+$, which follows from (20.7.32) and (20.4.4).

See also:

Annotations for §20.10(i), §20.10 and Ch.20

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20.10.3 $${\int }_0^{\mathrm{\infty }}{x}^{s-1}(1-{\theta }_4\left(0\right|\mathrm{i}{x}^2))dx=(1-2^{1-s}){\pi }^{-s/2}\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{1}{2}s\right)\zeta \left(s\right),$$ $\mathrm{\Re }s>0$.

ⓘ

Symbols:

$\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, ${\theta }_j\left(z\right|\tau )$: theta function, $\zeta \left(s\right)$: Riemann zeta function, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $\int$: integral and $\mathrm{\Re }$: real part

Keywords:

Mellin transform

Referenced by:

§20.10(i), Erratum (V1.1.5) for §20.10(i)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/20.10.E3

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

Modification (effective with 1.1.5):

Originally the constraint was $\mathrm{\Re }s>2$. This can be relaxed to $\mathrm{\Re }s>0$ because $1-{\theta }_4\left(0\right|\mathrm{i}{x}^2)=1-x^{-1}{\theta }_2\left(0\right|\mathrm{i}{x}^{-2})\sim 1$ as $x\to 0+$, which follows from (20.7.33) and (20.4.3).

See also:

Annotations for §20.10(i), §20.10 and Ch.20

►Here $\zeta \left(s\right)$ again denotes the Riemann zeta function (§25.2). …