# §7.12(i) Complementary Error Function

As $z\to\infty$

 7.12.1 $\displaystyle\mathop{\mathrm{erfc}\/}\nolimits z$ $\displaystyle\sim\frac{e^{-z^{2}}}{\sqrt{\pi}}\sum_{m=0}^{\infty}(-1)^{m}\frac% {\left(\tfrac{1}{2}\right)_{m}}{z^{2m+1}},$ $\displaystyle\mathop{\mathrm{erfc}\/}\nolimits\!\left(-z\right)$ $\displaystyle\sim 2-\frac{e^{-z^{2}}}{\sqrt{\pi}}\sum_{m=0}^{\infty}(-1)^{m}% \frac{\left(\tfrac{1}{2}\right)_{m}}{z^{2m+1}},$ Symbols: $\left(a\right)_{n}$: Pochhammer’s symbol, $\mathop{\mathrm{erfc}\/}\nolimits z$: complementary error function, $e$: base of exponential function, $\sim$: asymptotic equality and $z$: complex variable A&S Ref: 7.1.23 (in different form) Referenced by: §3.5(ix), Other Changes Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/7.12.E1 Encodings: TeX, TeX, pMML, pMML, png, png Notational Change (effective with 1.0.9): Previously the RHS of these equations were written as $\frac{e^{-z^{2}}}{\sqrt{\pi}z}\sum_{m=0}^{\infty}(-1)^{m}\frac{1\cdot 3\cdot 5% \cdots(2m-1)}{(2z^{2})^{m}}$ and $2-\frac{e^{-z^{2}}}{\sqrt{\pi}z}\sum_{m=0}^{\infty}(-1)^{m}\frac{1\cdot 3\cdot 5% \cdots(2m-1)}{(2z^{2})^{m}}$. We have rewritten these sums more concisely using Pochhammer’s symbol. Reported 2014-03-13 by Giorgos Karagounis

both expansions being valid when $|\mathop{\mathrm{ph}\/}\nolimits z|\leq\frac{3}{4}\pi-\delta$ ($<\frac{3}{4}\pi$).

When $|\mathop{\mathrm{ph}\/}\nolimits z|\leq\frac{1}{4}\pi$ the remainder terms are bounded in magnitude by the first neglected terms, and have the same sign as these terms when $\mathop{\mathrm{ph}\/}\nolimits z=0$. When $\frac{1}{4}\pi\leq|\mathop{\mathrm{ph}\/}\nolimits z|<\frac{1}{2}\pi$ the remainder terms are bounded in magnitude by $\mathop{\csc\/}\nolimits\!\left(2|\mathop{\mathrm{ph}\/}\nolimits z|\right)$ times the first neglected terms. For these and other error bounds see Olver (1997b, pp. 109–112), with $\alpha=\frac{1}{2}$ and $z$ replaced by $z^{2}$; compare (7.11.2).

For re-expansions of the remainder terms leading to larger sectors of validity, exponential improvement, and a smooth interpretation of the Stokes phenomenon, see §§2.11(ii)2.11(iv) and use (7.11.3). (Note that some of these re-expansions themselves involve the complementary error function.)

# §7.12(ii) Fresnel Integrals

The asymptotic expansions of $\mathop{C\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\right)$ and $\mathop{S\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\right)$ are given by (7.5.3), (7.5.4), and

 7.12.2 $\mathop{\mathrm{f}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\right)\sim\frac{1}{\pi z}\sum_{m=0}^{% \infty}(-1)^{m}\frac{\left(\tfrac{1}{2}\right)_{2m}}{(\pi z^{2}/2)^{2m}},$ Symbols: $\mathop{\mathrm{f}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\right)$: auxiliary function for Fresnel integrals, $\left(a\right)_{n}$: Pochhammer’s symbol, $\sim$: asymptotic equality and $z$: complex variable A&S Ref: 7.3.27 Referenced by: §7.12(ii), §7.12(ii), Other Changes Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/7.12.E2 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png Notational Change (effective with 1.0.9): Previously the RHS of this equation was written as $\frac{1}{\pi z}\sum_{m=0}^{\infty}(-1)^{m}\frac{1\cdot 3\cdot 5\cdots(4m-1)}{(% \pi z^{2})^{2m}}$. We have rewritten the sum more concisely using Pochhammer’s symbol. Reported 2014-03-13 by Giorgos Karagounis
 7.12.3 $\mathop{\mathrm{g}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\right)\sim\frac{1}{\pi z}\sum_{m=0}^{% \infty}(-1)^{m}\frac{\left(\tfrac{1}{2}\right)_{2m+1}}{(\pi z^{2}/2)^{2m+1}},$ Symbols: $\mathop{\mathrm{g}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\right)$: auxiliary function for Fresnel integrals, $\left(a\right)_{n}$: Pochhammer’s symbol, $\sim$: asymptotic equality and $z$: complex variable A&S Ref: 7.3.28 Referenced by: §7.12(ii), §7.12(ii), Other Changes Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/7.12.E3 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png Notational Change (effective with 1.0.9): Previously the RHS of this equation was written as $\frac{1}{\pi^{2}z^{3}}\sum_{m=0}^{\infty}(-1)^{m}\frac{1\cdot 3\cdot 5\cdots(4% m+1)}{(\pi z^{2})^{2m}}$ We have rewritten the sum more concisely using Pochhammer’s symbol. Reported 2014-03-13 by Giorgos Karagounis

as $z\to\infty$ in $|\mathop{\mathrm{ph}\/}\nolimits z|\leq\frac{1}{2}\pi-\delta(<\frac{1}{2}\pi)$. The remainder terms are given by

 7.12.4 $\mathop{\mathrm{f}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\right)=\frac{1}{\pi z}\sum_{m=0}^{n-1}% (-1)^{m}\frac{\left(\tfrac{1}{2}\right)_{2m}}{(\pi z^{2}/2)^{2m}}+R_{n}^{(% \mathop{\mathrm{f}\/}\nolimits)}(z),$ Symbols: $\mathop{\mathrm{f}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\right)$: auxiliary function for Fresnel integrals, $\left(a\right)_{n}$: Pochhammer’s symbol, $z$: complex variable and $n$: nonnegative integer A&S Ref: 7.3.27 (in different form) Referenced by: §7.12(ii), Other Changes Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/7.12.E4 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png Notational Change (effective with 1.0.9): Previously the RHS of this equation was written as $\frac{1}{\pi z}\sum_{m=0}^{n-1}(-1)^{m}\frac{1\cdot 3\cdots(4m-1)}{(\pi z^{2})% ^{2m}}+R_{n}^{(\mathop{\mathrm{f}\/}\nolimits)}(z)$. We have rewritten the sum more concisely using Pochhammer’s symbol. Reported 2014-03-13 by Giorgos Karagounis
 7.12.5 $\mathop{\mathrm{g}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\right)=\frac{1}{\pi z}\sum_{m=0}^{n-1}% (-1)^{m}\frac{\left(\tfrac{1}{2}\right)_{2m+1}}{(\pi z^{2}/2)^{2m+1}},+R_{n}^{% (\mathop{\mathrm{g}\/}\nolimits)}(z),$ Symbols: $\mathop{\mathrm{g}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\right)$: auxiliary function for Fresnel integrals, $\left(a\right)_{n}$: Pochhammer’s symbol, $z$: complex variable and $n$: nonnegative integer A&S Ref: 7.3.28 (in different form) Referenced by: Other Changes Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/7.12.E5 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png Notational Change (effective with 1.0.9): Previously the RHS of this equation was written as $\frac{1}{\pi^{2}z^{3}}\sum_{m=0}^{n-1}(-1)^{m}\frac{1\cdot 3\cdots(4m+1)}{(\pi z% ^{2})^{2m}}+R_{n}^{(\mathop{\mathrm{g}\/}\nolimits)}(z)$. We have rewritten the sum more concisely using Pochhammer’s symbol. Reported 2014-03-13 by Giorgos Karagounis

where, for $n=0,1,2,\dots$ and $|\mathop{\mathrm{ph}\/}\nolimits z|<\tfrac{1}{4}\pi$,

 7.12.6 $R_{n}^{(\mathop{\mathrm{f}\/}\nolimits)}(z)=\frac{(-1)^{n}}{\pi\sqrt{2}}\int_{% 0}^{\infty}\frac{e^{-\pi z^{2}t/2}t^{2n-(1/2)}}{t^{2}+1}dt,$
 7.12.7 $R_{n}^{(\mathop{\mathrm{g}\/}\nolimits)}(z)=\frac{(-1)^{n}}{\pi\sqrt{2}}\int_{% 0}^{\infty}\frac{e^{-\pi z^{2}t/2}t^{2n+(1/2)}}{t^{2}+1}dt.$

When $|\mathop{\mathrm{ph}\/}\nolimits z|\leq\frac{1}{8}\pi$, $R_{n}^{(\mathop{\mathrm{f}\/}\nolimits)}(z)$ and $R_{n}^{(\mathop{\mathrm{g}\/}\nolimits)}(z)$ are bounded in magnitude by the first neglected terms in (7.12.2) and (7.12.3), respectively, and have the same signs as these terms when $\mathop{\mathrm{ph}\/}\nolimits z=0$. They are bounded by $|\mathop{\csc\/}\nolimits\!\left(4\mathop{\mathrm{ph}\/}\nolimits z\right)|$ times the first neglected terms when $\frac{1}{8}\pi\leq|\mathop{\mathrm{ph}\/}\nolimits z|<\frac{1}{4}\pi$.

For other phase ranges use (7.4.7) and (7.4.8). For exponentially-improved expansions use (7.5.7), (7.5.10), and §7.12(i).

# §7.12(iii) Goodwin–Staton Integral

See Olver (1997b, p. 115) for an expansion of $\mathop{G\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\right)$ with bounds for the remainder for real and complex values of $z$.