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1: 12.11 Zeros

… ►When $a=\frac{1}{2}$ these zeros are the same as the zeros of the complementary error function $\mathrm{erfc}(z/\sqrt{2})$; compare (12.7.5). … ►

12.11.5 $$p_0(\zeta )=t(\zeta ),$$

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Symbols:

$\zeta$: change of variable and $p_n(\zeta )$: coefficients

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/12.11.E5

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §12.11(iii), §12.11 and Ch.12

… ►

12.11.6 $$p_1(\zeta )=\frac{t^3-6t}{24{(t^2-1)}^2}+\frac{5}{48{((t^2-1){\zeta }^3)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}.$$

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Symbols:

$\zeta$: change of variable and $p_n(\zeta )$: coefficients

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/12.11.E6

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §12.11(iii), §12.11 and Ch.12

… ►

12.11.8 $$q_0(\zeta )=t(\zeta ).$$

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Symbols:

$\zeta$: change of variable

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/12.11.E8

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §12.11(iii), §12.11 and Ch.12

… ►

12.11.9 $$u_{a,1}\sim 2^{\frac{1}{2}}\mu \left(1-\mathrm{1.85575\hspace{0.33em}708}{\mu }^{-4/3}-\mathrm{0.34438\hspace{0.33em}34}{\mu }^{-8/3}-\mathrm{0.16871\hspace{0.33em}5}{\mu }^{-4}-0.11414{\mu }^{-16/3}-0.0808{\mu }^{-20/3}-\mathrm{\cdots }\right),$$

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Symbols:

$\sim$: Poincaré asymptotic expansion, $a$: real or complex parameter and $u_{a,s}$: zeros

Referenced by:

§12.11(iii)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/12.11.E9

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §12.11(iii), §12.11 and Ch.12

…

2: 19.36 Methods of Computation

… ►If (19.36.1) is used instead of its first five terms, then the factor ${(3r)}^{-1/6}$ in Carlson (1995, (2.2)) is changed to ${(3r)}^{-1/8}$. ►For both $R_D$ and $R_J$ the factor ${(r/4)}^{-1/6}$ in Carlson (1995, (2.18)) is changed to ${(r/5)}^{-1/8}$ when the following polynomial of degree 7 (the same for both) is used instead of its first seven terms: … ►(In Legendre’s notation the modulus $k$ approaches 0 or 1.) … ►The cases and require different treatment for numerical purposes, and again precautions are needed to avoid cancellations. … ►For computation of Legendre’s integral of the third kind, see Abramowitz and Stegun (1964, §§17.7 and 17.8, Examples 15, 17, 19, and 20). …

3: 27.2 Functions

… ►Euclid’s Elements (Euclid (1908, Book IX, Proposition 20)) gives an elegant proof that there are infinitely many primes. … ►Gauss and Legendre conjectured that $\pi \left(x\right)$ is asymptotic to $x/\ln x$ as $x\to \mathrm{\infty }$: ►

27.2.3 $$\pi \left(x\right)\sim \frac{x}{\ln x}.$$

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Symbols:

$\sim$: asymptotic equality, $\ln z$: principal branch of logarithm function, $\pi \left(x\right)$: number of primes not exceeding a number and $x$: real number

Referenced by:

§25.16(i), §27.11

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/27.2.E3

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

Change of Notation (effective with 1.0.10):

The notation for logarithm has been changed to $\ln$ from $\log$.

See also:

Annotations for §27.2(i), §27.2 and Ch.27

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27.2.4 $$p_n\sim n\ln n.$$

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Symbols:

$\sim$: asymptotic equality, $\ln z$: principal branch of logarithm function, $n$: positive integer and $p,p_1,\mathrm{\dots }$: prime numbers

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/27.2.E4

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

Change of Notation (effective with 1.0.10):

The notation for logarithm has been changed to $\ln$ from $\log$.

See also:

Annotations for §27.2(i), §27.2 and Ch.27

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27.2.14 $$\mathrm{\Lambda }\left(n\right)=\ln p,$$ $n=p^a$,

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Defines:

$\mathrm{\Lambda }\left(n\right)$: Mangoldt’s function

Symbols:

$\ln z$: principal branch of logarithm function, $n$: positive integer, $p,p_1,\mathrm{\dots }$: prime numbers and $a$: primitive root

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/27.2.E14

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

Change of Notation (effective with 1.0.10):

The notation for logarithm has been changed to $\ln$ from $\log$.

See also:

Annotations for §27.2(i), §27.2 and Ch.27

…

4: 9.7 Asymptotic Expansions

… ►

9.7.1 $$\zeta =\frac{2}{3}{z}^{3/2}.$$

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Defines:

$\zeta$: change of variable (locally)

Symbols:

$z$: complex variable

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/9.7.E1

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §9.7(i), §9.7 and Ch.9

… ►Numerical values of $\chi (n)$ are given in Table 9.7.1 for $n=1(1)20$ to 2D. … ►

9.7.5 $$\mathrm{Ai}\left(z\right)\sim \frac{{\mathrm{e}}^{-\zeta }}{2\sqrt{\pi }{z}^{1/4}}\sum _{k=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}{(-1)}^k\frac{u_k}{{\zeta }^k},$$ $|\mathrm{ph}z|\le \pi -\delta$,

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Symbols:

$\mathrm{Ai}\left(z\right)$: Airy function, $\sim$: Poincaré asymptotic expansion, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $\mathrm{ph}$: phase, $k$: nonnegative integer, $z$: complex variable, $\delta$: small positive constant, $\zeta$: change of variable and $u_s$: expansion coefficient

Source:

Olver (1997b, (1.07), pp. 392 and 413)

Referenced by:

(9.10.4), (9.10.6), §9.7(iii), §9.7(iv), §9.7(iv), §9.7(v), Erratum (V1.0.17) for Subsection 9.7(iv)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/9.7.E5

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §9.7(ii), §9.7 and Ch.9

►

9.7.6 $${\mathrm{Ai}}^{\prime }\left(z\right)\sim -\frac{z^{1/4}{\mathrm{e}}^{-\zeta }}{2\sqrt{\pi }}\sum _{k=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}{(-1)}^k\frac{v_k}{{\zeta }^k},$$ $|\mathrm{ph}z|\le \pi -\delta$,

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Symbols:

$\mathrm{Ai}\left(z\right)$: Airy function, $\sim$: Poincaré asymptotic expansion, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $\mathrm{ph}$: phase, $k$: nonnegative integer, $z$: complex variable, $\delta$: small positive constant, $\zeta$: change of variable and $v_s$: expansion coefficient

Source:

Olver (1997b, (1.07), pp. 392 and 413)

Referenced by:

§9.7(iii), §9.7(iv), §9.7(iv), §9.7(v), Erratum (V1.0.17) for Subsection 9.7(iv)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/9.7.E6

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §9.7(ii), §9.7 and Ch.9

… ►where $\xi =\frac{2}{3}{x}^{3/2}$. …

5: Bibliography D

… ►

Recherches analytiques sur la théorie des nombres premiers. Première partie. La fonction $\zeta (s)$ de Riemann et les nombres premiers en général, suivi d’un Appendice sur des réflexions applicables à une formule donnée par Riemann. Ann. Soc. Sci. Bruxelles 20, pp. 183–256 (French).

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Notes:

Reprinted in Collected works/Oeuvres scientifiques, Vol. I, pp. 223–296 Académie Royale de Belgique, Brussels, 2000.

External Links:

MathReview, ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§25.10(i), §27.11, §27.2(i).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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Recherches analytiques sur la théorie des nombres premiers. Deuxième partie. Les fonctions de Dirichlet et les nombres premiers de la forme linéaire $Mx+N$ . Ann. Soc. Sci. Bruxelles 20, pp. 281–397 (French).

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Notes:

Reprinted in Collected works/Oeuvres scientifiques, Vol. I, pp. 309–425, Académie Royale de Belgique, Brussels, 2000.

External Links:

MathReview, ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§25.10(i), §27.11, §27.2(i).

Encodings:

BibTeX

… ►

Complex zeros of cylinder functions. Math. Comp. 20 (94), pp. 215–222.

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Notes:

For a numerical error in one of the zeros see Amos (1985).

External Links:

ISSN 0025-5718, FullText, MathReview, ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

2nd item.

Encodings:

BibTeX

… ►

Uniform asymptotic expansions for Whittaker’s confluent hypergeometric functions. SIAM J. Math. Anal. 20 (3), pp. 744–760.

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Notes:

(This reference has several typographical errors.)

External Links:

ISSN 0036-1410, Document, MathReview (F. W. J. Olver), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§13.21(ii), §13.21(iii), §13.21(iv).

Encodings:

BibTeX

►

Bessel functions of purely imaginary order, with an application to second-order linear differential equations having a large parameter. SIAM J. Math. Anal. 21 (4), pp. 995–1018.

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Notes:

Errata: In eq. (2.8) replace ${(x^2/4)}^2$ by ${(x^2/4)}^s$. In eq. (4.2) $\varphi (\zeta )$ should be replaced by $\psi (\zeta )$. In the second line of eq. (4.7) insert an external factor $e^{-2\pi ij/3}$ and change the upper limit of the sum to $n-1$. In eq. (4.15) the factor $\zeta$ is missing from the arguments of the functions Bi_ν and Bi’_ν.

External Links:

ISSN 0036-1410, Document, MathReview (A. de Castro Brzezicki), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§10.24, §10.45, §2.8(iv).

Encodings:

BibTeX

…

6: Errata

… ►

Changes

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Changes

… ►

Changes

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Changes

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Changes

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7: 20.11 Generalizations and Analogs

… ►

20.11.2 $$\frac{1}{\sqrt{n}}G(m,n)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{n}}\sum _{k=0}^{n-1}{\mathrm{e}}^{-\pi \mathrm{i}{k}^{2}m/n}=\frac{{\mathrm{e}}^{-\pi \mathrm{i}/4}}{\sqrt{m}}\sum _{j=0}^{m-1}{\mathrm{e}}^{\pi \mathrm{i}{j}^{2}n/m}=\frac{{\mathrm{e}}^{-\pi \mathrm{i}/4}}{\sqrt{m}}G(-n,m).$$

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Symbols:

$\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $m$: integer, $n$: integer and $G(m,n)$: Gauss sum

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/20.11.E2

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §20.11(i), §20.11 and Ch.20

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20.11.3 $$f(a,b)=\sum _{n=-\mathrm{\infty }}^{\mathrm{\infty }}{a}^{n(n+1)/2}{b}^{n(n-1)/2},$$

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Symbols:

$n$: integer

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/20.11.E3

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §20.11(ii), §20.11 and Ch.20

… ►

§20.11(iii) Ramanujan’s Change of Base

►As in §20.11(ii), the modulus $k$ of elliptic integrals (§19.2(ii)), Jacobian elliptic functions (§22.2), and Weierstrass elliptic functions (§23.6(ii)) can be expanded in $q$-series via (20.9.1). … ►These results are called Ramanujan’s changes of base. …

8: 5.11 Asymptotic Expansions

… ►

5.11.1 $$\mathrm{Ln}\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)\sim \left(z-\frac{1}{2}\right)\ln z-z+\frac{1}{2}\ln \left(2\pi \right)+\sum _{k=1}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{B_{2k}}{2k(2k-1)z^{2k-1}}$$

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Symbols:

$B_n$: Bernoulli numbers, $\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, $\sim$: Poincaré asymptotic expansion, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\mathrm{Ln}z$: general logarithm function, $\ln z$: principal branch of logarithm function, $k$: nonnegative integer and $z$: complex variable

A&S Ref:

6.1.40

Referenced by:

§5.11(i), §5.11(i), §5.11(ii), §5.11(ii), Erratum (V1.0.10) for Equations (5.9.10), (5.9.11), (5.10.1), (5.11.1), (5.11.8)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/5.11.E1

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

Addition (effective with 1.0.10):

To increase the region of validity of this equation, the logarithm of the gamma function that appears on its left-hand side has been changed to $\mathrm{Ln}\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$, where $\mathrm{Ln}$ is the general logarithm. Originally $\ln \mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$ was used, where $\ln$ is the principal branch of the logarithm.

Suggested 2015-02-13 by Philippe Spindel

See also:

Annotations for §5.11(i), §5.11 and Ch.5

… ►

5.11.3 $$\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)={\mathrm{e}}^{-z}{z}^z{\left(\frac{2\pi }{z}\right)}^{1/2}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{\ast }\left(z\right)\sim {\mathrm{e}}^{-z}{z}^z{\left(\frac{2\pi }{z}\right)}^{1/2}\sum _{k=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{g_k}{z^k},$$

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Defines:

${\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{\ast }\left(z\right)$: scaled gamma function

Symbols:

$\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, $\sim$: Poincaré asymptotic expansion, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $k$: nonnegative integer, $z$: complex variable and $g_k$: coefficients

A&S Ref:

6.1.37

Referenced by:

§10.19(i), §13.8(iv), §5.11(i), §5.11(i), §5.11(i), §5.11(ii), §5.11(ii), §5.21, §5.9(i), §8.11(ii), §8.12, (8.18.13), (8.18.13), §8.18(ii), §8.18(ii), Erratum (V1.1.7) for Additions, Erratum (V1.1.8) for Rearrangement

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/5.11.E3

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

Addition (effective with 1.1.7):

The definition of the scaled gamma function ${\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{\ast }\left(z\right)$ was inserted after the first equals sign.

Changes (effective with 1.0.11):

An unnecessary bracket around the sum was removed.

See also:

Annotations for §5.11(i), §5.11 and Ch.5

… ►Wrench (1968) gives exact values of $g_k$ up to $g_{20}$. … ►

5.11.8 $$\mathrm{Ln}\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z+h\right)\sim \left(z+h-\frac{1}{2}\right)\ln z-z+\frac{1}{2}\ln \left(2\pi \right)+\sum _{k=2}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{{(-1)}^k{B}_k\left(h\right)}{k(k-1)z^{k-1}},$$

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Symbols:

$B_n\left(x\right)$: Bernoulli polynomials, $\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, $\sim$: Poincaré asymptotic expansion, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $[a,b]$: closed interval, $\mathrm{Ln}z$: general logarithm function, $\ln z$: principal branch of logarithm function, $k$: nonnegative integer and $z$: complex variable

Referenced by:

§12.10(ii), (5.11.8), §5.11(i), §5.11(ii), Erratum (V1.0.10) for Equations (5.9.10), (5.9.11), (5.10.1), (5.11.1), (5.11.8), Erratum (V1.0.11) for Equation (5.11.8)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/5.11.E8

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

Generalization (effective with 1.0.11):

Originally $h$ in (5.11.8) was unnecessarily restricted to lie in the interval $[0,1]$. In fact, $h$ may lie anywhere in the complex plane.

Suggested 2015-02-28 by Nico Temme

Addition (effective with 1.0.10):

To increase the region of validity of this equation, the logarithm of the gamma function that appears on its left-hand side has been changed to $\mathrm{Ln}\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z+h\right)$, where $\mathrm{Ln}$ is the general logarithm. Originally $\ln \mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z+h\right)$ was used, where $\ln$ is the principal branch of the logarithm.

Suggested 2015-02-13 by Philippe Spindel

See also:

Annotations for §5.11(i), §5.11(i), §5.11 and Ch.5

… ►

5.11.9 $$|\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(x+\mathrm{i}y\right)|\sim \sqrt{2\pi }{|y|}^{x-(1/2)}{\mathrm{e}}^{-\pi |y|/2},$$

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Symbols:

$\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, $\sim$: asymptotic equality, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $x$: real variable and $y$: real variable

Referenced by:

§16.5, §2.5(i), §5.11(i)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/5.11.E9

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §5.11(i), §5.11(i), §5.11 and Ch.5

…

9: 3.8 Nonlinear Equations

… ►

$f(x_0)f^{\prime \prime }(x_0)>0$ and $f^{\prime }(x)$, $f^{\prime \prime }(x)$ do not change sign between $x_0$ and $\xi$ (monotonic convergence).

►

, $f^{\prime }(x)$, $f^{\prime \prime }(x)$ do not change sign in the interval $(x_0,x_1)$, and $\xi \in [x_0,x_1]$ (monotonic convergence after the first iteration).

… ►Then the sensitivity of a simple zero $z$ to changes in $\alpha$ is given by … ►Consider $x=20$ and $j=19$. We have $p^{\prime }(20)=19!$ and $a_{19}=1+2+\mathrm{\cdots }+20=210$. …

10: 20.10 Integrals

… ►

20.10.1 $${\int }_0^{\mathrm{\infty }}{x}^{s-1}{\theta }_2\left(0\right|\mathrm{i}{x}^2)dx=2^s(1-2^{-s}){\pi }^{-s/2}\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{1}{2}s\right)\zeta \left(s\right),$$ $\mathrm{\Re }s>1$,

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Symbols:

$\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, ${\theta }_j\left(z\right|\tau )$: theta function, $\zeta \left(s\right)$: Riemann zeta function, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $\int$: integral and $\mathrm{\Re }$: real part

Keywords:

Mellin transform

Referenced by:

§20.10(i), Erratum (V1.1.5) for §20.10(i)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/20.10.E1

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

Modification (effective with 1.1.5):

Originally the constraint was $\mathrm{\Re }s>2$. This can be relaxed to $\mathrm{\Re }s>1$ because ${\theta }_2\left(0\right|\mathrm{i}{x}^2)=x^{-1}{\theta }_4\left(0\right|\mathrm{i}{x}^{-2})\sim x^{-1}$ as $x\to 0+$, which follows from (20.7.31) and (20.4.5).

See also:

Annotations for §20.10(i), §20.10 and Ch.20

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20.10.2 $${\int }_0^{\mathrm{\infty }}{x}^{s-1}({\theta }_3\left(0\right|\mathrm{i}{x}^2)-1)dx={\pi }^{-s/2}\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{1}{2}s\right)\zeta \left(s\right),$$ $\mathrm{\Re }s>1$,

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Symbols:

$\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, ${\theta }_j\left(z\right|\tau )$: theta function, $\zeta \left(s\right)$: Riemann zeta function, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $\int$: integral and $\mathrm{\Re }$: real part

Keywords:

Mellin transform

Referenced by:

§20.10(i), Erratum (V1.1.5) for §20.10(i)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/20.10.E2

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

Modification (effective with 1.1.5):

Originally the constraint was $\mathrm{\Re }s>2$. This can be relaxed to $\mathrm{\Re }s>1$ because ${\theta }_3\left(0\right|\mathrm{i}{x}^2)=x^{-1}{\theta }_3\left(0\right|\mathrm{i}{x}^{-2})\sim x^{-1}$ as $x\to 0+$, which follows from (20.7.32) and (20.4.4).

See also:

Annotations for §20.10(i), §20.10 and Ch.20

►

20.10.3 $${\int }_0^{\mathrm{\infty }}{x}^{s-1}(1-{\theta }_4\left(0\right|\mathrm{i}{x}^2))dx=(1-2^{1-s}){\pi }^{-s/2}\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{1}{2}s\right)\zeta \left(s\right),$$ $\mathrm{\Re }s>0$.

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Symbols:

$\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, ${\theta }_j\left(z\right|\tau )$: theta function, $\zeta \left(s\right)$: Riemann zeta function, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $\int$: integral and $\mathrm{\Re }$: real part

Keywords:

Mellin transform

Referenced by:

§20.10(i), Erratum (V1.1.5) for §20.10(i)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/20.10.E3

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

Modification (effective with 1.1.5):

Originally the constraint was $\mathrm{\Re }s>2$. This can be relaxed to $\mathrm{\Re }s>0$ because $1-{\theta }_4\left(0\right|\mathrm{i}{x}^2)=1-x^{-1}{\theta }_2\left(0\right|\mathrm{i}{x}^{-2})\sim 1$ as $x\to 0+$, which follows from (20.7.33) and (20.4.3).

See also:

Annotations for §20.10(i), §20.10 and Ch.20

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