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31: 10.72 Mathematical Applications

… ►In regions in which (10.72.1) has a simple turning point $z_0$, that is, $f(z)$ and $g(z)$ are analytic (or with weaker conditions if $z=x$ is a real variable) and $z_0$ is a simple zero of $f(z)$, asymptotic expansions of the solutions $w$ for large $u$ can be constructed in terms of Airy functions or equivalently Bessel functions or modified Bessel functions of order $\frac{1}{3}$ (§9.6(i)). … ►If $f(z)$ has a double zero $z_0$, or more generally $z_0$ is a zero of order $m$, $m=2,3,4,\mathrm{\dots }$, then uniform asymptotic approximations (but not expansions) can be constructed in terms of Bessel functions, or modified Bessel functions, of order $1/(m+2)$. The number $m$ can also be replaced by any real constant $\lambda$ $(>-2)$ in the sense that ${(z-z_0)}^{-\lambda }$ $f(z)$ is analytic and nonvanishing at $z_0$; moreover, $g(z)$ is permitted to have a single or double pole at $z_0$. The order of the approximating Bessel functions, or modified Bessel functions, is $1/(\lambda +2)$, except in the case when $g(z)$ has a double pole at $z_0$. … ►In regions in which the function $f(z)$ has a simple pole at $z=z_0$ and ${(z-z_0)}^{2}g(z)$ is analytic at $z=z_0$ (the case $\lambda =-1$ in §10.72(i)), asymptotic expansions of the solutions $w$ of (10.72.1) for large $u$ can be constructed in terms of Bessel functions and modified Bessel functions of order $\pm \sqrt{1+4\rho }$, where $\rho$ is the limiting value of ${(z-z_0)}^{2}g(z)$ as $z\to z_0$. …

32: 26.1 Special Notation

… ► ►►►►►

$\left(\genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{m}{n}\right)$	binomial coefficient.
…
	Eulerian number.
…
$B\left(n\right)$	Bell number.
$C\left(n\right)$	Catalan number.
…

… ►Other notations for $s(n,k)$, the Stirling numbers of the first kind, include $S_n^{(k)}$ (Abramowitz and Stegun (1964, Chapter 24), Fort (1948)), $S_n^k$ (Jordan (1939), Moser and Wyman (1958a)), $\left(\genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{n-1}{k-1}\right)B_{n-k}^{(n)}$ (Milne-Thomson (1933)), ${(-1)}^{n-k}{S}_1(n-1,n-k)$ (Carlitz (1960), Gould (1960)), ${(-1)}^{n-k}\left[\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{n}{k}\right]$ (Knuth (1992), Graham et al. (1994), Rosen et al. (2000)). ►Other notations for $S(n,k)$, the Stirling numbers of the second kind, include ${𝒮}_n^{(k)}$ (Fort (1948)), ${𝔖}_n^k$ (Jordan (1939)), ${\sigma }_n^k$ (Moser and Wyman (1958b)), $\left(\genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{n}{k}\right)B_{n-k}^{(-k)}$ (Milne-Thomson (1933)), $S_2(k,n-k)$ (Carlitz (1960), Gould (1960)), $\left\{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{n}{k}\right\}$ (Knuth (1992), Graham et al. (1994), Rosen et al. (2000)), and also an unconventional symbol in Abramowitz and Stegun (1964, Chapter 24).

33: 25.11 Hurwitz Zeta Function

… ►

25.11.28 $$\zeta (s,a)=\frac{1}{2}{a}^{-s}+\frac{a^{1-s}}{s-1}+\sum _{k=1}^n\frac{B_{2k}}{(2k)!}{\left(s\right)}_{2k-1}{a}^{1-s-2k}+\frac{1}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(s\right)}{\int }_0^{\mathrm{\infty }}\left(\frac{1}{{\mathrm{e}}^x-1}-\frac{1}{x}+\frac{1}{2}-\sum _{k=1}^n\frac{B_{2k}}{(2k)!}{x}^{2k-1}\right)x^{s-1}{\mathrm{e}}^{-ax}dx,$$ $\mathrm{\Re }s>-(2n+1)$, $s\ne 1$, $\mathrm{\Re }a>0$.

ⓘ

Symbols:

$B_n$: Bernoulli numbers, $O\left(x\right)$: order not exceeding, $\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, $\zeta (s,a)$: Hurwitz zeta function, ${\left(a\right)}_n$: Pochhammer’s symbol (or shifted factorial), $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $!$: factorial (as in $n!$), $\int$: integral, $\mathrm{\Re }$: real part, $k$: nonnegative integer, $n$: nonnegative integer, $x$: real variable, $a$: real or complex parameter and $s$: complex variable

Keywords:

improper integral, integral representation

Proof sketch:

Derivable from (25.11.27) by adding and subtracting ${\sum }_{k=1}^n{B}_{2k}{x}^{2k-1}/(2k)!$ in the integrand, using (5.2.1), (5.2.5), and recognizing that ${({\mathrm{e}}^x-1)}^{-1}-x^{-1}+1/2-{\sum }_{k=1}^n{B}_{2k}{x}^{2k-1}/(2k)!=O\left(x^{2n+1}\right)$ as $x\to 0$, demonstrating the region of convergence.

Referenced by:

Erratum (V1.0.9) for Chapters 7, 25

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/25.11.E28

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

Notational Change (effective with 1.0.9):

We have rewritten the original summation ${\sum }_{k=1}^n\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(s+2k-1\right)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(s\right)}\frac{B_{2k}}{(2k)!}{a}^{-2k-s+1}$ more concisely as ${\sum }_{k=1}^n\frac{B_{2k}}{(2k)!}{\left(s\right)}_{2k-1}{a}^{1-s-2k}$ using the Pochhammer symbol.

See also:

Annotations for §25.11(vii), §25.11 and Ch.25

… ►

25.11.32 $${\int }_0^a{x}^n\psi \left(x\right)dx={(-1)}^{n-1}{\zeta }^{\prime }\left(-n\right)+{(-1)}^n{H}_n\frac{B_{n+1}}{n+1}-\sum _{k=0}^n{(-1)}^k\left(\genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{n}{k}\right)H_k\frac{B_{k+1}(a)}{k+1}{a}^{n-k}+\sum _{k=0}^n{(-1)}^k\left(\genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{n}{k}\right){\zeta }^{\prime }(-k,a)a^{n-k},$$ $n=1,2,\mathrm{\dots }$, $\mathrm{\Re }a>0$,

ⓘ

Symbols:

$B_n$: Bernoulli numbers, $\zeta (s,a)$: Hurwitz zeta function, $\zeta \left(s\right)$: Riemann zeta function, $\left(\genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{m}{n}\right)$: binomial coefficient, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\psi \left(z\right)$: psi (or digamma) function, $H_n$: harmonic number, $\int$: integral, $\mathrm{\Re }$: real part, $k$: nonnegative integer, $n$: nonnegative integer, $x$: real variable, $a$: real or complex parameter and $h(n)$: harmonic number

Keywords:

definite integral, integral representation

Source:

Adamchik (1998, (17), p. 197)

Referenced by:

Erratum (V1.1.4) for Notation

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/25.11.E32

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

Notation (effective with 1.1.4):

The notation previously used for the harmonic number $h(n)$ (resp. $h(k)$) has been replaced to be $H_n$ (resp. $H_k$).

Suggested 2021-08-23 by Gergő Nemes

See also:

Annotations for §25.11(viii), §25.11 and Ch.25

… ►

25.11.34 $$n{\int }_0^a{\zeta }^{\prime }(1-n,x)dx={\zeta }^{\prime }(-n,a)-{\zeta }^{\prime }\left(-n\right)+\frac{B_{n+1}-B_{n+1}\left(a\right)}{n(n+1)},$$ $n=1,2,\mathrm{\dots }$, $\mathrm{\Re }a>0$.

ⓘ

Symbols:

$B_n$: Bernoulli numbers, $B_n\left(x\right)$: Bernoulli polynomials, $\zeta (s,a)$: Hurwitz zeta function, $\zeta \left(s\right)$: Riemann zeta function, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\int$: integral, $\mathrm{\Re }$: real part, $n$: nonnegative integer, $x$: real variable and $a$: real or complex parameter

Keywords:

definite integral, integral representation

Source:

Adamchik (1998, (15), p. 196)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/25.11.E34

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §25.11(viii), §25.11 and Ch.25

… ►

25.11.44 $${\zeta }^{\prime }(-1,a)-\frac{1}{12}+\frac{1}{4}{a}^2-\left(\frac{1}{12}-\frac{1}{2}a+\frac{1}{2}{a}^2\right)\ln a\sim -\sum _{k=1}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{B_{2k+2}}{(2k+2)(2k+1)2k}{a}^{-2k},$$

ⓘ

Symbols:

$B_n$: Bernoulli numbers, $\zeta (s,a)$: Hurwitz zeta function, $\sim$: Poincaré asymptotic expansion, $\ln z$: principal branch of logarithm function, $k$: nonnegative integer and $a$: real or complex parameter

Keywords:

asymptotic approximation

Source:

Elizalde (1986, (18), p. 349)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/25.11.E44

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §25.11(xii), §25.11 and Ch.25

… ►

25.11.45 $${\zeta }^{\prime }(-2,a)-\frac{1}{12}a+\frac{1}{9}{a}^3-\left(\frac{1}{6}a-\frac{1}{2}{a}^2+\frac{1}{3}{a}^3\right)\ln a\sim \sum _{k=1}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{2B_{2k+2}}{(2k+2)(2k+1)2k(2k-1)}{a}^{-(2k-1)}.$$

ⓘ

Symbols:

$B_n$: Bernoulli numbers, $\zeta (s,a)$: Hurwitz zeta function, $\sim$: Poincaré asymptotic expansion, $\ln z$: principal branch of logarithm function, $k$: nonnegative integer and $a$: real or complex parameter

Keywords:

asymptotic approximation

Source:

Elizalde (1986, (19), p. 350)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/25.11.E45

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §25.11(xii), §25.11 and Ch.25

…

34: 24.10 Arithmetic Properties

… ►

24.10.1 $$B_{2n}+\sum _{(p-1)|2n}\frac{1}{p}=\text{integer},$$

ⓘ

Symbols:

$B_n$: Bernoulli numbers, $n$: integer and $p$: prime

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/24.10.E1

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §24.10(i), §24.10 and Ch.24

… ►

24.10.5 $$E_n\equiv E_{n+p-1}(modp),$$

ⓘ

Symbols:

$E_n$: Euler numbers, $\equiv$: modular equivalence, $n$: integer and $p$: prime

Referenced by:

§24.10(ii)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/24.10.E5

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §24.10(ii), §24.10 and Ch.24

…

35: 26.12 Plane Partitions

… ►An equivalent definition is that a plane partition is a finite subset of $\mathbb{N}\times \mathbb{N}\times \mathbb{N}$ with the property that if $(r,s,t)\in \pi$ and $(1,1,1)\le (h,j,k)\le (r,s,t)$, then $(h,j,k)$ must be an element of $\pi$. … ►The number of plane partitions of $n$ is denoted by $\mathrm{pp}\left(n\right)$, with $\mathrm{pp}\left(0\right)=1$. … ►in $B(2r+1,2s,2t)$ it is …in $B(2r+1,2s+1,2t)$ it is … ►in $B(2r+1,2r+1,2t)$ it is …

36: 4.19 Maclaurin Series and Laurent Series

… ►

4.19.5 $$\sec z=1+\frac{z^2}{2}+\frac{5}{24}{z}^4+\frac{61}{720}{z}^6+\mathrm{\cdots }+\frac{{(-1)}^n{E}_{2n}}{(2n)!}{z}^{2n}+\mathrm{\cdots },$$ ,

ⓘ

Symbols:

$E_n$: Euler numbers, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $!$: factorial (as in $n!$), $\sec z$: secant function, $n$: integer and $z$: complex variable

A&S Ref:

4.3.69

Referenced by:

§24.1, §24.19(i), §24.2(ii)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/4.19.E5

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §4.19 and Ch.4

…

37: 24.7 Integral Representations

… ►

24.7.1 $$B_{2n}={(-1)}^{n+1}\frac{4n}{1-2^{1-2n}}{\int }_0^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{t^{2n-1}}{{\mathrm{e}}^{2\pi t}+1}dt={(-1)}^{n+1}\frac{2n}{1-2^{1-2n}}{\int }_0^{\mathrm{\infty }}{t}^{2n-1}{\mathrm{e}}^{-\pi t}\mathrm{sech}\left(\pi t\right)dt,$$

ⓘ

Symbols:

$B_n$: Bernoulli numbers, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $\mathrm{sech}z$: hyperbolic secant function, $\int$: integral, $n$: integer and $t$: real or complex

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/24.7.E1

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §24.7(i), §24.7 and Ch.24

►

24.7.2 $$B_{2n}={(-1)}^{n+1}4n{\int }_0^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{t^{2n-1}}{{\mathrm{e}}^{2\pi t}-1}dt={(-1)}^{n+1}2n{\int }_0^{\mathrm{\infty }}{t}^{2n-1}{\mathrm{e}}^{-\pi t}\mathrm{csch}\left(\pi t\right)dt,$$

ⓘ

Symbols:

$B_n$: Bernoulli numbers, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $\mathrm{csch}z$: hyperbolic cosecant function, $\int$: integral, $n$: integer and $t$: real or complex

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/24.7.E2

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §24.7(i), §24.7 and Ch.24

►

24.7.3 $$B_{2n}={(-1)}^{n+1}\frac{\pi }{1-2^{1-2n}}{\int }_0^{\mathrm{\infty }}{t}^{2n}{\mathrm{sech}}^2\left(\pi t\right)dt,$$

ⓘ

Symbols:

$B_n$: Bernoulli numbers, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\mathrm{sech}z$: hyperbolic secant function, $\int$: integral, $n$: integer and $t$: real or complex

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/24.7.E3

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §24.7(i), §24.7 and Ch.24

►

24.7.4 $$B_{2n}={(-1)}^{n+1}\pi {\int }_0^{\mathrm{\infty }}{t}^{2n}{\mathrm{csch}}^2\left(\pi t\right)dt,$$

ⓘ

Symbols:

$B_n$: Bernoulli numbers, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\mathrm{csch}z$: hyperbolic cosecant function, $\int$: integral, $n$: integer and $t$: real or complex

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/24.7.E4

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §24.7(i), §24.7 and Ch.24

…

38: 24.6 Explicit Formulas

… ►

24.6.2 $$B_n=\frac{1}{n+1}\sum _{k=1}^n\sum _{j=1}^k{(-1)}^j{j}^n\left(\genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{n+1}{k-j}\right)/\left(\genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{n}{k}\right),$$

ⓘ

Symbols:

$B_n$: Bernoulli numbers, $\left(\genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{m}{n}\right)$: binomial coefficient, $j$: integer, $k$: integer and $n$: integer

Referenced by:

§24.6

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/24.6.E2

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §24.6 and Ch.24

… ►

24.6.12 $$E_{2n}=\sum _{k=0}^{2n}\frac{1}{2^k}\sum _{j=0}^k{(-1)}^j\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{k}{j}\right){(1+2j)}^{2n}.$$

ⓘ

Symbols:

$E_n$: Euler numbers, $\left(\genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{m}{n}\right)$: binomial coefficient, $j$: integer, $k$: integer and $n$: integer

Referenced by:

§24.6, §24.6

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/24.6.E12

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §24.6 and Ch.24

39: 27.2 Functions

… ►

27.2.13

ⓘ

Defines:

$\lambda \left(n\right)$: Liouville’s function

Symbols:

$\nu \left(n\right)$: number of distinct primes dividing a number, $n$: positive integer and $a$: primitive root

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/27.2.E13

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §27.2(i), §27.2 and Ch.27

…

40: 20.14 Methods of Computation

… ►In theory, starting from any value of $\tau$, a finite number of applications of the transformations $\tau \to \tau +1$ and $\tau \to -1/\tau$ will result in a value of $\tau$ with $\mathrm{\Im }\tau \ge \sqrt{3}/2$; see §23.18. …