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11: 3.6 Linear Difference Equations

… ►Given numerical values of

w_{0}

and

w_{1}

, the solution

w_{n}

of the equation …These errors have the effect of perturbing the solution by unwanted small multiples of

w_{n}

and of an independent solution

g_{n}

, say. … ►The unwanted multiples of

g_{n}

now decay in comparison with

w_{n}

, hence are of little consequence. … ►The latter method is usually superior when the true value of

w_{0}

is zero or pathologically small. … ►beginning with

e_{0}=w_{0}

. …

12: 10.75 Tables

… ►

•

Achenbach (1986) tabulates $J_{0}\left(x\right)$ , $J_{1}\left(x\right)$ , $Y_{0}\left(x\right)$ , $Y_{1}\left(x\right)$ , $x=0(.1)8$ , 20D or 18–20S.

… ►

•

Makinouchi (1966) tabulates all values of $j_{\nu,m}$ and $y_{\nu,m}$ in the interval $(0,100)$ , with at least 29S. These are for $\nu=0(1)5$ , 10, 20; $\nu=\tfrac{3}{2}$ , $\tfrac{5}{2}$ ; $\nu=m/n$ with $m=1(1)n-1$ and $n=3(1)8$ , except for $\nu=\tfrac{1}{2}$ .

… ►

•

Abramowitz and Stegun (1964, Chapter 11) tabulates $\int_{0}^{x}J_{0}\left(t\right)\,\mathrm{d}t$ , $\int_{0}^{x}Y_{0}\left(t\right)\,\mathrm{d}t$ , $x=0(.1)10$ , 10D; $\int_{0}^{x}t^{-1}(1-J_{0}\left(t\right))\,\mathrm{d}t$ , $\int_{x}^{\infty}t^{-1}Y_{0}\left(t\right)\,\mathrm{d}t$ , $x=0(.1)5$ , 8D.

… ►

•

Leung and Ghaderpanah (1979), tabulates all zeros of the principal value of $K_{n}\left(z\right)$ , for $n=2(1)10$ , 29S.

… ►

•

Abramowitz and Stegun (1964, Chapter 11) tabulates $e^{-x}\int_{0}^{x}I_{0}\left(t\right)\,\mathrm{d}t$ , $e^{x}\int_{x}^{\infty}K_{0}\left(t\right)\,\mathrm{d}t$ , $x=0(.1)10$ , 7D; $e^{-x}\int_{0}^{x}t^{-1}(I_{0}\left(t\right)-1)\,\mathrm{d}t$ , $xe^{x}\int_{x}^{\infty}t^{-1}K_{0}\left(t\right)\,\mathrm{d}t$ , $x=0(.1)5$ , 6D.

…

13: 3.11 Approximation Techniques

… ►Beginning with

u_{n+1}=0

u_{n}=c_{n}

, we apply … ►With

b_{0}=1

, the last

q

equations give

b_{1},\dots,b_{q}

as the solution of a system of linear equations. … ►(3.11.29) is a system of

n+1

linear equations for the coefficients

a_{0},a_{1},\dots,a_{n}

. … ►With this choice of

a_{k}

and

f_{j}=f(x_{j})

, the corresponding sum (3.11.32) vanishes. … ►Two are endpoints:

(x_{0},y_{0})

and

(x_{3},y_{3})

; the other points

(x_{1},y_{1})

and

(x_{2},y_{2})

are control points. …

14: 3.7 Ordinary Differential Equations

… ►The path is partitioned at

P+1

points labeled successively

z_{0},z_{1},\dots,z_{P}

, with

z_{0}=a

z_{P}=b

. … ►Write

\tau_{j}=z_{j+1}-z_{j}

j=0,1,\dots,P

, expand

w(z)

and

w^{\prime}(z)

in Taylor series (§1.10(i)) centered at

z=z_{j}

, and apply (3.7.2). … ►If, for example,

\beta_{0}=\beta_{1}=0

, then on moving the contributions of

w(z_{0})

and

w(z_{P})

to the right-hand side of (3.7.13) the resulting system of equations is not tridiagonal, but can readily be made tridiagonal by annihilating the elements of

\mathbf{A}_{P}

that lie below the main diagonal and its two adjacent diagonals. … ►The values

\lambda_{k}

are the eigenvalues and the corresponding solutions

w_{k}

of the differential equation are the eigenfunctions. … ►where

h=z_{n+1}-z_{n}

and …

15: 3.2 Linear Algebra

… ►where

u_{j}=c_{j}

j=1,2,\dots,n-1

d_{1}=b_{1}

, and …Forward elimination for solving

\mathbf{A}\mathbf{x}=\mathbf{f}

then becomes

y_{1}=f_{1}

, …and back substitution is

x_{n}=y_{n}/d_{n}

, followed by … ►Define the Lanczos vectors

\mathbf{v}_{j}

and coefficients

\alpha_{j}

and

\beta_{j}

\mathbf{v}_{0}=\boldsymbol{{0}}

, a normalized vector

\mathbf{v}_{1}

(perhaps chosen randomly),

\alpha_{1}=\mathbf{v}_{1}^{\rm T}\mathbf{A}\mathbf{v}_{1}

\beta_{1}=0

, and for

j=1,2,\ldots,n-1

by the recursive scheme … ►Start with

\mathbf{v}_{0}=\boldsymbol{{0}}

, vector

\mathbf{v}_{1}

such that

\mathbf{v}_{1}^{\rm T}\mathbf{S}\mathbf{v}_{1}=1

\alpha_{1}=\mathbf{v}_{1}^{\rm T}\mathbf{A}\mathbf{v}_{1}

\beta_{1}=0

. …

16: 32.7 Bäcklund Transformations

… ►Let

w_{j}(z_{j})=w(z_{j};\alpha_{j},\beta_{j},\gamma_{j},\delta_{j})

j=0,1,2

, be solutions of

\mbox{P}_{\mbox{\scriptsize V}}

with … ►satisfies

\mbox{P}_{\mbox{\scriptsize V}}

with … ►Let

w_{j}(z_{j})=w_{j}(z_{j};\alpha_{j},\beta_{j},\gamma_{j},\delta_{j})

j=0,1,2,3

, be solutions of

\mbox{P}_{\mbox{\scriptsize VI}}

with … ►

\mbox{P}_{\mbox{\scriptsize VI}}

also has quadratic and quartic transformations. …Also, …

17: 27.2 Functions

… ►where

p_{1},p_{2},\dots,p_{\nu\left(n\right)}

are the distinct prime factors of

n

, each exponent

a_{r}

is positive, and

\nu\left(n\right)

is the number of distinct primes dividing

n

. … ►Note that

\sigma_{0}\left(n\right)=d\left(n\right)

. …Note that

J_{1}\left(n\right)=\phi\left(n\right)

. ►In the following examples,

a_{1},\dots,a_{\nu\left(n\right)}

are the exponents in the factorization of

n

in (27.2.1). … ►Table 27.2.1 lists the first 100 prime numbers

p_{n}

. …

18: 19.29 Reduction of General Elliptic Integrals

… ►Let …where … ►Next, for

j=1,2

, define

Q_{j}(t)=f_{j}+g_{j}t+h_{j}t^{2}

, and assume both

Q

’s are positive for

y<t<x

. …where …If

Q_{1}(t)=(a_{1}+b_{1}t)(a_{2}+b_{2}t)

, where both linear factors are positive for

y<t<x

, and

Q_{2}(t)=f_{2}+g_{2}t+h_{2}t^{2}

, then (19.29.25) is modified so that …

19: 5.10 Continued Fractions

… ►where ►

a_{0}=\tfrac{1}{12},

►

a_{1}=\tfrac{1}{30},

►

a_{2}=\tfrac{53}{210},

… ►For exact values of

a_{7}

a_{11}

and 40S values of

a_{0}

a_{40}

, see Char (1980). …

20: 3.9 Acceleration of Convergence

… ►A transformation of a convergent sequence

\{s_{n}\}

with limit

\sigma

into a sequence

\{t_{n}\}

is called limit-preserving if

\{t_{n}\}

converges to the same limit

\sigma

. … ►This transformation is accelerating if

\{s_{n}\}

is a linearly convergent sequence, i. … ►Then the transformation of the sequence

\{s_{n}\}

into a sequence

\{t_{n,2k}\}

is given by … ►Then

t_{n,2k}=\varepsilon_{2k}^{(n)}

. … ►We give a special form of Levin’s transformation in which the sequence

s=\{s_{n}\}

of partial sums

s_{n}=\sum_{j=0}^{n}a_{j}

is transformed into: …