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11: 4.15 Graphics

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§4.15(ii) Complex Arguments: Conformal Maps

… ►Corresponding points share the same letters, with bars signifying complex conjugates. Lines parallel to the real axis in the $z$-plane map onto ellipses in the $w$-plane with foci at $w=\pm 1$, and lines parallel to the imaginary axis in the $z$-plane map onto rectangular hyperbolas confocal with the ellipses. In the labeling of corresponding points $r$ is a real parameter that can lie anywhere in the interval $(0,\mathrm{\infty })$. … ►

§4.15(iii) Complex Arguments: Surfaces

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12: 1.10 Functions of a Complex Variable

… ►Let $C$ be a simple closed contour consisting of a segment $\mathrm{𝐴𝐵}$ of the real axis and a contour in the upper half-plane joining the ends of $\mathrm{𝐴𝐵}$. … ►If the poles are infinite in number, then the point at infinity is called an essential singularity: it is the limit point of the poles. … ► … ►(a) By introducing appropriate cuts from the branch points and restricting $F(z)$ to be single-valued in the cut plane (or domain). … ►Branches of $F(z)$ can be defined, for example, in the cut plane $D$ obtained from $ℂ$ by removing the real axis from $1$ to $\mathrm{\infty }$ and from $-1$ to $-\mathrm{\infty }$; see Figure 1.10.1. …

13: 10.2 Definitions

… ►This solution of (10.2.1) is an analytic function of $z\in ℂ$, except for a branch point at $z=0$ when $\nu$ is not an integer. The principal branch of $J_{\nu }\left(z\right)$ corresponds to the principal value of ${(\frac{1}{2}z)}^{\nu }$ (§4.2(iv)) and is analytic in the $z$-plane cut along the interval $(-\mathrm{\infty },0]$. … ►The principal branch corresponds to the principal branches of $J_{\pm \nu }\left(z\right)$ in (10.2.3) and (10.2.4), with a cut in the $z$-plane along the interval $(-\mathrm{\infty },0]$. … ►Each solution has a branch point at $z=0$ for all $\nu \in ℂ$. The principal branches correspond to principal values of the square roots in (10.2.5) and (10.2.6), again with a cut in the $z$-plane along the interval $(-\mathrm{\infty },0]$. …

14: 36.5 Stokes Sets

… ►where $j$ denotes a real critical point (36.4.1) or (36.4.2), and $\mu$ denotes a critical point with complex $t$ or $s,t$, connected with $j$ by a steepest-descent path (that is, a path where $\mathrm{\Re }\mathrm{\Phi }=\mathrm{constant}$) in complex $t$ or $(s,t)$ space. … ►The Stokes set consists of the rays $\mathrm{ph}x=\pm 2\pi /3$ in the complex $x$-plane. … ►One of the sheets is symmetrical under reflection in the plane $y=0$, and is given by … ►Red and blue numbers in each region correspond, respectively, to the numbers of real and complex critical points that contribute to the asymptotics of the canonical integral away from the bifurcation sets. …The distribution of real and complex critical points in Figures 36.5.5 and 36.5.6 follows from consistency with Figure 36.5.1 and the fact that there are four real saddles in the inner regions. …

15: Bibliography O

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Error bounds for asymptotic expansions in turning-point problems. J. Soc. Indust. Appl. Math. 12 (1), pp. 200–214.

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External Links:

Document, MathReview (N. D. Kazarinoff), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§2.8(iii).

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Second-order linear differential equations with two turning points. Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London Ser. A 278, pp. 137–174.

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External Links:

FullText, MathReview (P. F. Hsieh), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§2.8(vi).

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Second-order differential equations with fractional transition points. Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 226, pp. 227–241.

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External Links:

FullText, MathReview (Anthony Leung), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§2.8(v).

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General connection formulae for Liouville-Green approximations in the complex plane. Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London Ser. A 289, pp. 501–548.

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External Links:

ISSN 0080-4614, FullText, MathReview (W. Wasow), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§2.8(v), (9.13.18), §9.13(i), §9.13(i).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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Error Analysis of Complex Arithmetic. In Computational Aspects of Complex Analysis (Braunlage, 1982), H. Werner, L. Wuytack, E. Ng, and H. J. Bünger (Eds.), NATO Adv. Sci. Inst. Ser. C: Math. Phys. Sci., Vol. 102, pp. 279–292.

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External Links:

MathReview (G. Blanch), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§3.1(v).

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16: Mathematical Introduction

… ►(These chapters can also serve as background material for university graduate courses in complex variables, classical analysis, and numerical analysis.) … ►These include, for example, multivalued functions of complex variables, for which new definitions of branch points and principal values are supplied (§§1.10(vi), 4.2(i)); the Dirac delta (or delta function), which is introduced in a more readily comprehensible way for mathematicians (§1.17); numerically satisfactory solutions of differential and difference equations (§§2.7(iv), 2.9(i)); and numerical analysis for complex variables (Chapter 3). … ►Special functions with a complex variable are depicted as colored 3D surfaces in a similar way to functions of two real variables, but with the vertical height corresponding to the modulus (absolute value) of the function. …However, in many cases the coloring of the surface is chosen instead to indicate the quadrant of the plane to which the phase of the function belongs, thereby achieving a 4D effect. … ►In the DLMF this information is provided in pop-up windows at the subsection level. …

17: 10.41 Asymptotic Expansions for Large Order

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§10.41(iii) Uniform Expansions for Complex Variable

… ►Figures 10.41.1 and 10.41.2 show corresponding points of the mapping of the $z$-plane and the $\eta$-plane. The curve $E_{1}B{E}_2$ in the $z$-plane is the upper boundary of the domain $𝐊$ depicted in Figure 10.20.3 and rotated through an angle $-\frac{1}{2}\pi$. Thus $B$ is the point $z=c$, where $c$ is given by (10.20.18). … ►For extensions of the regions of validity in the $z$-plane and extensions to complex values of $\nu$ see Olver (1997b, pp. 378–382). …

18: 20.2 Definitions and Periodic Properties

… ►For fixed $\tau$, each ${\theta }_j\left(z\right|\tau )$ is an entire function of $z$ with period $2\pi$; ${\theta }_1\left(z\right|\tau )$ is odd in $z$ and the others are even. … ►The four points $(0,\pi ,\pi +\tau \pi ,\tau \pi )$ are the vertices of the fundamental parallelogram in the $z$-plane; see Figure 20.2.1. The points …are the lattice points. The theta functions are quasi-periodic on the lattice: …

19: 15.11 Riemann’s Differential Equation

… ►The importance of (15.10.1) is that any homogeneous linear differential equation of the second order with at most three distinct singularities, all regular, in the extended plane can be transformed into (15.10.1). The most general form is given by … ►In particular, … ►A conformal mapping of the extended complex plane onto itself has the form …These constants can be chosen to map any two sets of three distinct points $\{\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma \}$ and $\{\tilde{\alpha },\tilde{\beta },\tilde{\gamma }\}$ onto each other. …

20: 3.1 Arithmetics and Error Measures

… ►A nonzero normalized binary floating-point machine number $x$ is represented as … … ► … ►The current floating point arithmetic standard is IEEE 754-2019 IEEE (2019), a minor technical revision of IEEE 754-2008 IEEE (2008), which was adopted in 2011 by the International Standards Organization as ISO/IEC/IEEE 60559. … ►The last reference includes analogs for arithmetic in the complex plane $ℂ$. …