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1: 36.2 Catastrophes and Canonical Integrals

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Canonical Integrals

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${\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{E})}\left(\mathrm{𝟎}\right)=\frac{1}{3}\sqrt{\pi }\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{1}{6}\right)=3.28868,$

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36.2.24 $${\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{U})}\left(x,y,z\right)=\overline{{\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{U})}\left(x,y,-z\right)},$$ $\mathrm{U}=\mathrm{E},\mathrm{H}$.

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Symbols:

$\overline{z}$: complex conjugate, ${\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{U})}\left(𝐱\right)$: umbilic canonical integral function, $y$: real parameter, $z$: real parameter and $x$: real parameter

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/36.2.E24

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §36.2(iii), §36.2 and Ch.36

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36.2.25 $${\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{E})}\left(x,-y,z\right)={\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{E})}\left(x,y,z\right).$$

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Symbols:

${\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{E})}\left(𝐱\right)$: elliptic umbilic canonical integral function, $y$: real parameter, $z$: real parameter and $x$: real parameter

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/36.2.E25

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §36.2(iii), §36.2 and Ch.36

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36.2.27 $${\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{H})}\left(x,y,z\right)={\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{H})}\left(y,x,z\right).$$

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Symbols:

${\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{H})}\left(𝐱\right)$: hyperbolic umbilic canonical integral function, $y$: real parameter, $z$: real parameter and $x$: real parameter

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/36.2.E27

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §36.2(iii), §36.2 and Ch.36

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2: 36.3 Visualizations of Canonical Integrals

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Figure 36.3.15: Phase of elliptic umbilic canonical integral $\mathrm{ph}{\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{E})}\left(x,y,0\right)$. …

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Figure 36.3.16: Phase of elliptic umbilic canonical integral $\mathrm{ph}{\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{E})}\left(x,y,2\right)$. …

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Figure 36.3.17: Phase of elliptic umbilic canonical integral $\mathrm{ph}{\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{E})}\left(x,y,4\right)$. …

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Figure 36.3.18: Phase of hyperbolic umbilic canonical integral $\mathrm{ph}{\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{H})}\left(x,y,0\right)$. …

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Figure 36.3.19: Phase of hyperbolic umbilic canonical integral $\mathrm{ph}{\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{H})}\left(x,y,1\right)$. …

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3: 36.10 Differential Equations

… ►In terms of the normal forms (36.2.2) and (36.2.3), the ${\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{U})}\left(𝐱\right)$ satisfy the following operator equations … ►

36.10.13 $$6\frac{{\partial }^2{\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{E})}}{\partial x\partial y}-2\mathrm{i}z\frac{\partial {\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{E})}}{\partial y}+y{\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{E})}=0,$$

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Symbols:

${\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{E})}\left(𝐱\right)$: elliptic umbilic canonical integral function, $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $\frac{\partial f}{\partial x}$: partial derivative of $f$ with respect to $x$ , $\partial x$: partial differential of $x$ , $y$: real parameter, $z$: real parameter and $x$: real parameter

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/36.10.E13

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §36.10(iii), §36.10 and Ch.36

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36.10.15 $$3\frac{{\partial }^2{\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{H})}}{{\partial x}^2}+\mathrm{i}z\frac{\partial {\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{H})}}{\partial y}-x{\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{H})}=0,$$

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Symbols:

${\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{H})}\left(𝐱\right)$: hyperbolic umbilic canonical integral function, $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $\frac{\partial f}{\partial x}$: partial derivative of $f$ with respect to $x$ , $\partial x$: partial differential of $x$ , $y$: real parameter, $z$: real parameter and $x$: real parameter

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/36.10.E15

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §36.10(iii), §36.10 and Ch.36

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36.10.16 $$3\frac{{\partial }^2{\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{H})}}{{\partial y}^2}+\mathrm{i}z\frac{\partial {\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{H})}}{\partial x}-y{\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{H})}=0.$$

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Symbols:

${\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{H})}\left(𝐱\right)$: hyperbolic umbilic canonical integral function, $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $\frac{\partial f}{\partial x}$: partial derivative of $f$ with respect to $x$ , $\partial x$: partial differential of $x$ , $y$: real parameter, $z$: real parameter and $x$: real parameter

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/36.10.E16

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §36.10(iii), §36.10 and Ch.36

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36.10.17 $$\mathrm{i}\frac{\partial {\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{E})}}{\partial z}=\frac{{\partial }^2{\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{E})}}{{\partial x}^2}+\frac{{\partial }^2{\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{E})}}{{\partial y}^2},$$

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Symbols:

${\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{E})}\left(𝐱\right)$: elliptic umbilic canonical integral function, $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $\frac{\partial f}{\partial x}$: partial derivative of $f$ with respect to $x$ , $\partial x$: partial differential of $x$ , $y$: real parameter, $z$: real parameter and $x$: real parameter

Referenced by:

§36.10(iv)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/36.10.E17

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §36.10(iv), §36.10 and Ch.36

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4: 36.1 Special Notation

§36.1 Special Notation

… ►The main functions covered in this chapter are cuspoid catastrophes ${\mathrm{\Phi }}_K(t;𝐱)$; umbilic catastrophes with codimension three ${\mathrm{\Phi }}^{(\mathrm{E})}(s,t;𝐱)$, ${\mathrm{\Phi }}^{(\mathrm{H})}(s,t;𝐱)$; canonical integrals ${\mathrm{\Psi }}_K\left(𝐱\right)$, ${\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{E})}\left(𝐱\right)$, ${\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{H})}\left(𝐱\right)$; diffraction catastrophes ${\mathrm{\Psi }}_K(𝐱;k)$, ${\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{E})}(𝐱;k)$, ${\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{H})}(𝐱;k)$ generated by the catastrophes. …

5: 36.9 Integral Identities

§36.9 Integral Identities

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36.9.1 $${|{\mathrm{\Psi }}_1\left(x\right)|}^2=2^{5/3}{\int }_0^{\mathrm{\infty }}{\mathrm{\Psi }}_1\left(2^{2/3}(3u^2+x)\right)du;$$

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Symbols:

${\mathrm{\Psi }}_K\left(𝐱\right)$: canonical integral function, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\int$: integral and $x$: real parameter

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/36.9.E1

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §36.9 and Ch.36

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36.9.8 $${\left|{\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{H})}\left(x,y,z\right)\right|}^2=8{\pi }^2{\left(\frac{2}{9}\right)}^{1/3}{\int }_{-\mathrm{\infty }}^{\mathrm{\infty }}{\int }_{-\mathrm{\infty }}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\mathrm{Ai}\left({\left(\frac{4}{3}\right)}^{1/3}(x+zv+3u^2)\right)\mathrm{Ai}\left({\left(\frac{4}{3}\right)}^{1/3}(y+zu+3v^2)\right)dudv.$$

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Symbols:

$\mathrm{Ai}\left(z\right)$: Airy function, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $dx$: differential of $x$ , ${\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{H})}\left(𝐱\right)$: hyperbolic umbilic canonical integral function, $\int$: integral, $y$: real parameter, $z$: real parameter and $x$: real parameter

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/36.9.E8

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §36.9 and Ch.36

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36.9.9 $${\left|{\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{E})}\left(x,y,z\right)\right|}^2=\frac{8{\pi }^2}{3^{2/3}}{\int }_0^{\mathrm{\infty }}{\int }_0^{2\pi }\mathrm{\Re }\left(\mathrm{Ai}\left(\frac{1}{3^{1/3}}\left(x+\mathrm{i}y+2zu\exp \left(\mathrm{i}\theta \right)+3u^2\exp \left(-2\mathrm{i}\theta \right)\right)\right)\mathrm{Bi}\left(\frac{1}{3^{1/3}}\left(x-\mathrm{i}y+2zu\exp \left(-\mathrm{i}\theta \right)+3u^2\exp \left(2\mathrm{i}\theta \right)\right)\right)\right)udud\theta .$$

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Symbols:

$\mathrm{Ai}\left(z\right)$: Airy function, $\mathrm{Bi}\left(z\right)$: Airy function, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $dx$: differential of $x$ , ${\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{E})}\left(𝐱\right)$: elliptic umbilic canonical integral function, $\exp z$: exponential function, $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $\int$: integral, $\mathrm{\Re }$: real part, $y$: real parameter, $z$: real parameter and $x$: real parameter

Keywords:

elliptic umbilic canonicalintegral, integral identity

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/36.9.E9

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §36.9 and Ch.36

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6: 36.6 Scaling Relations

§36.6 Scaling Relations

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${\mathrm{\Psi }}_K(𝐱;k)=k^{{\beta }_K}{\mathrm{\Psi }}_K\left(𝐲(k)\right),$

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${\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{U})}(𝐱;k)=k^{{\beta }^{(\mathrm{U})}}{\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{U})}\left({𝐲}^{(\mathrm{U})}(k)\right),$

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Indices for $k$-Scaling of Magnitude of ${\mathrm{\Psi }}_K$ or ${\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{U})}$ (Singularity Index)

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7: 36.11 Leading-Order Asymptotics

§36.11 Leading-Order Asymptotics

… ►and far from the bifurcation set, the cuspoid canonical integrals are approximated by … ►

36.11.5 $${\mathrm{\Psi }}_3\left(0,y,0\right)=\overline{{\mathrm{\Psi }}_3(0,-y,0)}=\exp \left(\frac{1}{4}\mathrm{i}\pi \right)\sqrt{\pi /y}\left(1-(\mathrm{i}/\sqrt{3})\exp \left(\frac{3}{2}\mathrm{i}{(2y/5)}^{5/3}\right)+o\left(1\right)\right),$$ $y\to +\mathrm{\infty }$.

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Symbols:

${\mathrm{\Psi }}_K\left(𝐱\right)$: canonical integral function, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\overline{z}$: complex conjugate, $\exp z$: exponential function, $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $o\left(x\right)$: order less than and $y$: real parameter

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/36.11.E5

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §36.11, §36.11 and Ch.36

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36.11.7 $${\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{E})}\left(0,0,z\right)=\frac{\pi }{z}\left(\mathrm{i}+\sqrt{3}\exp \left(\frac{4}{27}\mathrm{i}{z}^3\right)+o\left(1\right)\right),$$ $z\to \pm \mathrm{\infty }$,

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Symbols:

$\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, ${\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{E})}\left(𝐱\right)$: elliptic umbilic canonical integral function, $\exp z$: exponential function, $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $o\left(x\right)$: order less than and $z$: real parameter

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/36.11.E7

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §36.11, §36.11 and Ch.36

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36.11.8 $${\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{H})}\left(0,0,z\right)=\frac{2\pi }{z}\left(1-\frac{\mathrm{i}}{\sqrt{3}}\exp \left(\frac{1}{27}\mathrm{i}{z}^3\right)+o\left(1\right)\right),$$ $z\to \pm \mathrm{\infty }$.

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Symbols:

$\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\exp z$: exponential function, ${\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{H})}\left(𝐱\right)$: hyperbolic umbilic canonical integral function, $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $o\left(x\right)$: order less than and $z$: real parameter

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/36.11.E8

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §36.11, §36.11 and Ch.36

8: 36.8 Convergent Series Expansions

§36.8 Convergent Series Expansions

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${\mathrm{\Psi }}_K\left(𝐱\right)={\displaystyle \frac{2}{K+2}}{\displaystyle \sum _{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}}\exp \left(\mathrm{i}{\displaystyle \frac{\pi (2n+1)}{2(K+2)}}\right)\mathrm{\Gamma }\left({\displaystyle \frac{2n+1}{K+2}}\right)a_{2n}(𝐱),$ $K$ even,

… ►For multinomial power series for ${\mathrm{\Psi }}_K\left(𝐱\right)$, see Connor and Curtis (1982). ►

36.8.3 $$\frac{3^{2/3}}{4{\pi }^2}{\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{H})}\left(3^{1/3}𝐱\right)=\mathrm{Ai}\left(x\right)\mathrm{Ai}\left(y\right)\sum _{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}{(-3^{-1/3}\mathrm{i}z)}^n\frac{c_n(x)c_n(y)}{n!}+\mathrm{Ai}\left(x\right){\mathrm{Ai}}^{\prime }\left(y\right)\sum _{n=2}^{\mathrm{\infty }}{(-3^{-1/3}\mathrm{i}z)}^n\frac{c_n(x)d_n(y)}{n!}+{\mathrm{Ai}}^{\prime }\left(x\right)\mathrm{Ai}\left(y\right)\sum _{n=2}^{\mathrm{\infty }}{(-3^{-1/3}\mathrm{i}z)}^n\frac{d_n(x)c_n(y)}{n!}+{\mathrm{Ai}}^{\prime }\left(x\right){\mathrm{Ai}}^{\prime }\left(y\right)\sum _{n=1}^{\mathrm{\infty }}{(-3^{-1/3}\mathrm{i}z)}^n\frac{d_n(x)d_n(y)}{n!},$$

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Symbols:

$\mathrm{Ai}\left(z\right)$: Airy function, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $!$: factorial (as in $n!$), ${\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{H})}\left(𝐱\right)$: hyperbolic umbilic canonical integral function, $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $y$: real parameter, $z$: real parameter, $m$: integer, $x$: real parameter, $c_n(t)$: coefficients and $d_n(t)$: coefficients

Referenced by:

§36.8

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/36.8.E3

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §36.8 and Ch.36

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36.8.4 $${\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{E})}\left(𝐱\right)=2{\pi }^2{\left(\frac{2}{3}\right)}^{2/3}\sum _{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{{\left(-\mathrm{i}{(2/3)}^{2/3}z\right)}^n}{n!}\mathrm{\Re }\left(f_n(\frac{x+\mathrm{i}y}{{12}^{1/3}},\frac{x-\mathrm{i}y}{{12}^{1/3}})\right),$$

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Symbols:

$\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, ${\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{E})}\left(𝐱\right)$: elliptic umbilic canonical integral function, $!$: factorial (as in $n!$), $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $\mathrm{\Re }$: real part, $y$: real parameter, $z$: real parameter, $m$: integer, $x$: real parameter and $f_n$: function

Referenced by:

§36.8

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/36.8.E4

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §36.8 and Ch.36

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9: 36.14 Other Physical Applications

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§36.14(i) Caustics

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§36.14(ii) Optics

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§36.14(iii) Quantum Mechanics

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§36.14(iv) Acoustics

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10: 36.7 Zeros

§36.7 Zeros

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§36.7(i) Fold Canonical Integral

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§36.7(ii) Cusp Canonical Integral

… ►The zeros are lines in $𝐱=(x,y,z)$ space where $\mathrm{ph}{\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{E})}\left(𝐱\right)$ is undetermined. …Near $z=z_n$, and for small $x$ and $y$, the modulus $|{\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{E})}\left(𝐱\right)|$ has the symmetry of a lattice with a rhombohedral unit cell that has a mirror plane and an inverse threefold axis whose $z$ and $x$ repeat distances are given by …