exponential function

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11: 17.18 Methods of Computation

… ►For computation of the $q$-exponential function see Gabutti and Allasia (2008). …

12: 8.5 Confluent Hypergeometric Representations

… ►

8.5.1 $$\gamma (a,z)=a^{-1}{z}^a{\mathrm{e}}^{-z}M(1,1+a,z)=a^{-1}{z}^{a}M(a,1+a,-z),$$ $a\ne 0,-1,-2,\mathrm{\dots }$.

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Symbols:

$M(a,b,z)$: $={}_{1}F_1(a;b;z)$ Kummer confluent hypergeometric function, $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $\gamma (a,z)$: incomplete gamma function, $z$: complex variable and $a$: parameter

A&S Ref:

6.5.12

Referenced by:

§8.11(ii), §8.14

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/8.5.E1

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §8.5 and Ch.8

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8.5.2 $${\gamma }^{*}(a,z)={\mathrm{e}}^{-z}\mathbf{M}(1,1+a,z)=\mathbf{M}(a,1+a,-z).$$

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Symbols:

$\mathbf{M}(a,b,z)$: Olver’s confluent hypergeometric function, $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, ${\gamma }^{*}(a,z)$: incomplete gamma function, $z$: complex variable and $a$: parameter

Referenced by:

§8.7

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/8.5.E2

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §8.5 and Ch.8

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8.5.3 $$\mathrm{\Gamma }(a,z)={\mathrm{e}}^{-z}U(1-a,1-a,z)=z^a{\mathrm{e}}^{-z}U(1,1+a,z).$$

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Symbols:

$U(a,b,z)$: Kummer confluent hypergeometric function, $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $\mathrm{\Gamma }(a,z)$: incomplete gamma function, $z$: complex variable and $a$: parameter

Referenced by:

§8.14, §8.19(vi)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/8.5.E3

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §8.5 and Ch.8

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8.5.4 $$\gamma (a,z)=a^{-1}{z}^{\frac{1}{2}a-\frac{1}{2}}{\mathrm{e}}^{-\frac{1}{2}z}{M}_{\frac{1}{2}a-\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{2}a}\left(z\right).$$

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Symbols:

$M_{\kappa ,\mu }\left(z\right)$: Whittaker confluent hypergeometric function, $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $\gamma (a,z)$: incomplete gamma function, $z$: complex variable and $a$: parameter

Referenced by:

§8.5

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/8.5.E4

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §8.5 and Ch.8

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8.5.5 $$\mathrm{\Gamma }(a,z)={\mathrm{e}}^{-\frac{1}{2}z}{z}^{\frac{1}{2}a-\frac{1}{2}}{W}_{\frac{1}{2}a-\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{2}a}\left(z\right).$$

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Symbols:

$W_{\kappa ,\mu }\left(z\right)$: Whittaker confluent hypergeometric function, $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $\mathrm{\Gamma }(a,z)$: incomplete gamma function, $z$: complex variable and $a$: parameter

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/8.5.E5

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §8.5 and Ch.8

13: 9.5 Integral Representations

… ►

9.5.3 $$\mathrm{Bi}\left(x\right)=\frac{1}{\pi }{\int }_0^{\mathrm{\infty }}\exp \left(-\frac{1}{3}{t}^3+xt\right)dt+\frac{1}{\pi }{\int }_0^{\mathrm{\infty }}\sin \left(\frac{1}{3}{t}^3+xt\right)dt.$$

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Symbols:

$\mathrm{Bi}\left(z\right)$: Airy function, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $[a,b)$: half-closed interval, $dx$: differential, $\exp z$: exponential function, $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $\int$: integral, $(a,b]$: half-closed interval, $\sin z$: sine function and $x$: real variable

Source:

Use (9.5.5) with the substitions: for the paths $(-\mathrm{\infty },0]$ use $t=-\tau$, for the paths $[0,\mathrm{\infty }{\mathrm{e}}^{\pm \pi \mathrm{i}/3})$ use $t={\mathrm{e}}^{\pm \pi \mathrm{i}/3}\tau$. For the resulting integrals use (4.14.1) and (4.14.2).

A&S Ref:

10.4.33

Referenced by:

(9.12.19)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/9.5.E3

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §9.5(i), §9.5 and Ch.9

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9.5.4 $$\mathrm{Ai}\left(z\right)=\frac{1}{2\pi \mathrm{i}}{\int }_{\mathrm{\infty }{\mathrm{e}}^{-\pi \mathrm{i}/3}}^{\mathrm{\infty }{\mathrm{e}}^{\pi \mathrm{i}/3}}\exp \left(\frac{1}{3}{t}^3-zt\right)dt,$$

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Symbols:

$\mathrm{Ai}\left(z\right)$: Airy function, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $dx$: differential, $\exp z$: exponential function, $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $\int$: integral and $z$: complex variable

Source:

Olver (1997b, p. 53)

Referenced by:

§36.2(ii), §9.14, §9.17(iii), (9.5.5)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/9.5.E4

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §9.5(ii), §9.5 and Ch.9

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9.5.5 $$\mathrm{Bi}\left(z\right)=\frac{1}{2\pi }{\int }_{-\mathrm{\infty }}^{\mathrm{\infty }{\mathrm{e}}^{\pi \mathrm{i}/3}}\exp \left(\frac{1}{3}{t}^3-zt\right)dt+\frac{1}{2\pi }{\int }_{-\mathrm{\infty }}^{\mathrm{\infty }{\mathrm{e}}^{-\pi \mathrm{i}/3}}\exp \left(\frac{1}{3}{t}^3-zt\right)dt.$$

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Symbols:

$\mathrm{Bi}\left(z\right)$: Airy function, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $dx$: differential, $\exp z$: exponential function, $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $\int$: integral and $z$: complex variable

Source:

Combine (9.2.10) and (9.5.4).

Referenced by:

(9.5.3)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/9.5.E5

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §9.5(ii), §9.5 and Ch.9

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9.5.6 $$\mathrm{Ai}\left(z\right)=\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2\pi }{\int }_0^{\mathrm{\infty }}\exp \left(-\frac{t^3}{3}-\frac{z^3}{3t^3}\right)dt,$$ .

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Symbols:

$\mathrm{Ai}\left(z\right)$: Airy function, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $dx$: differential, $\exp z$: exponential function, $\int$: integral, $\mathrm{ph}$: phase and $z$: complex variable

Source:

Reid (1995, (5.4), p. 170, with change of variable and using analytic continuation to complex $z$)

Referenced by:

Erratum (V1.0.15) for Equation (9.5.6)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/9.5.E6

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

Clarification (effective with 1.0.15):

The validity constraint was added.

See also:

Annotations for §9.5(ii), §9.5 and Ch.9

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9.5.7 $$\mathrm{Ai}\left(z\right)=\frac{{\mathrm{e}}^{-\zeta }}{\pi }{\int }_0^{\mathrm{\infty }}\exp \left(-z^{1/2}{t}^2\right)\cos \left(\frac{1}{3}{t}^3\right)dt,$$ .

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Symbols:

$\mathrm{Ai}\left(z\right)$: Airy function, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\cos z$: cosine function, $dx$: differential, $\exp z$: exponential function, $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $\int$: integral, $\mathrm{ph}$: phase, $z$: complex variable and $\zeta$: change of variable

Source:

Copson (1963, (2.1))

Referenced by:

§9.5(ii)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/9.5.E7

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §9.5(ii), §9.5 and Ch.9

…

14: 18.32 OP’s with Respect to Freud Weights

… ►

18.32.1 $$w(x)=\exp \left(-Q(x)\right),$$ ,

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Symbols:

$\exp z$: exponential function, $w(x)$: weight function and $x$: real variable

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/18.32.E1

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §18.32 and Ch.18

…

15: 36.11 Leading-Order Asymptotics

… ►

36.11.3

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Symbols:

${\mathrm{\Psi }}_K\left(\mathbf{x}\right)$: canonical integral function, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\exp z$: exponential function, $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $o\left(x\right)$: order less than and $y$: real parameter

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/36.11.E3

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §36.11, §36.11 and Ch.36

►

36.11.4

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Symbols:

${\mathrm{\Psi }}_K\left(\mathbf{x}\right)$: canonical integral function, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\cos z$: cosine function, $\exp z$: exponential function, $o\left(x\right)$: order less than and $x$: real parameter

Referenced by:

§36.11

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/36.11.E4

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §36.11, §36.11 and Ch.36

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36.11.5 $${\mathrm{\Psi }}_3\left(0,y,0\right)=\overline{{\mathrm{\Psi }}_3(0,-y,0)}=\exp \left(\frac{1}{4}\mathrm{i}\pi \right)\sqrt{\pi /y}\left(1-(\mathrm{i}/\sqrt{3})\exp \left(\frac{3}{2}\mathrm{i}{(2y/5)}^{5/3}\right)+o\left(1\right)\right),$$ $y\to +\mathrm{\infty }$.

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Symbols:

${\mathrm{\Psi }}_K\left(\mathbf{x}\right)$: canonical integral function, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\overline{z}$: complex conjugate, $\exp z$: exponential function, $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $o\left(x\right)$: order less than and $y$: real parameter

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/36.11.E5

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §36.11, §36.11 and Ch.36

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36.11.7 $${\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{E})}\left(0,0,z\right)=\frac{\pi }{z}\left(\mathrm{i}+\sqrt{3}\exp \left(\frac{4}{27}\mathrm{i}{z}^3\right)+o\left(1\right)\right),$$ $z\to \pm \mathrm{\infty }$,

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Symbols:

$\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, ${\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{E})}\left(\mathbf{x}\right)$: elliptic umbilic canonical integral function, $\exp z$: exponential function, $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $o\left(x\right)$: order less than and $z$: real parameter

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/36.11.E7

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §36.11, §36.11 and Ch.36

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36.11.8 $${\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{H})}\left(0,0,z\right)=\frac{2\pi }{z}\left(1-\frac{\mathrm{i}}{\sqrt{3}}\exp \left(\frac{1}{27}\mathrm{i}{z}^3\right)+o\left(1\right)\right),$$ $z\to \pm \mathrm{\infty }$.

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Symbols:

$\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\exp z$: exponential function, ${\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{H})}\left(\mathbf{x}\right)$: hyperbolic umbilic canonical integral function, $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $o\left(x\right)$: order less than and $z$: real parameter

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/36.11.E8

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §36.11, §36.11 and Ch.36

16: 7.9 Continued Fractions

… ►

7.9.1 $$\sqrt{\pi }{\mathrm{e}}^{z^2}\mathrm{erfc}z=\frac{z}{z^2+}\frac{\frac{1}{2}}{1+}\frac{1}{z^2+}\frac{\frac{3}{2}}{1+}\frac{2}{z^2+}\mathrm{\cdots },$$ $\mathrm{\Re }z>0$,

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Symbols:

$\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\mathrm{erfc}z$: complementary error function, $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $\mathrm{\Re }$: real part and $z$: complex variable

A&S Ref:

7.1.14 (in different form)

Referenced by:

§7.9

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/7.9.E1

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §7.9 and Ch.7

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7.9.2 $$\sqrt{\pi }{\mathrm{e}}^{z^2}\mathrm{erfc}z=\frac{2z}{2z^2+1-}\frac{1\cdot 2}{2z^2+5-}\frac{3\cdot 4}{2z^2+9-}\mathrm{\cdots },$$ $\mathrm{\Re }z>0$,

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Symbols:

$\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\mathrm{erfc}z$: complementary error function, $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $\mathrm{\Re }$: real part and $z$: complex variable

Referenced by:

§7.9

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/7.9.E2

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §7.9 and Ch.7

…

17: 4.7 Derivatives and Differential Equations

… ►

§4.7(ii) Exponentials and Powers

… ►The general solution of the differential equation … ►

4.7.13 $$w=\exp \left(\int f(z)dz\right)+\mathrm{constant}.$$

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Symbols:

$dx$: differential, $\exp z$: exponential function, $\int$: integral, $z$: complex variable and $f(z)$: non-vanishing analytic function

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/4.7.E13

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §4.7(ii), §4.7 and Ch.4

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18: 20.8 Watson’s Expansions

… ►

20.8.1 $$\frac{{\theta }_2(0,q){\theta }_3(z,q){\theta }_4(z,q)}{{\theta }_2(z,q)}=2\sum _{n=-\mathrm{\infty }}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{{(-1)}^n{q}^{n^2}{\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{i}2nz}}{q^{-n}{\mathrm{e}}^{-\mathrm{i}z}+q^n{\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{i}z}}.$$

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Symbols:

${\theta }_j(z,q)$: theta function, $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $n$: integer, $z$: complex and $q$: nome

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/20.8.E1

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §20.8 and Ch.20

…

19: 13.27 Mathematical Applications

… ►Vilenkin (1968, Chapter 8) constructs irreducible representations of this group, in which the diagonal matrices correspond to operators of multiplication by an exponential function. …

20: 4.14 Definitions and Periodicity

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4.14.1 $$\sin z=\frac{{\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{i}z}-{\mathrm{e}}^{-\mathrm{i}z}}{2\mathrm{i}},$$

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Defines:

$\sin z$: sine function

Symbols:

$\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit and $z$: complex variable

A&S Ref:

4.3.1

Referenced by:

§4.45(ii), (9.5.3)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/4.14.E1

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §4.14 and Ch.4

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4.14.2 $$\cos z=\frac{{\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{i}z}+{\mathrm{e}}^{-\mathrm{i}z}}{2},$$

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Defines:

$\cos z$: cosine function

Symbols:

$\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit and $z$: complex variable

A&S Ref:

4.3.2

Referenced by:

(9.5.3)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/4.14.E2

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §4.14 and Ch.4

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4.14.3 $$\cos z\pm \mathrm{i}\sin z={\mathrm{e}}^{\pm \mathrm{i}z},$$

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Symbols:

$\cos z$: cosine function, $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $\sin z$: sine function and $z$: complex variable

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/4.14.E3

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §4.14 and Ch.4

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