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21: 15.11 Riemann’s Differential Equation

§15.11 Riemann’s Differential Equation

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§15.11(i) Equations with Three Singularities

… ►The complete set of solutions of (15.11.1) is denoted by Riemann’s $P$-symbol: … ►

§15.11(ii) Transformation Formulas

… ►for arbitrary $\lambda$ and $\mu$.

22: 21.8 Abelian Functions

§21.8 Abelian Functions

… ►For every Abelian function, there is a positive integer $n$, such that the Abelian function can be expressed as a ratio of linear combinations of products with $n$ factors of Riemann theta functions with characteristics that share a common period lattice. …

23: 21.1 Special Notation

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$g,h$	positive integers.
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$𝛀$	$g\times g$ complex, symmetric matrix with $\mathrm{\Im }𝛀$ strictly positive definite, i.e., a Riemann matrix.
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$a\circ b$	intersection index of $a$ and $b$, two cycles lying on a closed surface. $a\circ b=0$ if $a$ and $b$ do not intersect. Otherwise $a\circ b$ gets an additive contribution from every intersection point. This contribution is $1$ if the basis of the tangent vectors of the $a$ and $b$ cycles (§21.7(i)) at the point of intersection is positively oriented; otherwise it is $-1$.
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… ►Uppercase boldface letters are $g\times g$ real or complex matrices. ►The main functions treated in this chapter are the Riemann theta functions $\theta \left(𝐳\right|𝛀)$, and the Riemann theta functions with characteristics $\theta \left[\genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{𝜶}{𝜷}\right]\left(𝐳\right|𝛀)$. ►The function $\mathrm{\Theta }(\mathit{\varphi }|𝐁)=\theta \left(\mathit{\varphi }/(2\pi \mathrm{i})\right|𝐁/(2\pi \mathrm{i}))$ is also commonly used; see, for example, Belokolos et al. (1994, §2.5), Dubrovin (1981), and Fay (1973, Chapter 1).

24: 25.19 Tables

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Abramowitz and Stegun (1964) tabulates: $\zeta \left(n\right)$, $n=2,3,4,\mathrm{\dots }$, 20D (p. 811); ${\mathrm{Li}}_2\left(1-x\right)$, $x=0(.01)0.5$, 9D (p. 1005); $f(\theta )$, $\theta ={15}^{\circ }(1^{\circ }){30}^{\circ }(2^{\circ }){90}^{\circ }(5^{\circ }){180}^{\circ }$, $f(\theta )+\theta \ln \theta$, $\theta =0(1^{\circ }){15}^{\circ }$, 6D (p. 1006). Here $f(\theta )$ denotes Clausen’s integral, given by the right-hand side of (25.12.9).

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Cloutman (1989) tabulates $\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(s+1\right)F_s(x)$, where $F_s(x)$ is the Fermi–Dirac integral (25.12.14), for $s=-\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{2},\frac{3}{2},\frac{5}{2}$, $x=-5(.05)25$, to 12S.

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Fletcher et al. (1962, §22.1) lists many sources for earlier tables of $\zeta \left(s\right)$ for both real and complex $s$. §22.133 gives sources for numerical values of coefficients in the Riemann–Siegel formula, §22.15 describes tables of values of $\zeta (s,a)$, and §22.17 lists tables for some Dirichlet $L$-functions for real characters. For tables of dilogarithms, polylogarithms, and Clausen’s integral see §§22.84–22.858.

25: 25.2 Definition and Expansions

§25.2 Definition and Expansions

… ►Elsewhere $\zeta \left(s\right)$ is defined by analytic continuation. … ►

§25.2(ii) Other Infinite Series

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§25.2(iii) Representations by the Euler–Maclaurin Formula

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§25.2(iv) Infinite Products

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26: 25.16 Mathematical Applications

§25.16 Mathematical Applications

… ►which is related to the Riemann zeta function by … ►The Riemann hypothesis is equivalent to the statement … ►

§25.16(ii) Euler Sums

… ►which satisfies the reciprocity law …

27: Sidebar 21.SB2: A two-phase solution of the Kadomtsev–Petviashvili equation (21.9.3)

… ►Such a solution is given in terms of a Riemann theta function with two phases. …

28: 25.5 Integral Representations

§25.5 Integral Representations

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25.5.1 $$\zeta \left(s\right)=\frac{1}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(s\right)}{\int }_0^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{x^{s-1}}{{\mathrm{e}}^x-1}dx,$$ $\mathrm{\Re }s>1$.

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Symbols:

$\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, $\zeta \left(s\right)$: Riemann zeta function, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $\int$: integral, $\mathrm{\Re }$: real part, $x$: real variable and $s$: complex variable

Keywords:

improper integral, integral representation

Source:

Erdélyi et al. (1953a, (1.12.4), p. 32)

A&S Ref:

23.2.7

Referenced by:

§25.12(ii), (25.5.2), (25.5.6)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/25.5.E1

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §25.5(i), §25.5 and Ch.25

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25.5.5 $$\zeta \left(s\right)=-s{\int }_0^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{x-\lfloor x\rfloor -\frac{1}{2}}{x^{s+1}}dx,$$ .

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Symbols:

$\zeta \left(s\right)$: Riemann zeta function, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\lfloor x\rfloor$: floor of $x$ , $\int$: integral, $\mathrm{\Re }$: real part, $x$: real variable and $s$: complex variable

Keywords:

improper integral, integral representation

Source:

Titchmarsh (1986b, (2.1.6), p. 15)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/25.5.E5

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §25.5(i), §25.5 and Ch.25

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25.5.19 $$\zeta \left(m+s\right)={(-1)}^{m-1}\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(s\right)\sin \left(\pi s\right)}{\pi \mathrm{\Gamma }\left(m+s\right)}{\int }_0^{\mathrm{\infty }}{\psi }^{(m)}\left(1+x\right)x^{-s}dx,$$ $m=1,2,3,\mathrm{\dots }$.

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Symbols:

$\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, $\zeta \left(s\right)$: Riemann zeta function, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\psi \left(z\right)$: psi (or digamma) function, $\int$: integral, $\sin z$: sine function, $m$: nonnegative integer, $x$: real variable and $s$: complex variable

Keywords:

improper integral, integral representation

Source:

de Bruijn (1937, p. 178)

Referenced by:

§25.5(ii)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/25.5.E19

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §25.5(ii), §25.5 and Ch.25

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§25.5(iii) Contour Integrals

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29: 5.16 Sums

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5.16.2 $$\sum _{k=1}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{1}{k}{\psi }^{\prime }\left(k+1\right)=\zeta \left(3\right)=-\frac{1}{2}{\psi }^{\prime \prime }\left(1\right).$$

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Symbols:

$\zeta \left(s\right)$: Riemann zeta function, $\psi \left(z\right)$: psi (or digamma) function and $k$: nonnegative integer

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/5.16.E2

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §5.16 and Ch.5

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30: 5.7 Series Expansions

… ►Throughout this subsection $\zeta \left(k\right)$ is as in Chapter 25. … ►

5.7.2 $$(k-1)c_k=\gamma c_{k-1}-\zeta \left(2\right)c_{k-2}+\zeta \left(3\right)c_{k-3}-\mathrm{\cdots }+{(-1)}^k\zeta \left(k-1\right)c_1,$$ $k\ge 3$.

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Symbols:

$\gamma$: Euler’s constant, $\zeta \left(s\right)$: Riemann zeta function, $k$: nonnegative integer and $c_k$: coefficient

Referenced by:

§5.7(i)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/5.7.E2

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §5.7(i), §5.7 and Ch.5

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5.7.3 $$\ln \mathrm{\Gamma }\left(1+z\right)=-\ln \left(1+z\right)+z(1-\gamma )+\sum _{k=2}^{\mathrm{\infty }}{(-1)}^k(\zeta \left(k\right)-1)\frac{z^k}{k},$$ .

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Symbols:

$\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, $\gamma$: Euler’s constant, $\zeta \left(s\right)$: Riemann zeta function, $\ln z$: principal branch of logarithm function, $k$: nonnegative integer and $z$: complex variable

A&S Ref:

6.1.33

Referenced by:

§5.21, §5.7(i)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/5.7.E3

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §5.7(i), §5.7 and Ch.5

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5.7.4 $$\psi \left(1+z\right)=-\gamma +\sum _{k=2}^{\mathrm{\infty }}{(-1)}^k\zeta \left(k\right)z^{k-1},$$ ,

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Symbols:

$\gamma$: Euler’s constant, $\zeta \left(s\right)$: Riemann zeta function, $\psi \left(z\right)$: psi (or digamma) function, $k$: nonnegative integer and $z$: complex variable

A&S Ref:

6.3.14

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/5.7.E4

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §5.7(i), §5.7 and Ch.5

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5.7.5 $$\psi \left(1+z\right)=\frac{1}{2z}-\frac{\pi }{2}\cot \left(\pi z\right)+\frac{1}{z^2-1}+1-\gamma -\sum _{k=1}^{\mathrm{\infty }}(\zeta \left(2k+1\right)-1)z^{2k},$$ , $z\ne 0,\pm 1$.

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Symbols:

$\gamma$: Euler’s constant, $\zeta \left(s\right)$: Riemann zeta function, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\cot z$: cotangent function, $\psi \left(z\right)$: psi (or digamma) function, $k$: nonnegative integer and $z$: complex variable

A&S Ref:

6.3.15

Referenced by:

§5.7(i)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/5.7.E5

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §5.7(i), §5.7 and Ch.5

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