Bernoulli polynomials

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21: 24.11 Asymptotic Approximations

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24.11.4 $${(-1)}^n{E}_{2n}\sim 8\sqrt{\frac{n}{\pi }}{\left(\frac{4n}{\pi \mathrm{e}}\right)}^{2n}.$$

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Symbols:

$E_n$: Euler numbers, $\sim$: asymptotic equality, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm and $n$: integer

Referenced by:

§24.11

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/24.11.E4

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §24.11 and Ch.24

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24.11.5

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Symbols:

$B_n\left(x\right)$: Bernoulli polynomials, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\cos z$: cosine function, $!$: factorial (as in $n!$), $\lfloor x\rfloor$: floor of $x$ , $\sin z$: sine function, $n$: integer and $x$: real or complex

Referenced by:

§24.11

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/24.11.E5

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §24.11 and Ch.24

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22: 24.19 Methods of Computation

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§24.19(i) Bernoulli and Euler Numbers and Polynomials

… ►For algorithms for computing $B_n$, $E_n$, $B_n\left(x\right)$, and $E_n\left(x\right)$ see Spanier and Oldham (1987, pp. 37, 41, 171, and 179–180). …

23: 24.6 Explicit Formulas

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24.6.6 $$E_{2n}=\sum _{k=1}^{2n}\frac{{(-1)}^k}{2^{k-1}}\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{2n+1}{k+1}\right)\sum _{j=0}^{\lfloor \frac{1}{2}k-\frac{1}{2}\rfloor }\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{k}{j}\right){(k-2j)}^{2n}.$$

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Symbols:

$E_n$: Euler numbers, $\left(\genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{m}{n}\right)$: binomial coefficient, $\lfloor x\rfloor$: floor of $x$ , $j$: integer, $k$: integer and $n$: integer

Referenced by:

§24.6

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/24.6.E6

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §24.6 and Ch.24

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24.6.7 $$B_n\left(x\right)=\sum _{k=0}^n\frac{1}{k+1}\sum _{j=0}^k{(-1)}^j\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{k}{j}\right){(x+j)}^n,$$

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Symbols:

$B_n\left(x\right)$: Bernoulli polynomials, $\left(\genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{m}{n}\right)$: binomial coefficient, $j$: integer, $k$: integer, $n$: integer and $x$: real or complex

Referenced by:

§24.6, §24.6

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/24.6.E7

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §24.6 and Ch.24

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24: 24.5 Recurrence Relations

§24.5 Recurrence Relations

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24.5.1 $$\sum _{k=0}^{n-1}\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{n}{k}\right)B_k\left(x\right)=n{x}^{n-1},$$ $n=2,3,\mathrm{\dots }$,

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Symbols:

$B_n\left(x\right)$: Bernoulli polynomials, $\left(\genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{m}{n}\right)$: binomial coefficient, $k$: integer, $n$: integer and $x$: real or complex

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/24.5.E1

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §24.5(i), §24.5 and Ch.24

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25: 2.10 Sums and Sequences

… ►As in §24.2, let $B_n$ and $B_n\left(x\right)$ denote the $n$th Bernoulli number and polynomial, respectively, and ${\tilde{B}}_n\left(x\right)$ the $n$th Bernoulli periodic function $B_n\left(x-\lfloor x\rfloor \right)$. … ►

2.10.1 $$\sum _{j=a}^{n}f(j)={\int }_a^{n}f(x)dx+\frac{1}{2}f(a)+\frac{1}{2}f(n)+\sum _{s=1}^{m-1}\frac{B_{2s}}{(2s)!}\left(f^{(2s-1)}(n)-f^{(2s-1)}(a)\right)+{\int }_a^n\frac{B_{2m}-{\tilde{B}}_{2m}\left(x\right)}{(2m)!}{f}^{(2m)}(x)dx.$$

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Symbols:

$B_n$: Bernoulli numbers, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $!$: factorial (as in $n!$), $\int$: integral, ${\tilde{B}}_n\left(x\right)$: periodic Bernoulli functions, $a$: integer, $m$: integer, $n$: integer and $f(x)$: integrable function

Referenced by:

§2.10(i), §2.10(i)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/2.10.E1

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §2.10(i), §2.10 and Ch.2

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2.10.5 $$R_m(n)={\int }_n^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{{\tilde{B}}_{2m}\left(x\right)-B_{2m}}{2m(2m-1)x^{2m-1}}dx.$$

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Symbols:

$B_n$: Bernoulli numbers, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\int$: integral, ${\tilde{B}}_n\left(x\right)$: periodic Bernoulli functions, $m$: integer, $n$: integer and $R_m(n)$: remainder

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/2.10.E5

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §2.10(i), §2.10(i), §2.10 and Ch.2

►From §24.12(i), (24.2.2), and (24.4.27), ${\tilde{B}}_{2m}\left(x\right)-B_{2m}$ is of constant sign ${(-1)}^m$. …

26: 24 Bernoulli and Euler Polynomials

Chapter 24 Bernoulli and Euler Polynomials

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27: 25.6 Integer Arguments

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§25.6(i) Function Values

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25.6.6 $$\zeta \left(2k+1\right)=\frac{{(-1)}^{k+1}{(2\pi )}^{2k+1}}{2(2k+1)!}{\int }_0^1{B}_{2k+1}\left(t\right)\cot \left(\pi t\right)dt,$$ $k=1,2,3,\mathrm{\dots }$.

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Symbols:

$B_n\left(x\right)$: Bernoulli polynomials, $\zeta \left(s\right)$: Riemann zeta function, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\cot z$: cotangent function, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $!$: factorial (as in $n!$), $\int$: integral and $k$: nonnegative integer

Source:

Nörlund (1924, (81*), p. 66); with $\nu =k$

A&S Ref:

23.2.17

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/25.6.E6

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §25.6(i), §25.6 and Ch.25

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28: Errata

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Originally all six integrands in these equations were incorrect because their numerators contained the function ${\tilde{B}}_2\left(x\right)$. The correct function is $\frac{{\tilde{B}}_2\left(x\right)-B_2}{2}$. The new equations are:

25.11.6 $$\zeta (s,a)=\frac{1}{a^s}\left(\frac{1}{2}+\frac{a}{s-1}\right)-\frac{s(s+1)}{2}{\int }_0^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{{\tilde{B}}_2\left(x\right)-B_2}{{(x+a)}^{s+2}}dx,$$ $s\ne 1$, $\mathrm{\Re }s>-1$, $a>0$

Reported 2016-05-08 by Clemens Heuberger.

25.11.19 $${\zeta }^{\prime }(s,a)=-\frac{\ln a}{a^s}\left(\frac{1}{2}+\frac{a}{s-1}\right)-\frac{a^{1-s}}{{(s-1)}^2}+\frac{s(s+1)}{2}{\int }_0^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{({\tilde{B}}_2\left(x\right)-B_2)\ln \left(x+a\right)}{{(x+a)}^{s+2}}dx-\frac{(2s+1)}{2}{\int }_0^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{{\tilde{B}}_2\left(x\right)-B_2}{{(x+a)}^{s+2}}dx,$$ $\mathrm{\Re }s>-1$, $s\ne 1$, $a>0$

Reported 2016-06-27 by Gergő Nemes.

25.11.20 $${(-1)}^k{\zeta }^{(k)}(s,a)=\frac{{(\ln a)}^k}{a^s}\left(\frac{1}{2}+\frac{a}{s-1}\right)+k!a^{1-s}\sum _{r=0}^{k-1}\frac{{(\ln a)}^r}{r!{(s-1)}^{k-r+1}}-\frac{s(s+1)}{2}{\int }_0^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{({\tilde{B}}_2\left(x\right)-B_2){(\ln \left(x+a\right))}^k}{{(x+a)}^{s+2}}dx+\frac{k(2s+1)}{2}{\int }_0^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{({\tilde{B}}_2\left(x\right)-B_2){(\ln \left(x+a\right))}^{k-1}}{{(x+a)}^{s+2}}dx-\frac{k(k-1)}{2}{\int }_0^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{({\tilde{B}}_2\left(x\right)-B_2){(\ln \left(x+a\right))}^{k-2}}{{(x+a)}^{s+2}}dx,$$ $\mathrm{\Re }s>-1$, $s\ne 1$, $a>0$

Reported 2016-06-27 by Gergő Nemes.

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5.17.5 $$\mathrm{Ln}G\left(z+1\right)\sim \frac{1}{4}{z}^2+z\mathrm{Ln}\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z+1\right)-\left(\frac{1}{2}z(z+1)+\frac{1}{12}\right)\mathrm{Ln}z-\ln A+\sum _{k=1}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{B_{2k+2}}{2k(2k+1)(2k+2)z^{2k}}$$

Originally the term $z\mathrm{Ln}\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z+1\right)$ was incorrectly stated as $z\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z+1\right)$.

Reported 2013-08-01 by Gergő Nemes and subsequently by Nick Jones on December 11, 2013.

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29: Software Index

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	Open Source													With Book						Commercial
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24 Bernoulli and Euler Polynomials
24.21(ii) $B_n$, $B_n\left(x\right)$, $E_n$, $E_n\left(x\right)$	✓	✓						✓		✓		a	✓	✓			✓		✓		✓	✓	✓		Derive, MuPAD
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30: Bibliography T

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Bernoulli polynomials old and new: Generalizations and asymptotics. CWI Quarterly 8 (1), pp. 47–66.

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External Links:

ISSN 0922-5366, FullText, MathReview (Michael Hauss), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§24.11, §24.16(i).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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Explicit formulas for the Bernoulli and Euler polynomials and numbers. Abh. Math. Sem. Univ. Hamburg 61, pp. 175–180.

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External Links:

ISSN 0025-5858, Document, MathReview (L. Skula), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§24.4(v), §24.6.

Encodings:

BibTeX

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On the theory of the Bernoulli polynomials and numbers. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 104 (2), pp. 309–350.

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External Links:

ISSN 0022-247X, Document, MathReview (Louis Shapiro), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§24.15(iii).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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