Kummer functions

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21: 8.5 Confluent Hypergeometric Representations

… ►For the confluent hypergeometric functions $M$, $𝐌$, $U$, and the Whittaker functions $M_{\kappa ,\mu }$ and $W_{\kappa ,\mu }$, see §§13.2(i) and 13.14(i). ►

8.5.1 $$\gamma (a,z)=a^{-1}{z}^a{\mathrm{e}}^{-z}M(1,1+a,z)=a^{-1}{z}^{a}M(a,1+a,-z),$$ $a\ne 0,-1,-2,\mathrm{\dots }$.

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Symbols:

$M(a,b,z)$: $={}_1{}^{}F_1^{}(a;b;z)$ Kummer confluent hypergeometric function, $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $\gamma (a,z)$: incomplete gamma function, $z$: complex variable and $a$: parameter

A&S Ref:

6.5.12

Referenced by:

§8.11(ii), §8.14

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/8.5.E1

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §8.5 and Ch.8

►

8.5.2 $${\gamma }^{\ast }(a,z)={\mathrm{e}}^{-z}𝐌(1,1+a,z)=𝐌(a,1+a,-z).$$

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Symbols:

$𝐌(a,b,z)$: Olver’s confluent hypergeometric function, $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, ${\gamma }^{\ast }(a,z)$: incomplete gamma function, $z$: complex variable and $a$: parameter

Referenced by:

§8.7

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/8.5.E2

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §8.5 and Ch.8

►

8.5.3 $$\mathrm{\Gamma }(a,z)={\mathrm{e}}^{-z}U(1-a,1-a,z)=z^a{\mathrm{e}}^{-z}U(1,1+a,z).$$

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Symbols:

$U(a,b,z)$: Kummer confluent hypergeometric function, $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $\mathrm{\Gamma }(a,z)$: incomplete gamma function, $z$: complex variable and $a$: parameter

Referenced by:

§8.14, §8.19(vi)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/8.5.E3

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §8.5 and Ch.8

…

22: 10.39 Relations to Other Functions

… ►

10.39.5 $$I_{\nu }\left(z\right)=\frac{{(\frac{1}{2}z)}^{\nu }{\mathrm{e}}^{\pm z}}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\nu +1\right)}M(\nu +\frac{1}{2},2\nu +1,\mp 2z),$$

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Symbols:

$\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, $M(a,b,z)$: $={}_1{}^{}F_1^{}(a;b;z)$ Kummer confluent hypergeometric function, $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $I_{\nu }\left(z\right)$: modified Bessel function of the first kind, $z$: complex variable and $\nu$: complex parameter

Referenced by:

§10.39

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/10.39.E5

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §10.39, §10.39 and Ch.10

►

10.39.6 $$K_{\nu }\left(z\right)={\pi }^{\frac{1}{2}}{(2z)}^{\nu }{\mathrm{e}}^{-z}U(\nu +\frac{1}{2},2\nu +1,2z),$$

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Symbols:

$U(a,b,z)$: Kummer confluent hypergeometric function, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $K_{\nu }\left(z\right)$: modified Bessel function of the second kind, $z$: complex variable and $\nu$: complex parameter

Referenced by:

§10.40(iv), (9.6.21), (9.6.22)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/10.39.E6

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §10.39, §10.39 and Ch.10

… ►For the functions $M$, $U$, $M_{0,\nu }$, and $W_{0,\nu }$ see §§13.2(i) and 13.14(i). …

23: 13.14 Definitions and Basic Properties

… ►Standard solutions are: ►

13.14.2 $$M_{\kappa ,\mu }\left(z\right)={\mathrm{e}}^{-\frac{1}{2}z}{z}^{\frac{1}{2}+\mu }M(\frac{1}{2}+\mu -\kappa ,1+2\mu ,z),$$

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Defines:

$M_{\kappa ,\mu }\left(z\right)$: Whittaker confluent hypergeometric function

Symbols:

$M(a,b,z)$: $={}_1{}^{}F_1^{}(a;b;z)$ Kummer confluent hypergeometric function, $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm and $z$: complex variable

A&S Ref:

13.1.32

Referenced by:

§13.14(i), §13.14(i), §13.16(ii), §13.19, §13.22, §13.29(ii), §13.4(iii), (9.6.25), (9.6.26)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/13.14.E2

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §13.14(i), §13.14(i), §13.14 and Ch.13

►

13.14.3 $$W_{\kappa ,\mu }\left(z\right)={\mathrm{e}}^{-\frac{1}{2}z}{z}^{\frac{1}{2}+\mu }U(\frac{1}{2}+\mu -\kappa ,1+2\mu ,z),$$

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Defines:

$W_{\kappa ,\mu }\left(z\right)$: Whittaker confluent hypergeometric function

Symbols:

$U(a,b,z)$: Kummer confluent hypergeometric function, $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm and $z$: complex variable

A&S Ref:

13.1.33

Referenced by:

§13.14(i), §13.16(ii), §13.19, §13.20(i), §13.22, §13.4(iii), §18.34(i), §18.39(i)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/13.14.E3

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §13.14(i), §13.14(i), §13.14 and Ch.13

… ►

13.14.5 $$U(a,b,z)={\mathrm{e}}^{\frac{1}{2}z}{z}^{-\frac{1}{2}b}{W}_{\frac{1}{2}b-a,\frac{1}{2}b-\frac{1}{2}}\left(z\right).$$

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Symbols:

$U(a,b,z)$: Kummer confluent hypergeometric function, $W_{\kappa ,\mu }\left(z\right)$: Whittaker confluent hypergeometric function, $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm and $z$: complex variable

Referenced by:

§10.16, §13.11, §13.14(iii), §13.14(vii), §13.16(i), §13.18(i), §13.18(ii), §13.18(iii), §13.18(iv), §13.18(v), §13.23(iii), §13.8(ii), §13.8(ii), §13.8(iii)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/13.14.E5

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §13.14(i), §13.14(i), §13.14 and Ch.13

… ►The principal branches correspond to the principal branches of the functions $z^{\frac{1}{2}+\mu }$ and $U(\frac{1}{2}+\mu -\kappa ,1+2\mu ,z)$ on the right-hand sides of the equations (13.14.2) and (13.14.3); compare §4.2(i). …

24: 13.29 Methods of Computation

… ►The integral representations (13.4.1) and (13.4.4) can be used to compute the Kummer functions, and (13.16.1) and (13.16.5) for the Whittaker functions. In Allasia and Besenghi (1991) and Allasia and Besenghi (1987a) the high accuracy of the trapezoidal rule for the computation of Kummer functions is described. … ►

13.29.6 $$w(n)={\left(a\right)}_{n}U(n+a,b,z),$$

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Symbols:

$U(a,b,z)$: Kummer confluent hypergeometric function, ${\left(a\right)}_n$: Pochhammer’s symbol (or shifted factorial), $n$: nonnegative integer and $z$: complex variable

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/13.29.E6

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §13.29(iv), §13.29(iv), §13.29 and Ch.13

…

25: 10.16 Relations to Other Functions

… ►

10.16.5 $$J_{\nu }\left(z\right)=\frac{{(\frac{1}{2}z)}^{\nu }{\mathrm{e}}^{\mp \mathrm{i}z}}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\nu +1\right)}M(\nu +\frac{1}{2},2\nu +1,\pm 2\mathrm{i}z),$$

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Symbols:

$J_{\nu }\left(z\right)$: Bessel function of the first kind, $\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, $M(a,b,z)$: $={}_1{}^{}F_1^{}(a;b;z)$ Kummer confluent hypergeometric function, $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $z$: complex variable and $\nu$: complex parameter

A&S Ref:

9.1.69 (modified)

Referenced by:

§10.16, §10.39

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/10.16.E5

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §10.16, §10.16 and Ch.10

►

10.16.6 $$\begin{array}{c}{H}_{\nu }^{(1)}\left(z\right)\\ H_{\nu }^{(2)}\left(z\right)\end{array}\}=\mp 2{\pi }^{-\frac{1}{2}}\mathrm{i}{\mathrm{e}}^{\mp \nu \pi \mathrm{i}}{(2z)}^{\nu }{\mathrm{e}}^{\pm \mathrm{i}z}U(\nu +\frac{1}{2},2\nu +1,\mp 2\mathrm{i}z).$$

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Symbols:

$H_{\nu }^{(1)}\left(z\right)$: Bessel function of the third kind (or Hankel function), $H_{\nu }^{(2)}\left(z\right)$: Bessel function of the third kind (or Hankel function), $U(a,b,z)$: Kummer confluent hypergeometric function, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $z$: complex variable and $\nu$: complex parameter

Referenced by:

§10.16, §10.17(v)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/10.16.E6

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §10.16, §10.16 and Ch.10

►For the functions $M$ and $U$ see §13.2(i). …

26: 18.11 Relations to Other Functions

… ►

18.11.2 $$L_n^{(\alpha )}\left(x\right)=\frac{{\left(\alpha +1\right)}_n}{n!}M(-n,\alpha +1,x)=\frac{{(-1)}^n}{n!}U(-n,\alpha +1,x)=\frac{{\left(\alpha +1\right)}_n}{n!}{x}^{-\frac{1}{2}(\alpha +1)}{\mathrm{e}}^{\frac{1}{2}x}{M}_{n+\frac{1}{2}(\alpha +1),\frac{1}{2}\alpha }\left(x\right)=\frac{{(-1)}^n}{n!}{x}^{-\frac{1}{2}(\alpha +1)}{\mathrm{e}}^{\frac{1}{2}x}{W}_{n+\frac{1}{2}(\alpha +1),\frac{1}{2}\alpha }\left(x\right).$$

ⓘ

Symbols:

$M(a,b,z)$: $={}_1{}^{}F_1^{}(a;b;z)$ Kummer confluent hypergeometric function, $U(a,b,z)$: Kummer confluent hypergeometric function, $L_n^{(\alpha )}\left(x\right)$: Laguerre (or generalized Laguerre) polynomial, ${\left(a\right)}_n$: Pochhammer’s symbol (or shifted factorial), $M_{\kappa ,\mu }\left(z\right)$: Whittaker confluent hypergeometric function, $W_{\kappa ,\mu }\left(z\right)$: Whittaker confluent hypergeometric function, $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $!$: factorial (as in $n!$), $n$: nonnegative integer and $x$: real variable

Referenced by:

§13.6(v), §18.11(i)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/18.11.E2

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §18.11(i), §18.11(i), §18.11 and Ch.18

►For the confluent hypergeometric functions $M(a,b,x)$ and $U(a,b,x)$, see §13.2(i), and for the Whittaker functions $M_{\kappa ,\mu }\left(x\right)$ and $W_{\kappa ,\mu }\left(x\right)$ see §13.14(i). … ►

18.11.3 $$H_n\left(x\right)=2^{n}U(-\frac{1}{2}n,\frac{1}{2},x^2)=2^{n}xU(-\frac{1}{2}n+\frac{1}{2},\frac{3}{2},x^2)=2^{\frac{1}{2}n}{\mathrm{e}}^{\frac{1}{2}{x}^2}U(-n-\frac{1}{2},2^{\frac{1}{2}}x),$$

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Symbols:

$H_n\left(x\right)$: Hermite polynomial, $U(a,b,z)$: Kummer confluent hypergeometric function, $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $U(a,z)$: parabolic cylinder function, $n$: nonnegative integer and $x$: real variable

A&S Ref:

22.5.55, 22.5.58 ((factor $x$ missing on RHS of 22.5.55))

Referenced by:

§18.11(i), §18.15(v)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/18.11.E3

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §18.11(i), §18.11(i), §18.11 and Ch.18

►

18.11.4 $${\mathrm{𝐻𝑒}}_n\left(x\right)=2^{\frac{1}{2}n}U(-\frac{1}{2}n,\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{2}{x}^2)=2^{\frac{1}{2}(n-1)}xU(-\frac{1}{2}n+\frac{1}{2},\frac{3}{2},\frac{1}{2}{x}^2)={\mathrm{e}}^{\frac{1}{4}{x}^2}U(-n-\frac{1}{2},x).$$

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Symbols:

${\mathrm{𝐻𝑒}}_n\left(x\right)$: Hermite polynomial, $U(a,b,z)$: Kummer confluent hypergeometric function, $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $U(a,z)$: parabolic cylinder function, $n$: nonnegative integer and $x$: real variable

A&S Ref:

22.5.59

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/18.11.E4

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §18.11(i), §18.11(i), §18.11 and Ch.18

…

27: 6.11 Relations to Other Functions

… ►

6.11.2 $$E_1\left(z\right)={\mathrm{e}}^{-z}U(1,1,z),$$

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Symbols:

$U(a,b,z)$: Kummer confluent hypergeometric function, $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $E_1\left(z\right)$: exponential integral and $z$: complex variable

Referenced by:

§6.11, 5th item, §6.6

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/6.11.E2

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §6.11, §6.11 and Ch.6

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6.11.3 $$\mathrm{g}\left(z\right)+\mathrm{i}\mathrm{f}\left(z\right)=U(1,1,-\mathrm{i}z).$$

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Symbols:

$U(a,b,z)$: Kummer confluent hypergeometric function, $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $\mathrm{f}\left(z\right)$: auxiliary function for sine and cosine integrals, $\mathrm{g}\left(z\right)$: auxiliary function for sine and cosine integrals and $z$: complex variable

Referenced by:

§6.11, 5th item

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/6.11.E3

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §6.11, §6.11 and Ch.6

28: 33.2 Definitions and Basic Properties

… ►

33.2.4 $$F_{\mathrm{\ell }}(\eta ,\rho )=C_{\mathrm{\ell }}\left(\eta \right){\rho }^{\mathrm{\ell }+1}{\mathrm{e}}^{\mp \mathrm{i}\rho }M(\mathrm{\ell }+1\mp \mathrm{i}\eta ,2\mathrm{\ell }+2,\pm 2\mathrm{i}\rho ),$$

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Symbols:

$C_{\mathrm{\ell }}\left(\eta \right)$: normalizing constant for Coulomb radial functions, $M(a,b,z)$: $={}_1{}^{}F_1^{}(a;b;z)$ Kummer confluent hypergeometric function, $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $F_{\mathrm{\ell }}(\eta ,\rho )$: regular Coulomb radial function, $\mathrm{\ell }$: nonnegative integer, $\rho$: nonnegative real variable and $\eta$: real parameter

A&S Ref:

14.1.3

Referenced by:

§13.6(vii), §33.2(ii), §33.6

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/33.2.E4

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §33.2(ii), §33.2 and Ch.33

… ►

33.2.8 $$H_{\mathrm{\ell }}^{\pm }(\eta ,\rho )={\mathrm{e}}^{\pm \mathrm{i}{\theta }_{\mathrm{\ell }}(\eta ,\rho )}{(\mp 2\mathrm{i}\rho )}^{\mathrm{\ell }+1\pm \mathrm{i}\eta }U(\mathrm{\ell }+1\pm \mathrm{i}\eta ,2\mathrm{\ell }+2,\mp 2\mathrm{i}\rho ),$$

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Symbols:

${\theta }_{\mathrm{\ell }}(\eta ,\rho )$: phase of Coulomb functions, $U(a,b,z)$: Kummer confluent hypergeometric function, $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $H_{\mathrm{\ell }}^{\pm }(\eta ,\rho )$: irregular Coulomb radial functions, $\mathrm{\ell }$: nonnegative integer, $\rho$: nonnegative real variable and $\eta$: real parameter

Referenced by:

§13.6(vii), §33.13, §33.6

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/33.2.E8

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §33.2(iii), §33.2 and Ch.33

…

29: 9.10 Integrals

… ►

9.10.14 $${\int }_0^{\mathrm{\infty }}{\mathrm{e}}^{-pt}\mathrm{Ai}\left(t\right)dt={\mathrm{e}}^{-p^3/3}\left(\frac{1}{3}-\frac{p{}_1{}^{}F_1^{}(\frac{1}{3};\frac{4}{3};\frac{1}{3}{p}^3)}{3^{4/3}\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{4}{3}\right)}+\frac{p^2{}_1{}^{}F_1^{}(\frac{2}{3};\frac{5}{3};\frac{1}{3}{p}^3)}{3^{5/3}\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{5}{3}\right)}\right),$$ $p\in ℂ$.

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Symbols:

$\mathrm{Ai}\left(z\right)$: Airy function, $\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, ${}_1{}^{}F_1^{}(a;b;z)$: $=M(a,b,z)$ notation for the Kummer confluent hypergeometric function, $ℂ$: complex plane, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\in$: element of, $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $\int$: integral and $p$: parameter

Keywords:

Laplace transform

Source:

Gibbs (1973, Problem 72–21)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/9.10.E14

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §9.10(v), §9.10 and Ch.9

… ►For the confluent hypergeometric function ${}_1{}^{}F_1^{}$ and the incomplete gamma function $\mathrm{\Gamma }$ see §§13.1, 13.2, and 8.2(i). …

30: 18.34 Bessel Polynomials

… ►For the confluent hypergeometric function ${}_1{}^{}F_1^{}$ and the generalized hypergeometric function ${}_2{}^{}F_0^{}$, the Laguerre polynomial $L_n^{(\alpha )}$ and the Whittaker function $W_{\kappa ,\mu }$ see §16.2(ii), §16.2(iv), (18.5.12), and (13.14.3), respectively. ►

18.34.1 $$y_n(x;a)={}_2{}^{}F_0^{}(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{-n,n+a-1}{-};-\frac{x}{2})={\left(n+a-1\right)}_n{\left(\frac{x}{2}\right)}^n{}_1{}^{}F_1^{}(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{-n}{-2n-a+2};\frac{2}{x})=n!{\left(-\frac{1}{2}x\right)}^n{L}_n^{(1-a-2n)}\left(2x^{-1}\right)={\left(\frac{1}{2}x\right)}^{1-\frac{1}{2}a}{\mathrm{e}}^{1/x}{W}_{1-\frac{1}{2}a,\frac{1}{2}(a-1)+n}\left(2x^{-1}\right).$$

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Defines:

$y_n(x;a)$: Bessel polynomial

Symbols:

${}_p{}^{}F_q^{}(a_1,\mathrm{\dots },a_p;b_1,\mathrm{\dots },b_q;z)$ or ${}_p{}^{}F_q^{}(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{a_1,\mathrm{\dots },a_p}{b_1,\mathrm{\dots },b_q};z)$: alternatively ${}_p{}^{}F_q^{}(𝐚;𝐛;z)$ or ${}_p{}^{}F_q^{}(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{𝐚}{𝐛};z)$
generalized hypergeometric function, ${}_1{}^{}F_1^{}(a;b;z)$: $=M(a,b,z)$ notation for the Kummer confluent hypergeometric function, $L_n^{(\alpha )}\left(x\right)$: Laguerre (or generalized Laguerre) polynomial, ${\left(a\right)}_n$: Pochhammer’s symbol (or shifted factorial), $W_{\kappa ,\mu }\left(z\right)$: Whittaker confluent hypergeometric function, $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $!$: factorial (as in $n!$), $n$: nonnegative integer and $x$: real variable

Proved:

Grosswald (1978, p.38, Theorem 1); Combine (18.5.12) and items (i), (v), (vii) of the mentioned theorem for $b=2$(proved)

Referenced by:

(18.34.2), (18.34.7_1), §18.34(i), §18.34(i), Erratum (V1.2.0) for Equation (18.34.1)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/18.34.E1

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

Addition (effective with 1.2.0):

This equation was updated to include the definition of Bessel polynomials in terms of Laguerre polynomials and the Whittaker confluent hypergeometric function.

See also:

Annotations for §18.34(i), §18.34 and Ch.18

…