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21: 17.16 Mathematical Applications

… ►More recent applications are given in Gasper and Rahman (2004, Chapter 8) and Fine (1988, Chapters 1 and 2).

22: 19.1 Special Notation

… ►

$F(\varphi ,k),$

… ►We use also the function $D(\varphi ,k)$, introduced by Jahnke et al. (1966, p. 43). … ►In Abramowitz and Stegun (1964, Chapter 17) the functions (19.1.1) and (19.1.2) are denoted, in order, by $K(\alpha )$, $E(\alpha )$, $\mathrm{\Pi }(n\backslash \alpha )$, $F(\varphi \backslash \alpha )$, $E(\varphi \backslash \alpha )$, and $\mathrm{\Pi }(n;\varphi \backslash \alpha )$, where $\alpha =\arcsin k$ and $n$ is the ${\alpha }^2$ (not related to $k$) in (19.1.1) and (19.1.2). …However, it should be noted that in Chapter 8 of Abramowitz and Stegun (1964) the notation used for elliptic integrals differs from Chapter 17 and is consistent with that used in the present chapter and the rest of the NIST Handbook and DLMF. … ► $R_F(x,y,z)$, $R_G(x,y,z)$, and $R_J(x,y,z,p)$ are the symmetric (in $x$, $y$, and $z$) integrals of the first, second, and third kinds; they are complete if exactly one of $x$, $y$, and $z$ is identically 0. …

23: 26.13 Permutations: Cycle Notation

… ►An explicit representation of $\sigma$ can be given by the $2\times n$ matrix: … ►is $\left(1,3,2,5,7\right)\left(4\right)\left(6,8\right)$ in cycle notation. …In consequence, (26.13.2) can also be written as $\left(1,3,2,5,7\right)\left(6,8\right)$. … ►For the example (26.13.2), this decomposition is given by $\left(1,3,2,5,7\right)\left(6,8\right)=\left(1,3\right)\left(2,3\right)\left(2,5\right)\left(5,7\right)\left(6,8\right).$ … ►Again, for the example (26.13.2) a minimal decomposition into adjacent transpositions is given by $\left(1,3,2,5,7\right)\left(6,8\right)=\left(2,3\right)\left(1,2\right)\left(4,5\right)\left(3,4\right)\left(2,3\right)\left(3,4\right)\left(4,5\right)\left(6,7\right)\left(5,6\right)\left(7,8\right)\left(6,7\right)$: $inv(\left(1,3,2,5,7\right)\left(6,8\right))=11$.

24: 2.10 Sums and Sequences

… ►For extensions to $\alpha \le 0$, higher terms, and other examples, see Olver (1997b, Chapter 8). … ►Hence … ►For generalizations and other examples see Olver (1997b, Chapter 8), Ford (1960), and Berndt and Evans (1984). … ►For examples see Olver (1997b, Chapters 8, 9). … ►For other examples and extensions see Olver (1997b, Chapter 8), Olver (1970), Wong (1989, Chapter 2), and Wong and Wyman (1974). …

25: 19.9 Inequalities

… ►Further inequalities for $K\left(k\right)$ and $E\left(k\right)$ can be found in Alzer and Qiu (2004), Anderson et al. (1992a, b, 1997), and Qiu and Vamanamurthy (1996). … ►Even for the extremely eccentric ellipse with $a=99$ and $b=1$, this is correct within 0. … ►Sharper inequalities for $F(\varphi ,k)$ are: … ►Inequalities for both $F(\varphi ,k)$ and $E(\varphi ,k)$ involving inverse circular or inverse hyperbolic functions are given in Carlson (1961b, §4). … ►Other inequalities for $F(\varphi ,k)$ can be obtained from inequalities for $R_F(x,y,z)$ given in Carlson (1966, (2.15)) and Carlson (1970) via (19.25.5).

26: 19.27 Asymptotic Approximations and Expansions

… ►

§19.27(ii) $R_F(x,y,z)$

… ►

19.27.2 $$R_F(x,y,z)=\frac{1}{2\sqrt{z}}\left(\ln \frac{8z}{a+g}\right)\left(1+O\left(\frac{a}{z}\right)\right),$$ $a/z\to 0$.

ⓘ

Symbols:

$O\left(x\right)$: order not exceeding, $R_F(x,y,z)$: symmetric elliptic integral of first kind, $\ln z$: principal branch of logarithm function, $a$ and $g$

Referenced by:

§19.20(iii), §19.27(ii)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/19.27.E2

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §19.27(ii), §19.27 and Ch.19

… ►

§19.27(iv) $R_D(x,y,z)$

… ►

19.27.7 $$R_D(x,y,z)=\frac{3}{2z^{3/2}}\left(\ln \left(\frac{8z}{a+g}\right)-2\right)\left(1+O\left(\frac{a}{z}\right)\right),$$ $a/z\to 0$.

ⓘ

Symbols:

$O\left(x\right)$: order not exceeding, $R_D(x,y,z)$: elliptic integral symmetric in only two variables, $\ln z$: principal branch of logarithm function, $a$ and $g$

Referenced by:

§19.20(iv)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/19.27.E7

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §19.27(iv), §19.27 and Ch.19

… ►These series converge but not fast enough, given the complicated nature of their terms, to be very useful in practice. …

27: 9.4 Maclaurin Series

… ►

9.4.1 $$\mathrm{Ai}\left(z\right)=\mathrm{Ai}\left(0\right)\left(1+\frac{1}{3!}{z}^3+\frac{1\cdot 4}{6!}{z}^6+\frac{1\cdot 4\cdot 7}{9!}{z}^9+\mathrm{\cdots }\right)+{\mathrm{Ai}}^{\prime }\left(0\right)\left(z+\frac{2}{4!}{z}^4+\frac{2\cdot 5}{7!}{z}^7+\frac{2\cdot 5\cdot 8}{10!}{z}^{10}+\mathrm{\cdots }\right),$$

ⓘ

Symbols:

$\mathrm{Ai}\left(z\right)$: Airy function, $!$: factorial (as in $n!$) and $z$: complex variable

Source:

Olver (1997b, p. 54)

A&S Ref:

10.4.2 (with 10.4.4 and 10.4.5)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/9.4.E1

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §9.4 and Ch.9

►

9.4.2 $${\mathrm{Ai}}^{\prime }\left(z\right)={\mathrm{Ai}}^{\prime }\left(0\right)\left(1+\frac{2}{3!}{z}^3+\frac{2\cdot 5}{6!}{z}^6+\frac{2\cdot 5\cdot 8}{9!}{z}^9+\mathrm{\cdots }\right)+\mathrm{Ai}\left(0\right)\left(\frac{1}{2!}{z}^2+\frac{1\cdot 4}{5!}{z}^5+\frac{1\cdot 4\cdot 7}{8!}{z}^8+\mathrm{\cdots }\right),$$

ⓘ

Symbols:

$\mathrm{Ai}\left(z\right)$: Airy function, $!$: factorial (as in $n!$) and $z$: complex variable

Proof sketch:

Use methods of Olver (1997b, p. 54).

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/9.4.E2

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §9.4 and Ch.9

►

9.4.3 $$\mathrm{Bi}\left(z\right)=\mathrm{Bi}\left(0\right)\left(1+\frac{1}{3!}{z}^3+\frac{1\cdot 4}{6!}{z}^6+\frac{1\cdot 4\cdot 7}{9!}{z}^9+\mathrm{\cdots }\right)+{\mathrm{Bi}}^{\prime }\left(0\right)\left(z+\frac{2}{4!}{z}^4+\frac{2\cdot 5}{7!}{z}^7+\frac{2\cdot 5\cdot 8}{10!}{z}^{10}+\mathrm{\cdots }\right),$$

ⓘ

Symbols:

$\mathrm{Bi}\left(z\right)$: Airy function, $!$: factorial (as in $n!$) and $z$: complex variable

Proof sketch:

Use methods of Olver (1997b, p. 54).

A&S Ref:

10.4.3 (with 10.4.4 and 10.4.5)

Referenced by:

(9.12.15)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/9.4.E3

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §9.4 and Ch.9

►

9.4.4 $${\mathrm{Bi}}^{\prime }\left(z\right)={\mathrm{Bi}}^{\prime }\left(0\right)\left(1+\frac{2}{3!}{z}^3+\frac{2\cdot 5}{6!}{z}^6+\frac{2\cdot 5\cdot 8}{9!}{z}^9+\mathrm{\cdots }\right)+\mathrm{Bi}\left(0\right)\left(\frac{1}{2!}{z}^2+\frac{1\cdot 4}{5!}{z}^5+\frac{1\cdot 4\cdot 7}{8!}{z}^8+\mathrm{\cdots }\right).$$

ⓘ

Symbols:

$\mathrm{Bi}\left(z\right)$: Airy function, $!$: factorial (as in $n!$) and $z$: complex variable

Proof sketch:

Use methods of Olver (1997b, p. 54).

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/9.4.E4

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §9.4 and Ch.9

28: 10.62 Graphs

… ►

►►

Figure 10.62.1: $\mathrm{ber}x$, $\mathrm{bei}x$, ${\mathrm{ber}}^{\prime }x$, ${\mathrm{bei}}^{\prime }x$, $0\le x\le 8$. Magnify

►

►►

Figure 10.62.2: $\ker x$, $\mathrm{kei}x$, ${\ker }^{\prime }x$, ${\mathrm{kei}}^{\prime }x$, $0\le x\le 8$. Magnify

►

►►

Figure 10.62.3: ${\mathrm{e}}^{-x/\sqrt{2}}\mathrm{ber}x$, ${\mathrm{e}}^{-x/\sqrt{2}}\mathrm{bei}x$, ${\mathrm{e}}^{-x/\sqrt{2}}M\left(x\right)$, $0\le x\le 8$. Magnify

►

►►

Figure 10.62.4: ${\mathrm{e}}^{x/\sqrt{2}}\ker x$, ${\mathrm{e}}^{x/\sqrt{2}}\mathrm{kei}x$, ${\mathrm{e}}^{x/\sqrt{2}}N\left(x\right)$, $0\le x\le 8$. Magnify

29: 20.11 Generalizations and Analogs

… ►As in §20.11(ii), the modulus $k$ of elliptic integrals (§19.2(ii)), Jacobian elliptic functions (§22.2), and Weierstrass elliptic functions (§23.6(ii)) can be expanded in $q$-series via (20.9.1). … ►The first of equations (20.9.2) can also be written ►

20.11.5 $${}_2{}^{}F_1^{}(\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{2};1;k^2)={\theta }_3^2\left(0\right|\tau );$$

ⓘ

Symbols:

${}_2{}^{}F_1^{}(a,b;c;z)$: $=F(a,b;c;z)$ notation for Gauss’ hypergeometric function, ${\theta }_j\left(z\right|\tau )$: theta function, $\tau$: lattice parameter and $k$: modulus

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/20.11.E5

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §20.11(iii), §20.11 and Ch.20

… ►Similar identities can be constructed for ${}_2{}^{}F_1^{}(\frac{1}{3},\frac{2}{3};1;k^2)$, ${}_2{}^{}F_1^{}(\frac{1}{4},\frac{3}{4};1;k^2)$, and ${}_2{}^{}F_1^{}(\frac{1}{6},\frac{5}{6};1;k^2)$. … ►The importance of these combined theta functions is that sets of twelve equations for the theta functions often can be replaced by corresponding sets of three equations of the combined theta functions, plus permutation symmetry. …

30: 31.2 Differential Equations

… ►All other homogeneous linear differential equations of the second order having four regular singularities in the extended complex plane, $ℂ\cup \{\mathrm{\infty }\}$, can be transformed into (31.2.1). … ►

$F$-Homotopic Transformations

… ►By composing these three steps, there result $2^3=8$ possible transformations of the dependent variable (including the identity transformation) that preserve the form of (31.2.1). … ►If $\tilde{z}=\tilde{z}(z)$ is one of the $4!-3!=18$ homographies that do not map $\mathrm{\infty }$ to $\mathrm{\infty }$, then an appropriate prefactor must be included on the right-hand side. … ►There are $8\cdot 24=192$ automorphisms of equation (31.2.1) by compositions of $F$-homotopic and homographic transformations. …