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21: 16.1 Special Notation

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$p,q$	nonnegative integers.
…
$\delta$	arbitrary small positive constant.
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${\left(𝐚\right)}_k$	${\left(a_1\right)}_k{\left(a_2\right)}_k\mathrm{\cdots }{\left(a_p\right)}_k$.
${\left(𝐛\right)}_k$	${\left(b_1\right)}_k{\left(b_2\right)}_k\mathrm{\cdots }{\left(b_q\right)}_k$.
…

►The main functions treated in this chapter are the generalized hypergeometric function ${}_p{}^{}F_q^{}(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{a_1,\mathrm{\dots },a_p}{b_1,\mathrm{\dots },b_q};z)$, the Appell (two-variable hypergeometric) functions $F_1(\alpha ;\beta ,{\beta }^{\prime };\gamma ;x,y)$, $F_2(\alpha ;\beta ,{\beta }^{\prime };\gamma ,{\gamma }^{\prime };x,y)$, $F_3(\alpha ,{\alpha }^{\prime };\beta ,{\beta }^{\prime };\gamma ;x,y)$, $F_4(\alpha ,\beta ;\gamma ,{\gamma }^{\prime };x,y)$, and the Meijer $G$-function $G_{p,q}^{m,n}(z;\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{a_1,\mathrm{\dots },a_p}{b_1,\mathrm{\dots },b_q})$. Alternative notations are ${}_p{}^{}F_q^{}(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{𝐚}{𝐛};z)$, ${}_p{}^{}F_q^{}(a_1,\mathrm{\dots },a_p;b_1,\mathrm{\dots },b_q;z)$, and ${}_p{}^{}F_q^{}(𝐚;𝐛;z)$ for the generalized hypergeometric function, $F_1(\alpha ,\beta ,{\beta }^{\prime };\gamma ;x,y)$, $F_2(\alpha ,\beta ,{\beta }^{\prime };\gamma ,{\gamma }^{\prime };x,y)$, $F_3(\alpha ,{\alpha }^{\prime },\beta ,{\beta }^{\prime };\gamma ;x,y)$, $F_4(\alpha ,\beta ;\gamma ,{\gamma }^{\prime };x,y)$, for the Appell functions, and $G_{p,q}^{m,n}(z;𝐚;𝐛)$ for the Meijer $G$-function.

22: 22.16 Related Functions

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Approximation for Small $x$

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Approximations for Small $k$, $k^{\prime }$

… ►With $q$ as in (22.2.1) and $\zeta =\pi x/(2K)$, … ►In Equations (22.16.24)–(22.16.26), . … ►(Sometimes in the literature $\mathrm{Z}\left(x|k\right)$ is denoted by $\mathrm{Z}(\mathrm{am}(x,k),k^2)$.) …

23: 10.69 Uniform Asymptotic Expansions for Large Order

… ►Let $U_k(p)$ and $V_k(p)$ be the polynomials defined in §10.41(ii), and … ►

10.69.3 $${\ker }_{\nu }\left(\nu x\right)+\mathrm{i}{\mathrm{kei}}_{\nu }\left(\nu x\right)\sim {\mathrm{e}}^{-\nu \xi }{\left(\frac{\pi }{2\nu \xi }\right)}^{1/2}{\left(\frac{x{\mathrm{e}}^{3\pi \mathrm{i}/4}}{1+\xi }\right)}^{-\nu }\sum _{k=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}{(-1)}^k\frac{U_k({\xi }^{-1})}{{\nu }^k},$$

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Symbols:

${\mathrm{kei}}_{\nu }\left(x\right)$: Kelvin function, ${\ker }_{\nu }\left(x\right)$: Kelvin function, $\sim$: Poincaré asymptotic expansion, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $k$: nonnegative integer, $x$: real variable, $\nu$: complex parameter, $U_k(p)$: polynomial coefficient and $\xi$

A&S Ref:

9.10.38

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/10.69.E3

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §10.69 and Ch.10

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10.69.5 $${\ker }_{\nu }^{\prime }\left(\nu x\right)+\mathrm{i}{\mathrm{kei}}_{\nu }^{\prime }\left(\nu x\right)\sim -\frac{{\mathrm{e}}^{-\nu \xi }}{x}{\left(\frac{\pi \xi }{2\nu }\right)}^{1/2}{\left(\frac{x{\mathrm{e}}^{3\pi \mathrm{i}/4}}{1+\xi }\right)}^{-\nu }\sum _{k=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}{(-1)}^k\frac{V_k({\xi }^{-1})}{{\nu }^k},$$

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Symbols:

${\mathrm{kei}}_{\nu }\left(x\right)$: Kelvin function, ${\ker }_{\nu }\left(x\right)$: Kelvin function, $\sim$: Poincaré asymptotic expansion, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $k$: nonnegative integer, $x$: real variable, $\nu$: complex parameter, $V_k(p)$: polynomial coefficient and $\xi$

A&S Ref:

9.10.40

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/10.69.E5

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §10.69 and Ch.10

… ►Accuracy in (10.69.2) and (10.69.4) can be increased by including exponentially-small contributions as in (10.67.3), (10.67.4), (10.67.7), and (10.67.8) with $x$ replaced by $\nu x$.

24: 24.20 Tables

… ►Abramowitz and Stegun (1964, Chapter 23) includes exact values of ${\sum }_{k=1}^m{k}^n$, $m=1(1)100$, $n=1(1)10$; ${\sum }_{k=1}^{\mathrm{\infty }}{k}^{-n}$, ${\sum }_{k=1}^{\mathrm{\infty }}{(-1)}^{k-1}{k}^{-n}$, ${\sum }_{k=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}{(2k+1)}^{-n}$, $n=1,2,\mathrm{\dots }$, 20D; ${\sum }_{k=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}{(-1)}^k{(2k+1)}^{-n}$, $n=1,2,\mathrm{\dots }$, 18D. ►Wagstaff (1978) gives complete prime factorizations of $N_n$ and $E_n$ for $n=20(2)60$ and $n=8(2)42$, respectively. In Wagstaff (2002) these results are extended to $n=60(2)152$ and $n=40(2)88$, respectively, with further complete and partial factorizations listed up to $n=300$ and $n=200$, respectively. …

25: 1.12 Continued Fractions

… ►when $p_k\ne 0$, $k=1,2,3,\mathrm{\dots }$. …when $c_k\ne 0$, $k=1,2,3,\mathrm{\dots }$. … ►The even part of $C$ exists iff $b_{2k}\ne 0$, $k=1,2,\mathrm{\dots }$, and up to equivalence is given by …The odd part of $C$ exists iff $b_{2k+1}\ne 0$, $k=0,1,2,\mathrm{\dots }$, and up to equivalence is given by … ►where $\delta$ is an arbitrary small positive constant. …

26: 12.9 Asymptotic Expansions for Large Variable

… ►Throughout this subsection $\delta$ is an arbitrary small positive constant. … ►

12.9.1 $$U(a,z)\sim {\mathrm{e}}^{-\frac{1}{4}{z}^2}{z}^{-a-\frac{1}{2}}\sum _{s=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}{(-1)}^s\frac{{\left(\frac{1}{2}+a\right)}_{2s}}{s!{(2z^2)}^s},$$ ,

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Symbols:

${\left(a\right)}_n$: Pochhammer’s symbol (or shifted factorial), $\sim$: Poincaré asymptotic expansion, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $!$: factorial (as in $n!$), $U(a,z)$: parabolic cylinder function, $\mathrm{ph}$: phase, $z$: complex variable, $s$: nonnegative integer, $a$: real or complex parameter and $\delta$: arbitrary small positive constant

A&S Ref:

19.8.1 (modification of)

Referenced by:

§12.9(i), §12.9(ii)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/12.9.E1

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §12.9(i), §12.9 and Ch.12

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12.9.2 $$V(a,z)\sim \sqrt{\frac{2}{\pi }}{\mathrm{e}}^{\frac{1}{4}{z}^2}{z}^{a-\frac{1}{2}}\sum _{s=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{{\left(\frac{1}{2}-a\right)}_{2s}}{s!{(2z^2)}^s},$$ .

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Symbols:

${\left(a\right)}_n$: Pochhammer’s symbol (or shifted factorial), $\sim$: Poincaré asymptotic expansion, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $!$: factorial (as in $n!$), $V(a,z)$: parabolic cylinder function, $\mathrm{ph}$: phase, $z$: complex variable, $s$: nonnegative integer, $a$: real or complex parameter and $\delta$: arbitrary small positive constant

A&S Ref:

19.8.2 (modification of)

Referenced by:

§12.9(i), §12.9(ii)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/12.9.E2

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §12.9(i), §12.9 and Ch.12

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12.9.3 $$U(a,z)\sim {\mathrm{e}}^{-\frac{1}{4}{z}^2}{z}^{-a-\frac{1}{2}}\sum _{s=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}{(-1)}^s\frac{{\left(\frac{1}{2}+a\right)}_{2s}}{s!{(2z^2)}^s}\pm \mathrm{i}\frac{\sqrt{2\pi }}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{1}{2}+a\right)}{\mathrm{e}}^{\mp \mathrm{i}\pi a}{\mathrm{e}}^{\frac{1}{4}{z}^2}{z}^{a-\frac{1}{2}}\sum _{s=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{{\left(\frac{1}{2}-a\right)}_{2s}}{s!{(2z^2)}^s},$$ $\frac{1}{4}\pi +\delta \le \pm \mathrm{ph}z\le \frac{5}{4}\pi -\delta$ ,

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Symbols:

$\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, ${\left(a\right)}_n$: Pochhammer’s symbol (or shifted factorial), $\sim$: Poincaré asymptotic expansion, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $!$: factorial (as in $n!$), $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $U(a,z)$: parabolic cylinder function, $\mathrm{ph}$: phase, $z$: complex variable, $s$: nonnegative integer, $a$: real or complex parameter and $\delta$: arbitrary small positive constant

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/12.9.E3

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §12.9(i), §12.9 and Ch.12

►

12.9.4 $$V(a,z)\sim \sqrt{\frac{2}{\pi }}{\mathrm{e}}^{\frac{1}{4}{z}^2}{z}^{a-\frac{1}{2}}\sum _{s=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{{\left(\frac{1}{2}-a\right)}_{2s}}{s!{(2z^2)}^s}\pm \frac{\mathrm{i}}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{1}{2}-a\right)}{\mathrm{e}}^{-\frac{1}{4}{z}^2}{z}^{-a-\frac{1}{2}}\sum _{s=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}{(-1)}^s\frac{{\left(\frac{1}{2}+a\right)}_{2s}}{s!{(2z^2)}^s},$$ $-\frac{1}{4}\pi +\delta \le \pm \mathrm{ph}z\le \frac{3}{4}\pi -\delta$.

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Symbols:

$\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, ${\left(a\right)}_n$: Pochhammer’s symbol (or shifted factorial), $\sim$: Poincaré asymptotic expansion, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $!$: factorial (as in $n!$), $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $V(a,z)$: parabolic cylinder function, $\mathrm{ph}$: phase, $z$: complex variable, $s$: nonnegative integer, $a$: real or complex parameter and $\delta$: arbitrary small positive constant

Referenced by:

§12.9(i)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/12.9.E4

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §12.9(i), §12.9 and Ch.12

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27: Bibliography B

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Pionic atoms. Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 20, pp. 467–508.

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External Links:

Document

Referenced by:

§33.22(iv).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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Coulomb functions (negative energies). Comput. Phys. Comm. 20 (3), pp. 447–458.

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Notes:

Double-precision Fortran code.

External Links:

Document, Code

Referenced by:

1st item, 4th item.

Encodings:

BibTeX

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Some solutions of the problem of forced convection. Philos. Mag. Series 7 20, pp. 322–343.

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External Links:

Document, ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§10.73(iv).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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Coulomb functions for large charges and small velocities. Phys. Rev. (2) 97 (2), pp. 542–554.

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External Links:

Document, MathReview (A. Erdélyi), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§33.5(iv).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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Fast evaluation of the gamma function for small rational fractions using complete elliptic integrals of the first kind. IMA J. Numer. Anal. 12 (4), pp. 519–526.

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External Links:

ISSN 0272-4979, MathReview, ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§5.21, §5.24(ii).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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28: 10.17 Asymptotic Expansions for Large Argument

… ►and let $\delta$ denote an arbitrary small positive constant. … ►Also, $b_0(\nu )=1$, $b_1(\nu )=(4{\nu }^2+3)/8$, and for $k\ge 2$, … ►Then the remainder associated with the sum ${\sum }_{k=0}^{\mathrm{\ell }-1}{(-1)}^k{a}_{2k}(\nu )z^{-2k}$ does not exceed the first neglected term in absolute value and has the same sign provided that $\mathrm{\ell }\ge \max (\frac{1}{2}\nu -\frac{1}{4},1)$. Similarly for ${\sum }_{k=0}^{\mathrm{\ell }-1}{(-1)}^k{a}_{2k+1}(\nu )z^{-2k-1}$, provided that $\mathrm{\ell }\ge \max (\frac{1}{2}\nu -\frac{3}{4},1)$. … ►If these expansions are terminated when $k=\mathrm{\ell }-1$, then the remainder term is bounded in absolute value by the first neglected term, provided that $\mathrm{\ell }\ge \max (\nu -\frac{1}{2},1)$. …

29: Bibliography L

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Inequalities and approximations for zeros of Bessel functions of small order. SIAM J. Math. Anal. 14 (2), pp. 383–388.

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External Links:

ISSN 0036-1410, Document, MathReview (S. Ahmed), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§10.21(iv).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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New method to obtain small parameter power series expansions of Mathieu radial and angular functions. Math. Comp. 78 (265), pp. 255–274.

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External Links:

ISSN 0025-5718, Document, FullText, MathReview (Junesang Choi), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§28.24, §28.24.

Encodings:

BibTeX

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Algorithm 917: complex double-precision evaluation of the Wright $\omega$ function. ACM Trans. Math. Software 38 (3), pp. Art. 20, 17.

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External Links:

ISSN 0098-3500, Document, FullText, MathReview Entry, ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§4.13, 2nd item, §4.48(iv).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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An asymptotic estimate for the Bernoulli and Euler numbers. Canad. Math. Bull. 20 (1), pp. 109–111.

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External Links:

MathReview (D. H. Lehmer), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§24.11.

Encodings:

BibTeX

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Note sur la fonction $𝔎(w,x,s)={\sum }_{k=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{e^{2k\pi ix}}{{(w+k)}^s}$ . Acta Math. 11 (1-4), pp. 19–24 (French).

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External Links:

ISSN 0001-5962, Document, MathReview Entry, ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§25.14(i), Notations K.

Encodings:

BibTeX

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30: 5.19 Mathematical Applications

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$S={\displaystyle \sum _{k=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}}{a}_k,$

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$a_k={\displaystyle \frac{k}{(3k+2)(2k+1)(k+1)}}.$

… ►

5.19.2 $$a_k=\frac{2}{k+\frac{2}{3}}-\frac{1}{k+\frac{1}{2}}-\frac{1}{k+1}=\left(\frac{1}{k+1}-\frac{1}{k+\frac{1}{2}}\right)-2\left(\frac{1}{k+1}-\frac{1}{k+\frac{2}{3}}\right).$$

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Symbols:

$k$: nonnegative integer and $a$: real or complex variable

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/5.19.E2

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §5.19(i), §5.19(i), §5.19 and Ch.5

… ►By translating the contour parallel to itself and summing the residues of the integrand, asymptotic expansions of $f(z)$ for large $|z|$, or small $|z|$, can be obtained complete with an integral representation of the error term. … ►

$S={\displaystyle \frac{2{\pi }^{\frac{1}{2}n}{r}^{n-1}}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{1}{2}n\right)}}={\displaystyle \frac{n}{r}}V.$