asymptotic expansions

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1: 16.22 Asymptotic Expansions

§16.22 Asymptotic Expansions

►Asymptotic expansions of $G_{p,q}^{m,n}(z;𝐚;𝐛)$ for large $z$ are given in Luke (1969a, §§5.7 and 5.10) and Luke (1975, §5.9). For asymptotic expansions of Meijer $G$-functions with large parameters see Fields (1973, 1983).

2: 10.70 Zeros

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$$\text{zeros of }{\mathrm{ber}}_{\nu }x\sim \sqrt{2}(t-f(t)),$$ $t=(m-\frac{1}{2}\nu -\frac{3}{8})\pi$,

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$$\text{zeros of }{\mathrm{bei}}_{\nu }x\sim \sqrt{2}(t-f(t)),$$ $t=(m-\frac{1}{2}\nu +\frac{1}{8})\pi$,

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$$\text{zeros of }{\ker }_{\nu }x\sim \sqrt{2}(t+f(-t)),$$ $t=(m-\frac{1}{2}\nu -\frac{5}{8})\pi$,

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$$\text{zeros of }{\mathrm{kei}}_{\nu }x\sim \sqrt{2}(t+f(-t)),$$ $t=(m-\frac{1}{2}\nu -\frac{1}{8})\pi$.

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3: 10.67 Asymptotic Expansions for Large Argument

§10.67 Asymptotic Expansions for Large Argument

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10.67.1 $${\ker }_{\nu }x\sim {\mathrm{e}}^{-x/\sqrt{2}}{\left(\frac{\pi }{2x}\right)}^{\frac{1}{2}}\sum _{k=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{a_k(\nu )}{x^k}\cos \left(\frac{x}{\sqrt{2}}+\left(\frac{\nu }{2}+\frac{k}{4}+\frac{1}{8}\right)\pi \right),$$

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Symbols:

${\ker }_{\nu }\left(x\right)$: Kelvin function, $\sim$: Poincaré asymptotic expansion, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\cos z$: cosine function, $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $k$: nonnegative integer, $x$: real variable, $\nu$: complex parameter and $a_k(\nu )$: polynomial coefficient

A&S Ref:

9.10.3, 9.10.5--9.10.7 (modified)

Referenced by:

§10.61(v), §10.67(ii), §10.68(iii)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/10.67.E1

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §10.67(i), §10.67 and Ch.10

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§10.67(ii) Cross-Products and Sums of Squares in the Case $\nu =0$

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10.67.9 $${\mathrm{ber}}^{2}x+{\mathrm{bei}}^{2}x\sim \frac{{\mathrm{e}}^{x\sqrt{2}}}{2\pi x}\left(1+\frac{1}{4\sqrt{2}}\frac{1}{x}+\frac{1}{64}\frac{1}{x^2}-\frac{33}{256\sqrt{2}}\frac{1}{x^3}-\frac{1797}{8192}\frac{1}{x^4}+\mathrm{\cdots }\right),$$

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Symbols:

${\mathrm{bei}}_{\nu }\left(x\right)$: Kelvin function, ${\mathrm{ber}}_{\nu }\left(x\right)$: Kelvin function, $\sim$: Poincaré asymptotic expansion, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm and $x$: real variable

A&S Ref:

9.10.27

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/10.67.E9

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §10.67(ii), §10.67 and Ch.10

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4: 28.16 Asymptotic Expansions for Large $q$

§28.16 Asymptotic Expansions for Large $q$

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28.16.1 $${\lambda }_{\nu }\left(h^2\right)\sim -2h^2+2sh-\frac{1}{8}(s^2+1)-\frac{1}{2^{7}h}(s^3+3s)-\frac{1}{2^{12}{h}^2}(5s^4+34s^2+9)-\frac{1}{2^{17}{h}^3}(33s^5+410s^3+405s)-\frac{1}{2^{20}{h}^4}(63s^6+1260s^4+2943s^2+486)-\frac{1}{2^{25}{h}^5}(527s^7+15617s^5+69001s^3+41607s)+\mathrm{\cdots }.$$

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Symbols:

${\lambda }_{\nu +2n}\left(q\right)$: eigenvalues of Mathieu equation, $\sim$: Poincaré asymptotic expansion, $h$: parameter and $\nu$: complex parameter

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/28.16.E1

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §28.16 and Ch.28

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5: 10.69 Uniform Asymptotic Expansions for Large Order

§10.69 Uniform Asymptotic Expansions for Large Order

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10.69.2 $${\mathrm{ber}}_{\nu }\left(\nu x\right)+\mathrm{i}{\mathrm{bei}}_{\nu }\left(\nu x\right)\sim \frac{{\mathrm{e}}^{\nu \xi }}{{(2\pi \nu \xi )}^{1/2}}{\left(\frac{x{\mathrm{e}}^{3\pi \mathrm{i}/4}}{1+\xi }\right)}^{\nu }\sum _{k=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{U_k({\xi }^{-1})}{{\nu }^k},$$

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Symbols:

${\mathrm{bei}}_{\nu }\left(x\right)$: Kelvin function, ${\mathrm{ber}}_{\nu }\left(x\right)$: Kelvin function, $\sim$: Poincaré asymptotic expansion, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $k$: nonnegative integer, $x$: real variable, $\nu$: complex parameter, $U_k(p)$: polynomial coefficient and $\xi$

A&S Ref:

9.10.37

Referenced by:

§10.69

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/10.69.E2

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §10.69 and Ch.10

… ►All fractional powers take their principal values. … ► … ►

6: 12.9 Asymptotic Expansions for Large Variable

§12.9 Asymptotic Expansions for Large Variable

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12.9.1 $$U(a,z)\sim {\mathrm{e}}^{-\frac{1}{4}{z}^2}{z}^{-a-\frac{1}{2}}\sum _{s=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}{(-1)}^s\frac{{\left(\frac{1}{2}+a\right)}_{2s}}{s!{(2z^2)}^s},$$ ,

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Symbols:

${\left(a\right)}_n$: Pochhammer’s symbol (or shifted factorial), $\sim$: Poincaré asymptotic expansion, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $!$: factorial (as in $n!$), $U(a,z)$: parabolic cylinder function, $\mathrm{ph}$: phase, $z$: complex variable, $s$: nonnegative integer, $a$: real or complex parameter and $\delta$: arbitrary small positive constant

A&S Ref:

19.8.1 (modification of)

Referenced by:

§12.9(i), §12.9(ii)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/12.9.E1

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §12.9(i), §12.9 and Ch.12

►

12.9.2 $$V(a,z)\sim \sqrt{\frac{2}{\pi }}{\mathrm{e}}^{\frac{1}{4}{z}^2}{z}^{a-\frac{1}{2}}\sum _{s=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{{\left(\frac{1}{2}-a\right)}_{2s}}{s!{(2z^2)}^s},$$ .

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Symbols:

${\left(a\right)}_n$: Pochhammer’s symbol (or shifted factorial), $\sim$: Poincaré asymptotic expansion, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $!$: factorial (as in $n!$), $V(a,z)$: parabolic cylinder function, $\mathrm{ph}$: phase, $z$: complex variable, $s$: nonnegative integer, $a$: real or complex parameter and $\delta$: arbitrary small positive constant

A&S Ref:

19.8.2 (modification of)

Referenced by:

§12.9(i), §12.9(ii)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/12.9.E2

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §12.9(i), §12.9 and Ch.12

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12.9.3 $$U(a,z)\sim {\mathrm{e}}^{-\frac{1}{4}{z}^2}{z}^{-a-\frac{1}{2}}\sum _{s=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}{(-1)}^s\frac{{\left(\frac{1}{2}+a\right)}_{2s}}{s!{(2z^2)}^s}\pm \mathrm{i}\frac{\sqrt{2\pi }}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{1}{2}+a\right)}{\mathrm{e}}^{\mp \mathrm{i}\pi a}{\mathrm{e}}^{\frac{1}{4}{z}^2}{z}^{a-\frac{1}{2}}\sum _{s=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{{\left(\frac{1}{2}-a\right)}_{2s}}{s!{(2z^2)}^s},$$ $\frac{1}{4}\pi +\delta \le \pm \mathrm{ph}z\le \frac{5}{4}\pi -\delta$ ,

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Symbols:

$\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, ${\left(a\right)}_n$: Pochhammer’s symbol (or shifted factorial), $\sim$: Poincaré asymptotic expansion, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $!$: factorial (as in $n!$), $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $U(a,z)$: parabolic cylinder function, $\mathrm{ph}$: phase, $z$: complex variable, $s$: nonnegative integer, $a$: real or complex parameter and $\delta$: arbitrary small positive constant

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/12.9.E3

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §12.9(i), §12.9 and Ch.12

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§12.9(ii) Bounds and Re-Expansions for the Remainder Terms

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7: 6.12 Asymptotic Expansions

§6.12 Asymptotic Expansions

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§6.12(i) Exponential and Logarithmic Integrals

… ►For the function $\chi$ see §9.7(i). … ►

§6.12(ii) Sine and Cosine Integrals

… ► …

8: 29.16 Asymptotic Expansions

§29.16 Asymptotic Expansions

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9: 13.19 Asymptotic Expansions for Large Argument

§13.19 Asymptotic Expansions for Large Argument

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13.19.1 $$M_{\kappa ,\mu }\left(x\right)\sim \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(1+2\mu \right)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{1}{2}+\mu -\kappa \right)}{\mathrm{e}}^{\frac{1}{2}x}{x}^{-\kappa }\sum _{s=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{{\left(\frac{1}{2}-\mu +\kappa \right)}_s{\left(\frac{1}{2}+\mu +\kappa \right)}_s}{s!}{x}^{-s},$$ $\mu -\kappa \ne -\frac{1}{2},-\frac{3}{2},\mathrm{\dots }$.

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Symbols:

$\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, ${\left(a\right)}_n$: Pochhammer’s symbol (or shifted factorial), $M_{\kappa ,\mu }\left(z\right)$: Whittaker confluent hypergeometric function, $\sim$: Poincaré asymptotic expansion, $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $!$: factorial (as in $n!$), $s$: nonnegative integer and $x$: real variable

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/13.19.E1

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §13.19 and Ch.13

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13.19.3 $$W_{\kappa ,\mu }\left(z\right)\sim {\mathrm{e}}^{-\frac{1}{2}z}{z}^{\kappa }\sum _{s=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{{\left(\frac{1}{2}+\mu -\kappa \right)}_s{\left(\frac{1}{2}-\mu -\kappa \right)}_s}{s!}{(-z)}^{-s},$$ $|\mathrm{ph}z|\le \frac{3}{2}\pi -\delta$.

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Symbols:

${\left(a\right)}_n$: Pochhammer’s symbol (or shifted factorial), $W_{\kappa ,\mu }\left(z\right)$: Whittaker confluent hypergeometric function, $\sim$: Poincaré asymptotic expansion, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $!$: factorial (as in $n!$), $\mathrm{ph}$: phase, $s$: nonnegative integer, $z$: complex variable and $\delta$: small positive constant

Referenced by:

§13.14(iv)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/13.19.E3

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §13.19 and Ch.13

… ►For an asymptotic expansion of $W_{\kappa ,\mu }\left(z\right)$ as $z\to \mathrm{\infty }$ that is valid in the sector $|\mathrm{ph}z|\le \pi -\delta$ and where the real parameters $\kappa$, $\mu$ are subject to the growth conditions $\kappa =o\left(z\right)$, $\mu =o\left(\sqrt{z}\right)$, see Wong (1973a).

10: 2.2 Transcendental Equations

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2.2.6 $$t=y^{\frac{1}{2}}\left(1+\frac{1}{4}{y}^{-1}\ln y+o\left(y^{-1}\right)\right),$$ $y\to \mathrm{\infty }$.

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Symbols:

$o\left(x\right)$: order less than, $\ln z$: principal branch of logarithm function and $y$: root

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/2.2.E6

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §2.2, §2.2 and Ch.2

►An important case is the reversion of asymptotic expansions for zeros of special functions. … ►

2.2.7 $$f(x)\sim x+f_0+f_1{x}^{-1}+f_2{x}^{-2}+\mathrm{\cdots },$$ $x\to \mathrm{\infty }$.

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Symbols:

$\sim$: Poincaré asymptotic expansion, $f(x)$: function and $f_s$: coefficients

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/2.2.E7

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §2.2, §2.2 and Ch.2

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2.2.8 $$x\sim y-F_0-F_1{y}^{-1}-F_2{y}^{-2}-\mathrm{\cdots },$$ $y\to \mathrm{\infty }$,

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Symbols:

$\sim$: Poincaré asymptotic expansion, $y$: root and $F_s$: coefficients

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/2.2.E8

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §2.2, §2.2 and Ch.2

►where $F_0=f_0$ and $s{F}_s$ ($s\ge 1$) is the coefficient of $x^{-1}$ in the asymptotic expansion of ${(f(x))}^s$ (Lagrange’s formula for the reversion of series). …