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21: 27.2 Functions

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§27.2(i) Definitions

… ►where $p_1,p_2,\mathrm{\dots },p_{\nu \left(n\right)}$ are the distinct prime factors of $n$, each exponent $a_r$ is positive, and $\nu \left(n\right)$ is the number of distinct primes dividing $n$. … ►(See Gauss (1863, Band II, pp. 437–477) and Legendre (1808, p. 394).) … ► … ►

§27.2(ii) Tables

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22: 24.5 Recurrence Relations

§24.5 Recurrence Relations

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24.5.3 $$\sum _{k=0}^{n-1}\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{n}{k}\right)B_k=0,$$ $n=2,3,\mathrm{\dots }$,

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Symbols:

$B_n$: Bernoulli numbers, $\left(\genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{m}{n}\right)$: binomial coefficient, $k$: integer and $n$: integer

Referenced by:

§24.19(i)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/24.5.E3

Encodings:

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See also:

Annotations for §24.5(i), §24.5 and Ch.24

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24.5.5 $$\sum _{k=0}^n\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{n}{k}\right)2^k{E}_{n-k}+E_n=2.$$

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Symbols:

$E_n$: Euler numbers, $\left(\genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{m}{n}\right)$: binomial coefficient, $k$: integer and $n$: integer

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/24.5.E5

Encodings:

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See also:

Annotations for §24.5(i), §24.5 and Ch.24

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§24.5(ii) Other Identities

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§24.5(iii) Inversion Formulas

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23: 24.6 Explicit Formulas

§24.6 Explicit Formulas

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24.6.1 $$B_{2n}=\sum _{k=2}^{2n+1}\frac{{(-1)}^{k-1}}{k}\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{2n+1}{k}\right)\sum _{j=1}^{k-1}{j}^{2n},$$

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Symbols:

$B_n$: Bernoulli numbers, $\left(\genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{m}{n}\right)$: binomial coefficient, $j$: integer, $k$: integer and $n$: integer

Referenced by:

§24.6

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/24.6.E1

Encodings:

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See also:

Annotations for §24.6 and Ch.24

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24.6.4 $$E_{2n}=\sum _{k=1}^n\frac{1}{2^{k-1}}\sum _{j=1}^k{(-1)}^j\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{2k}{k-j}\right)j^{2n},$$

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Symbols:

$E_n$: Euler numbers, $\left(\genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{m}{n}\right)$: binomial coefficient, $j$: integer, $k$: integer and $n$: integer

Referenced by:

§24.6

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/24.6.E4

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Annotations for §24.6 and Ch.24

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24.6.9 $$B_n=\sum _{k=0}^n\frac{1}{k+1}\sum _{j=0}^k{(-1)}^j\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{k}{j}\right)j^n,$$

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Symbols:

$B_n$: Bernoulli numbers, $\left(\genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{m}{n}\right)$: binomial coefficient, $j$: integer, $k$: integer and $n$: integer

Referenced by:

§24.6

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/24.6.E9

Encodings:

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See also:

Annotations for §24.6 and Ch.24

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24.6.12 $$E_{2n}=\sum _{k=0}^{2n}\frac{1}{2^k}\sum _{j=0}^k{(-1)}^j\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{k}{j}\right){(1+2j)}^{2n}.$$

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Symbols:

$E_n$: Euler numbers, $\left(\genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{m}{n}\right)$: binomial coefficient, $j$: integer, $k$: integer and $n$: integer

Referenced by:

§24.6, §24.6

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/24.6.E12

Encodings:

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Annotations for §24.6 and Ch.24

24: 27.13 Functions

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§27.13(i) Introduction

►Whereas multiplicative number theory is concerned with functions arising from prime factorization, additive number theory treats functions related to addition of integers. …The subsections that follow describe problems from additive number theory. … ►

§27.13(ii) Goldbach Conjecture

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§27.13(iii) Waring’s Problem

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25: 26.13 Permutations: Cycle Notation

… ►The Stirling cycle numbers of the first kind, denoted by $\left[\genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{n}{k}\right]$, count the number of permutations of $\{1,2,\mathrm{\dots },n\}$ with exactly $k$ cycles. They are related to Stirling numbers of the first kind by …See §26.8 for generating functions, recurrence relations, identities, and asymptotic approximations. … ►The derangement number, $d(n)$, is the number of elements of ${𝔖}_n$ with no fixed points: … ►A permutation is even or odd according to the parity of the number of transpositions. …

26: Bibliography S

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Number Theory in Science and Communication: With Applications in Cryptography, Physics, Digital Information, Computing, and Self-Similarity. 4th edition, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

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Notes:

Volume 7 in Springer Series in Information Sciences.

External Links:

ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§27.16, §27.17.

Encodings:

BibTeX

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Staudt and arithmetical properties of Bernoulli numbers. Historia Sci. (2) 5 (1), pp. 69–74.

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External Links:

ISSN 0285-4821, MathReview (Peter M. Neumann), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§24.10(ii).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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About von Staudt congruences for Bernoulli numbers. Comment. Math. Univ. St. Paul. 48 (2), pp. 137–144.

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External Links:

ISSN 0010-258X, MathReview (Arnold M. Adelberg), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§24.10(ii).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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On the generalized Bernoulli numbers that belong to unequal characters. Rev. Mat. Iberoamericana 16 (3), pp. 459–475.

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External Links:

ISSN 0213-2230, MathReview (Aichi Kudo), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§24.4(iii).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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Numerical Methods Based on Sinc and Analytic Functions. Springer Series in Computational Mathematics, Vol. 20, Springer-Verlag, New York.

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Notes:

Sinc-Pack, a set of 480 Matlab programs with a 470-page tutorial, is available for purchase from SINC, LLC by contacting Frank Stenger.

External Links:

ISBN 0-387-94008-1, MathReview (B. Boyanov), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§3.3(vi), §3.4(i), §3.5(i).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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27: 27.9 Quadratic Characters

§27.9 Quadratic Characters

►For an odd prime $p$, the Legendre symbol $(n|p)$ is defined as follows. … ►

27.9.2 $$(2|p)={(-1)}^{(p^2-1)/8}.$$

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Symbols:

$(n|p)$: Legendre symbol and $p$: odd prime

Referenced by:

§27.9

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/27.9.E2

Encodings:

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Annotations for §27.9 and Ch.27

►If $p,q$ are distinct odd primes, then the quadratic reciprocity law states that … ►If an odd integer $P$ has prime factorization $P={\prod }_{r=1}^{\nu \left(n\right)}{p}_r^{a_r}$, then the Jacobi symbol $(n|P)$ is defined by $(n|P)={\prod }_{r=1}^{\nu \left(n\right)}{(n|p_r)}^{a_r}$, with $(n|1)=1$. …

28: 24.21 Software

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§24.21(ii) $B_n$, $B_n\left(x\right)$, $E_n$, and $E_n\left(x\right)$

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29: 27.19 Methods of Computation: Factorization

… ►Techniques for factorization of integers fall into three general classes: Deterministic algorithms, Type I probabilistic algorithms whose expected running time depends on the size of the smallest prime factor, and Type II probabilistic algorithms whose expected running time depends on the size of the number to be factored. … ►As of January 2009 the largest prime factors found by these methods are a 19-digit prime for Brent–Pollard rho, a 58-digit prime for Pollard $p-1$, and a 67-digit prime for ecm. … ►These algorithms include the Continued Fraction Algorithm (cfrac), the Multiple Polynomial Quadratic Sieve (mpqs), the General Number Field Sieve (gnfs), and the Special Number Field Sieve (snfs). …The snfs can be applied only to numbers that are very close to a power of a very small base. The largest composite numbers that have been factored by other Type II probabilistic algorithms are a 63-digit integer by cfrac, a 135-digit integer by mpqs, and a 182-digit integer by gnfs. …

30: 26.17 The Twelvefold Way

… ►The twelvefold way gives the number of mappings $f$ from set $N$ of $n$ objects to set $K$ of $k$ objects (putting balls from set $N$ into boxes in set $K$). …In this table ${\left(k\right)}_n$ is Pochhammer’s symbol, and $S(n,k)$ and $p_k\left(n\right)$ are defined in §§26.8(i) and 26.9(i). … ►

Table 26.17.1: The twelvefold way.

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elements of $N$	elements of $K$	$f$ unrestricted	$f$ one-to-one	$f$ onto
labeled	labeled	$k^n$	${\left(k-n+1\right)}_n$	$k!S(n,k)$
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labeled	unlabeled	$\begin{array}{c}S(n,1)+S(n,2)\\ +\mathrm{\cdots }+S(n,k)\end{array}$		$S(n,k)$
…

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