Jacobi polynomials

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1: 18.3 Definitions

§18.3 Definitions

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Table 18.3.1: Orthogonality properties for classical OP’s: intervals, weight functions, standardizations, leading coefficients, and parameter constraints. …

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Name	$p_n(x)$	$(a,b)$	$w(x)$	$h_n$	$k_n$	${\tilde{k}}_n/k_n$	Constraints
Jacobi	$P_n^{(\alpha ,\beta )}\left(x\right)$	$(-1,1)$	${(1-x)}^{\alpha }{(1+x)}^{\beta }$	${𝒜}_n$	${\displaystyle \frac{{\left(n+\alpha +\beta +1\right)}_n}{2^{n}n!}}$	${\displaystyle \frac{n(\alpha -\beta )}{2n+\alpha +\beta }}$	$\alpha ,\beta >-1$
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►For expressions of ultraspherical, Chebyshev, and Legendre polynomials in terms of Jacobi polynomials, see §18.7(i). … ►For $-1-\beta >\alpha >-1$ a finite system of Jacobi polynomials $P_n^{(\alpha ,\beta )}\left(x\right)$ is orthogonal on $(1,\mathrm{\infty })$ with weight function $w(x)={(x-1)}^{\alpha }{(x+1)}^{\beta }$. For $\nu \in ℝ$ and $N>-\frac{1}{2}$ a finite system of Jacobi polynomials $P_n^{(-N-1+\mathrm{i}\nu ,-N-1-\mathrm{i}\nu )}\left(\mathrm{i}x\right)$ (called pseudo Jacobi polynomials or Routh–Romanovski polynomials) is orthogonal on $(-\mathrm{\infty },\mathrm{\infty })$ with $w(x)={\left(1+x^2\right)}^{-N-1}{\mathrm{e}}^{2\nu \arctan x}$. …

2: 18.7 Interrelations and Limit Relations

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18.7.3 $$T_n\left(x\right)=P_n^{(-\frac{1}{2},-\frac{1}{2})}\left(x\right)/P_n^{(-\frac{1}{2},-\frac{1}{2})}\left(1\right),$$

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Symbols:

$T_n\left(x\right)$: Chebyshev polynomial of the first kind, $P_n^{(\alpha ,\beta )}\left(x\right)$: Jacobi polynomial, $n$: nonnegative integer and $x$: real variable

A&S Ref:

22.3.15, 22.5.31

Referenced by:

§18.17(viii), §18.18(i), §18.5(iii), §18.7(i), §18.7(i), §18.7(ii)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/18.7.E3

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Annotations for §18.7(i), §18.7(i), §18.7 and Ch.18

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18.7.4 $$U_n\left(x\right)=C_n^{(1)}\left(x\right)=(n+1)P_n^{(\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{2})}\left(x\right)/P_n^{(\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{2})}\left(1\right),$$

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Symbols:

$U_n\left(x\right)$: Chebyshev polynomial of the second kind, $P_n^{(\alpha ,\beta )}\left(x\right)$: Jacobi polynomial, $C_n^{(\lambda )}\left(x\right)$: ultraspherical (or Gegenbauer) polynomial, $n$: nonnegative integer and $x$: real variable

A&S Ref:

22.3.16, 22.5.32

Referenced by:

§18.12, §18.3, §18.7(i), §18.7(ii)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/18.7.E4

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Annotations for §18.7(i), §18.7(i), §18.7 and Ch.18

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18.7.13 $$\frac{P_{2n}^{(\alpha ,\alpha )}\left(x\right)}{P_{2n}^{(\alpha ,\alpha )}\left(1\right)}=\frac{P_n^{(\alpha ,-\frac{1}{2})}\left(2x^2-1\right)}{P_n^{(\alpha ,-\frac{1}{2})}\left(1\right)},$$

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Symbols:

$P_n^{(\alpha ,\beta )}\left(x\right)$: Jacobi polynomial, $n$: nonnegative integer and $x$: real variable

Referenced by:

§18.7(ii), §18.7(ii)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/18.7.E13

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §18.7(ii), §18.7 and Ch.18

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18.7.14 $$\frac{P_{2n+1}^{(\alpha ,\alpha )}\left(x\right)}{P_{2n+1}^{(\alpha ,\alpha )}\left(1\right)}=\frac{x{P}_n^{(\alpha ,\frac{1}{2})}\left(2x^2-1\right)}{P_n^{(\alpha ,\frac{1}{2})}\left(1\right)}.$$

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Symbols:

$P_n^{(\alpha ,\beta )}\left(x\right)$: Jacobi polynomial, $n$: nonnegative integer and $x$: real variable

Referenced by:

§18.7(ii)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/18.7.E14

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §18.7(ii), §18.7 and Ch.18

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18.7.23 $$\underset{\alpha \to \mathrm{\infty }}{lim}{\alpha }^{-\frac{1}{2}n}{P}_n^{(\alpha ,\alpha )}\left({\alpha }^{-\frac{1}{2}}x\right)=\frac{H_n\left(x\right)}{2^{n}n!}.$$

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Symbols:

$H_n\left(x\right)$: Hermite polynomial, $P_n^{(\alpha ,\beta )}\left(x\right)$: Jacobi polynomial, $!$: factorial (as in $n!$), $n$: nonnegative integer and $x$: real variable

Referenced by:

§18.10(ii), §18.7(iii)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/18.7.E23

Encodings:

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See also:

Annotations for §18.7(iii), §18.7(iii), §18.7 and Ch.18

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3: 18.14 Inequalities

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Jacobi

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Jacobi

►Let $R_n(x)=P_n^{(\alpha ,\beta )}\left(x\right)/P_n^{(\alpha ,\beta )}\left(1\right)$. … ►

Jacobi

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Szegő–Szász Inequality

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4: 18.6 Symmetry, Special Values, and Limits to Monomials

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Table 18.6.1: Classical OP’s: symmetry and special values.

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$p_n(x)$	$p_n(-x)$	$p_n(1)$	$p_{2n}(0)$	$p_{2n+1}^{\prime }(0)$
$P_n^{(\alpha ,\beta )}\left(x\right)$	${(-1)}^n{P}_n^{(\beta ,\alpha )}\left(x\right)$	${\left(\alpha +1\right)}_n/n!$
$P_n^{(\alpha ,\alpha )}\left(x\right)$	${(-1)}^n{P}_n^{(\alpha ,\alpha )}\left(x\right)$	${\left(\alpha +1\right)}_n/n!$	${(-\frac{1}{4})}^n{\left(n+\alpha +1\right)}_n/n!$	${(-\frac{1}{4})}^n{\left(n+\alpha +1\right)}_{n+1}/n!$
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§18.6(ii) Limits to Monomials

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18.6.2 $$\underset{\alpha \to \mathrm{\infty }}{lim}\frac{P_n^{(\alpha ,\beta )}\left(x\right)}{P_n^{(\alpha ,\beta )}\left(1\right)}={\left(\frac{1+x}{2}\right)}^n,$$

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Symbols:

$P_n^{(\alpha ,\beta )}\left(x\right)$: Jacobi polynomial, $n$: nonnegative integer and $x$: real variable

Referenced by:

§18.6(ii)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/18.6.E2

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §18.6(ii), §18.6 and Ch.18

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18.6.3 $$\underset{\beta \to \mathrm{\infty }}{lim}\frac{P_n^{(\alpha ,\beta )}\left(x\right)}{P_n^{(\alpha ,\beta )}\left(-1\right)}={\left(\frac{1-x}{2}\right)}^n,$$

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Symbols:

$P_n^{(\alpha ,\beta )}\left(x\right)$: Jacobi polynomial, $n$: nonnegative integer and $x$: real variable

Referenced by:

§18.6(ii)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/18.6.E3

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §18.6(ii), §18.6 and Ch.18

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5: 18.4 Graphics

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Figure 18.4.1: Jacobi polynomials $P_n^{(1.5,-0.5)}\left(x\right)$, $n=1,2,3,4,5$. Magnify

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Figure 18.4.2: Jacobi polynomials $P_n^{(1.25,0.75)}\left(x\right)$, $n=7,8$. This illustrates inequalities for extrema of a Jacobi polynomial; see (18.14.16). … Magnify

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6: 18.9 Recurrence Relations and Derivatives

… ►For $p_n(x)=P_n^{(\alpha ,\beta )}\left(x\right)$, … ►For $p_n(x)=P_n^{(\alpha ,\beta )}\left(x\right)$, … ►

18.9.3 $$P_n^{(\alpha ,\beta -1)}\left(x\right)-P_n^{(\alpha -1,\beta )}\left(x\right)=P_{n-1}^{(\alpha ,\beta )}\left(x\right),$$

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Symbols:

$P_n^{(\alpha ,\beta )}\left(x\right)$: Jacobi polynomial, $n$: nonnegative integer and $x$: real variable

A&S Ref:

22.7.20

Referenced by:

§18.9(ii)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/18.9.E3

Encodings:

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See also:

Annotations for §18.9(ii), §18.9(ii), §18.9 and Ch.18

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18.9.4 $$(1-x)P_n^{(\alpha +1,\beta )}\left(x\right)+(1+x)P_n^{(\alpha ,\beta +1)}\left(x\right)=2P_n^{(\alpha ,\beta )}\left(x\right),$$

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Symbols:

$P_n^{(\alpha ,\beta )}\left(x\right)$: Jacobi polynomial, $n$: nonnegative integer and $x$: real variable

A&S Ref:

22.7.17

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/18.9.E4

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §18.9(ii), §18.9(ii), §18.9 and Ch.18

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Jacobi

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7: 37.8 Jacobi Polynomials Associated with Root System $B{C}_2$

§37.8 Jacobi Polynomials Associated with Root System $B{C}_2$

… ►the Jacobi polynomials associated with root system $B{C}_2$ are symmetric polynomials $p_{k,n}^{\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma }(x,y)$ ($0\le k\le n$) of the form … ►

37.8.8 $$p_{k,n}^{\alpha ,\beta ,-\frac{1}{2}}(x,y)=\mathrm{const}.\left(P_n^{(\alpha ,\beta )}\left(x\right)P_k^{(\alpha ,\beta )}\left(y\right)+P_k^{(\alpha ,\beta )}\left(x\right)P_n^{(\alpha ,\beta )}\left(y\right)\right),$$

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Symbols:

$P_n^{(\alpha ,\beta )}\left(x\right)$: Jacobi polynomial, $(a,b)$: open interval, $k$: nonnegative integer, $n$: nonnegative integer, $x$: real variable and $y$: real variable

Proved:

Sprinkhuizen-Kuyper (1976, (2.15)); With the standardization $p_{k,n}^{\alpha ,\beta ,-\frac{1}{2}}(1,1)=1$ the value of the constant can be obtained from Table 18.6.1.(proved)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/37.8.E8

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Annotations for §37.8, §37.8, Part 37.II and Ch.37

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37.8.9 $$p_{k,n}^{\alpha ,\beta ,\frac{1}{2}}(x,y)=\mathrm{const}.\frac{P_{n+1}^{(\alpha ,\beta )}\left(x\right)P_k^{(\alpha ,\beta )}\left(y\right)-P_k^{(\alpha ,\beta )}\left(x\right)P_{n+1}^{(\alpha ,\beta )}\left(y\right)}{x-y}.$$

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Symbols:

$P_n^{(\alpha ,\beta )}\left(x\right)$: Jacobi polynomial, $(a,b)$: open interval, $k$: nonnegative integer, $n$: nonnegative integer, $x$: real variable and $y$: real variable

Proved:

Sprinkhuizen-Kuyper (1976, (3.2)); With the standardization $p_{k,n}^{\alpha ,\beta ,\frac{1}{2}}(1,1)=1$ the value of the constant can be obtained from (18.9.15) and Table 18.6.1.(proved)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/37.8.E9

Encodings:

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See also:

Annotations for §37.8, §37.8, Part 37.II and Ch.37

… ►on the square, the OPs are related to the Jacobi polynomials for root system $B{C}_2$. …

8: 18.10 Integral Representations

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18.10.1 $$\frac{P_n^{(\alpha ,\alpha )}\left(\cos \theta \right)}{P_n^{(\alpha ,\alpha )}\left(1\right)}=\frac{C_n^{(\alpha +\frac{1}{2})}\left(\cos \theta \right)}{C_n^{(\alpha +\frac{1}{2})}\left(1\right)}=\frac{2^{\alpha +\frac{1}{2}}\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\alpha +1\right)}{{\pi }^{\frac{1}{2}}\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\alpha +\frac{1}{2}\right)}{(\sin \theta )}^{-2\alpha }{\int }_0^{\theta }\frac{\cos \left((n+\alpha +\frac{1}{2})\varphi \right)}{{(\cos \varphi -\cos \theta )}^{-\alpha +\frac{1}{2}}}d\varphi ,$$ , $\alpha >-\frac{1}{2}$.

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Symbols:

$\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, $P_n^{(\alpha ,\beta )}\left(x\right)$: Jacobi polynomial, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\cos z$: cosine function, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\int$: integral, $\sin z$: sine function, $C_n^{(\lambda )}\left(x\right)$: ultraspherical (or Gegenbauer) polynomial and $n$: nonnegative integer

A&S Ref:

22.10.11

Referenced by:

§18.10(i), §18.10(i)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/18.10.E1

Encodings:

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See also:

Annotations for §18.10(i), §18.10(i), §18.10 and Ch.18

… ►Generalizations of (18.10.1) for $P_n^{(\alpha ,\beta )}$ are given in Gasper (1975, (6),(8)) and Koornwinder (1975a, (5.7),(5.8)). … ►

Jacobi

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18.10.4 $$\frac{P_n^{(\alpha ,\alpha )}\left(\cos \theta \right)}{P_n^{(\alpha ,\alpha )}\left(1\right)}=\frac{C_n^{(\alpha +\frac{1}{2})}\left(\cos \theta \right)}{C_n^{(\alpha +\frac{1}{2})}\left(1\right)}=\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\alpha +1\right)}{{\pi }^{\frac{1}{2}}\mathrm{\Gamma }(\alpha +\frac{1}{2})}{\int }_0^{\pi }{(\cos \theta +i\sin \theta \cos \varphi )}^n{(\sin \varphi )}^{2\alpha }d\varphi ,$$ $\alpha >-\frac{1}{2}$.

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Symbols:

$\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, $P_n^{(\alpha ,\beta )}\left(x\right)$: Jacobi polynomial, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\cos z$: cosine function, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\int$: integral, $\sin z$: sine function, $C_n^{(\lambda )}\left(x\right)$: ultraspherical (or Gegenbauer) polynomial and $n$: nonnegative integer

A&S Ref:

22.10.10

Referenced by:

§18.10(ii)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/18.10.E4

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §18.10(ii), §18.10(ii), §18.10 and Ch.18

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Table 18.10.1: Classical OP’s: contour integral representations (18.10.8).

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$p_n(x)$	$g_0(x)$	$g_1(z,x)$	$g_2(z,x)$	$c$	Conditions
$P_n^{(\alpha ,\beta )}\left(x\right)$	${(1-x)}^{-\alpha }{(1+x)}^{-\beta }$	${\displaystyle \frac{z^2-1}{2(z-x)}}$	${(1-z)}^{\alpha }{(1+z)}^{\beta }$	$x$	$\pm 1$ outside $C$.
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9: 18.12 Generating Functions

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Jacobi

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18.12.1 $$\frac{2^{\alpha +\beta }}{R{(1+R-z)}^{\alpha }{(1+R+z)}^{\beta }}=\sum _{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}{P}_n^{(\alpha ,\beta )}\left(x\right)z^n,$$ $R=\sqrt{1-2xz+z^2}$, ,

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Symbols:

$P_n^{(\alpha ,\beta )}\left(x\right)$: Jacobi polynomial, $z$: complex variable, $n$: nonnegative integer and $x$: real variable

A&S Ref:

22.9.1

Referenced by:

§18.12, §18.12

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/18.12.E1

Encodings:

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See also:

Annotations for §18.12, §18.12 and Ch.18

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18.12.3 $${(1+z)}^{-\alpha -\beta -1}{}_2{}^{}F_1^{}(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{\frac{1}{2}(\alpha +\beta +1),\frac{1}{2}(\alpha +\beta +2)}{\beta +1};\frac{2(x+1)z}{{(1+z)}^2})=\sum _{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{{\left(\alpha +\beta +1\right)}_n}{{\left(\beta +1\right)}_n}{P}_n^{(\alpha ,\beta )}\left(x\right)z^n,$$ ,

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Symbols:

${}_2{}^{}F_1^{}(a,b;c;z)$: $=F(a,b;c;z)$ notation for Gauss’ hypergeometric function, $P_n^{(\alpha ,\beta )}\left(x\right)$: Jacobi polynomial, ${\left(a\right)}_n$: Pochhammer’s symbol (or shifted factorial), $z$: complex variable, $n$: nonnegative integer and $x$: real variable

Referenced by:

(18.12.3_5), §18.12, §18.12

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/18.12.E3

Encodings:

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Annotations for §18.12, §18.12 and Ch.18

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18.12.3_5 $$\frac{1+z}{{(1-2xz+z^2)}^{\beta +\frac{3}{2}}}=\sum _{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{{\left(2\beta +2\right)}_n}{{\left(\beta +1\right)}_n}{P}_n^{(\beta +1,\beta )}\left(x\right)z^n,$$ ,

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Symbols:

$P_n^{(\alpha ,\beta )}\left(x\right)$: Jacobi polynomial, ${\left(a\right)}_n$: Pochhammer’s symbol (or shifted factorial), $z$: complex variable, $n$: nonnegative integer and $x$: real variable

Proof sketch:

Substitute $\alpha =\beta +1$ in (18.12.3) and use (15.4.6).

Referenced by:

§18.12, §18.12, Erratum (V1.2.0) §18.12

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/18.12.E3_5

Encodings:

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Addition (effective with 1.2.0):

This equation was added.

See also:

Annotations for §18.12, §18.12 and Ch.18

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18.12.4 $${(1-2xz+z^2)}^{-\lambda }=\sum _{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}{C}_n^{(\lambda )}\left(x\right)z^n=\sum _{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{{\left(2\lambda \right)}_n}{{\left(\lambda +\frac{1}{2}\right)}_n}{P}_n^{(\lambda -\frac{1}{2},\lambda -\frac{1}{2})}\left(x\right)z^n,$$ .

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Symbols:

$P_n^{(\alpha ,\beta )}\left(x\right)$: Jacobi polynomial, ${\left(a\right)}_n$: Pochhammer’s symbol (or shifted factorial), $C_n^{(\lambda )}\left(x\right)$: ultraspherical (or Gegenbauer) polynomial, $z$: complex variable, $n$: nonnegative integer and $x$: real variable

A&S Ref:

22.9.3

Referenced by:

§18.12, §18.18(viii)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/18.12.E4

Encodings:

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See also:

Annotations for §18.12, §18.12 and Ch.18

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10: 18.8 Differential Equations

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Table 18.8.1: Classical OP’s: differential equations $A(x)f^{\prime \prime }(x)+B(x)f^{\prime }(x)+C(x)f(x)+{\lambda }_{n}f(x)=0$.

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#	$f(x)$	$A(x)$	$B(x)$	$C(x)$	${\lambda }_n$
1	$P_n^{(\alpha ,\beta )}\left(x\right)$	$1-x^2$	$\beta -\alpha -(\alpha +\beta +2)x$	0	$n(n+\alpha +\beta +1)$
2	$\begin{array}{c}{\left(\sin \frac{1}{2}x\right)}^{\alpha +\frac{1}{2}}{\left(\cos \frac{1}{2}x\right)}^{\beta +\frac{1}{2}}\\ \times P_n^{(\alpha ,\beta )}\left(\cos x\right)\end{array}$	$1$	$0$	${\displaystyle \frac{\frac{1}{4}-{\alpha }^2}{4{\sin }^2\frac{1}{2}x}}+{\displaystyle \frac{\frac{1}{4}-{\beta }^2}{4{\cos }^2\frac{1}{2}x}}$	${\left(n+\frac{1}{2}(\alpha +\beta +1)\right)}^2$
3	${(\sin x)}^{\alpha +\frac{1}{2}}{P}_n^{(\alpha ,\alpha )}\left(\cos x\right)$	$1$	$0$	$(\frac{1}{4}-{\alpha }^2)/{\sin }^{2}x$	${(n+\alpha +\frac{1}{2})}^2$
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