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21: Staff

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Frank W. J. Olver, University of Maryland and NIST, Chaps. 1, 2, 4, 9, 10

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Nico M. Temme, Centrum Wiskunde Informatica, Chaps. 3, 6, 7, 12

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Roderick S. C. Wong, City University of Hong Kong, Chaps. 1, 2, 18

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Nico M. Temme, Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica (CWI), for Chaps. 3, 6, 7, 12

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Roderick S. C. Wong, City University of Hong Kong, for Chaps. 2, 18

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22: 23.19 Interrelations

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23.19.1 $$\lambda \left(\tau \right)=16{\left(\frac{{\eta }^2\left(2\tau \right)\eta \left(\frac{1}{2}\tau \right)}{{\eta }^3\left(\tau \right)}\right)}^8,$$

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Symbols:

$\eta \left(\tau \right)$: Dedekind’s eta function (or Dedekind modular function), $\lambda \left(\tau \right)$: elliptic modular function and $\tau$: complex variable

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/23.19.E1

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §23.19 and Ch.23

►

23.19.2 $$J\left(\tau \right)=\frac{4}{27}\frac{{\left(1-\lambda \left(\tau \right)+{\lambda }^2\left(\tau \right)\right)}^3}{{\left(\lambda \left(\tau \right)\left(1-\lambda \left(\tau \right)\right)\right)}^2},$$

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Symbols:

$J\left(\tau \right)$: Klein’s complete invariant, $\lambda \left(\tau \right)$: elliptic modular function and $\tau$: complex variable

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/23.19.E2

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §23.19 and Ch.23

►

23.19.3 $$J\left(\tau \right)=\frac{g_2^3}{g_2^3-27g_3^2},$$

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Symbols:

$J\left(\tau \right)$: Klein’s complete invariant, $g_j$: Weierstrass lattice invariants $g_2$, $g_3$ , $𝕃$: lattice and $\tau$: complex variable

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/23.19.E3

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §23.19 and Ch.23

►where $g_2,g_3$ are the invariants of the lattice $𝕃$ with generators $1$ and $\tau$; see §23.3(i). … ►

23.19.4 $$\mathrm{\Delta }={(2\pi )}^{12}{\eta }^{24}\left(\tau \right).$$

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Symbols:

$\eta \left(\tau \right)$: Dedekind’s eta function (or Dedekind modular function), $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\mathrm{\Delta }$: discriminant and $\tau$: complex variable

Referenced by:

§23.19

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/23.19.E4

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §23.19 and Ch.23

23: 16.12 Products

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16.12.1 $${}_0{}^{}F_1^{}(-;a;z){}_0{}^{}F_1^{}(-;b;z)={}_2{}^{}F_3^{}(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{\frac{1}{2}(a+b),\frac{1}{2}(a+b-1)}{a,b,a+b-1};4z).$$

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Symbols:

${}_p{}^{}F_q^{}(a_1,\mathrm{\dots },a_p;b_1,\mathrm{\dots },b_q;z)$ or ${}_p{}^{}F_q^{}(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{a_1,\mathrm{\dots },a_p}{b_1,\mathrm{\dots },b_q};z)$: alternatively ${}_p{}^{}F_q^{}(𝐚;𝐛;z)$ or ${}_p{}^{}F_q^{}(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{𝐚}{𝐛};z)$
generalized hypergeometric function, $z$: complex variable, $a,a_1,\mathrm{\dots },a_p$: real or complex parameters and $b,b_1,\mathrm{\dots },b_q$: real or complex parameters

Referenced by:

(10.8.3), §10.8, §10.8, §16.12, Erratum (V1.0.17) for Section 10.8

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/16.12.E1

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §16.12 and Ch.16

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16.12.2 $${\left({}_2{}^{}F_1^{}(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{a,b}{a+b+\frac{1}{2}};z)\right)}^2={}_3{}^{}F_2^{}(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{2a,2b,a+b}{a+b+\frac{1}{2},2a+2b};z).$$

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Symbols:

${}_2{}^{}F_1^{}(a,b;c;z)$: $=F(a,b;c;z)$ notation for Gauss’ hypergeometric function, ${}_p{}^{}F_q^{}(a_1,\mathrm{\dots },a_p;b_1,\mathrm{\dots },b_q;z)$ or ${}_p{}^{}F_q^{}(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{a_1,\mathrm{\dots },a_p}{b_1,\mathrm{\dots },b_q};z)$: alternatively ${}_p{}^{}F_q^{}(𝐚;𝐛;z)$ or ${}_p{}^{}F_q^{}(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{𝐚}{𝐛};z)$
generalized hypergeometric function, $z$: complex variable, $a,a_1,\mathrm{\dots },a_p$: real or complex parameters and $b,b_1,\mathrm{\dots },b_q$: real or complex parameters

Referenced by:

§16.12, §17.9(iii), Erratum (V1.1.12) for Subsection 17.9(iii)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/16.12.E2

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §16.12 and Ch.16

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16.12.3 $${\left({}_2{}^{}F_1^{}(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{a,b}{c};z)\right)}^2=\sum _{k=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{{\left(2a\right)}_k{\left(2b\right)}_k{\left(c-\frac{1}{2}\right)}_k}{{\left(c\right)}_k{\left(2c-1\right)}_{k}k!}{}_4{}^{}F_3^{}(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{-\frac{1}{2}k,\frac{1}{2}(1-k),a+b-c+\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{2}}{a+\frac{1}{2},b+\frac{1}{2},\frac{3}{2}-k-c};1)z^k,$$ .

ⓘ

Symbols:

${}_2{}^{}F_1^{}(a,b;c;z)$: $=F(a,b;c;z)$ notation for Gauss’ hypergeometric function, ${}_p{}^{}F_q^{}(a_1,\mathrm{\dots },a_p;b_1,\mathrm{\dots },b_q;z)$ or ${}_p{}^{}F_q^{}(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{a_1,\mathrm{\dots },a_p}{b_1,\mathrm{\dots },b_q};z)$: alternatively ${}_p{}^{}F_q^{}(𝐚;𝐛;z)$ or ${}_p{}^{}F_q^{}(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{𝐚}{𝐛};z)$
generalized hypergeometric function, ${\left(a\right)}_n$: Pochhammer’s symbol (or shifted factorial), $!$: factorial (as in $n!$), $z$: complex variable, $a,a_1,\mathrm{\dots },a_p$: real or complex parameters and $b,b_1,\mathrm{\dots },b_q$: real or complex parameters

Referenced by:

§16.12

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/16.12.E3

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §16.12 and Ch.16

…

24: 26.9 Integer Partitions: Restricted Number and Part Size

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…

Figure 26.9.1: Ferrers graph of the partition $7+4+3+3+2+1$.

… ►The conjugate to the example in Figure 26.9.1 is $6+5+4+2+1+1+1$. … ►

Figure 26.9.2: The partition $5+5+3+2$ represented as a lattice path.

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$p_2\left(n\right)=1+\lfloor n/2\rfloor ,$

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$p_3\left(n\right)=1+\lfloor {\displaystyle \frac{n^2+6n}{12}}\rfloor .$

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25: 13.22 Zeros

… ►From (13.14.2) and (13.14.3) $M_{\kappa ,\mu }\left(z\right)$ has the same zeros as $M(\frac{1}{2}+\mu -\kappa ,1+2\mu ,z)$ and $W_{\kappa ,\mu }\left(z\right)$ has the same zeros as $U(\frac{1}{2}+\mu -\kappa ,1+2\mu ,z)$, hence the results given in §13.9 can be adopted. … ►

13.22.1 $${\varphi }_r=\frac{j_{2\mu ,r}^2}{4\kappa }+j_{2\mu ,r}O\left({\kappa }^{-\frac{3}{2}}\right),$$

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Symbols:

$O\left(x\right)$: order not exceeding, ${\varphi }_r$: positive zeros and $j_{b,r}$: positive zero of Bessel

Referenced by:

§13.22, §13.22

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/13.22.E1

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §13.22 and Ch.13

►where $j_{2\mu ,r}$ is the $r$th positive zero of the Bessel function $J_{2\mu }\left(x\right)$ (§10.21(i)). …

26: 25.20 Approximations

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Piessens and Branders (1972) gives the coefficients of the Chebyshev-series expansions of $s\zeta \left(s+1\right)$ and $\zeta \left(s+k\right)$, $k=2,3,4,5,8$, for $0\le s\le 1$ (23D).

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Luke (1969b, p. 306) gives coefficients in Chebyshev-series expansions that cover $\zeta \left(s\right)$ for $0\le s\le 1$ (15D), $\zeta \left(s+1\right)$ for $0\le s\le 1$ (20D), and $\ln \xi \left(\frac{1}{2}+\mathrm{i}x\right)$ (§25.4) for $-1\le x\le 1$ (20D). For errata see Piessens and Branders (1972).

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Morris (1979) gives rational approximations for ${\mathrm{Li}}_2\left(x\right)$ (§25.12(i)) for $0.5\le x\le 1$. Precision is varied with a maximum of 24S.

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Antia (1993) gives minimax rational approximations for $\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(s+1\right)F_s(x)$, where $F_s(x)$ is the Fermi–Dirac integral (25.12.14), for the intervals and , with $s=-\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{2},\frac{3}{2},\frac{5}{2}$. For each $s$ there are three sets of approximations, with relative maximum errors ${10}^{-4},{10}^{-8},{10}^{-12}$.

27: 25.19 Tables

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Abramowitz and Stegun (1964) tabulates: $\zeta \left(n\right)$, $n=2,3,4,\mathrm{\dots }$, 20D (p. 811); ${\mathrm{Li}}_2\left(1-x\right)$, $x=0(.01)0.5$, 9D (p. 1005); $f(\theta )$, $\theta ={15}^{\circ }(1^{\circ }){30}^{\circ }(2^{\circ }){90}^{\circ }(5^{\circ }){180}^{\circ }$, $f(\theta )+\theta \ln \theta$, $\theta =0(1^{\circ }){15}^{\circ }$, 6D (p. 1006). Here $f(\theta )$ denotes Clausen’s integral, given by the right-hand side of (25.12.9).

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Morris (1979) tabulates ${\mathrm{Li}}_2\left(x\right)$ (§25.12(i)) for $\pm x=0.02(.02)1(.1)6$ to 30D.

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Cloutman (1989) tabulates $\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(s+1\right)F_s(x)$, where $F_s(x)$ is the Fermi–Dirac integral (25.12.14), for $s=-\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{2},\frac{3}{2},\frac{5}{2}$, $x=-5(.05)25$, to 12S.

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28: 4.10 Integrals

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4.10.5 $${\int }_0^1\frac{\ln t}{1-t}dt=-\frac{{\pi }^2}{6},$$

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Symbols:

$\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\int$: integral and $\ln z$: principal branch of logarithm function

A&S Ref:

4.1.55

Referenced by:

§4.10(i)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/4.10.E5

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §4.10(i), §4.10 and Ch.4

►

4.10.6 $${\int }_0^1\frac{\ln t}{1+t}dt=-\frac{{\pi }^2}{12},$$

ⓘ

Symbols:

$\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\int$: integral and $\ln z$: principal branch of logarithm function

A&S Ref:

4.1.56

Referenced by:

§4.10(i)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/4.10.E6

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §4.10(i), §4.10 and Ch.4

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4.10.10 $$\int \frac{{\mathrm{e}}^{az}-1}{{\mathrm{e}}^{az}+1}dz=\frac{2}{a}\ln \left({\mathrm{e}}^{az/2}+{\mathrm{e}}^{-az/2}\right),$$

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Symbols:

$dx$: differential of $x$ , $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $\int$: integral, $\ln z$: principal branch of logarithm function, $z$: complex variable and $a\ne 0$: complex

Referenced by:

§4.10(ii)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/4.10.E10

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §4.10(ii), §4.10 and Ch.4

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4.10.12 $${\int }_0^{\ln 2}\frac{x{\mathrm{e}}^x}{{\mathrm{e}}^x-1}dx=\frac{{\pi }^2}{12},$$

ⓘ

Symbols:

$\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $\int$: integral, $\ln z$: principal branch of logarithm function and $x$: real variable

Referenced by:

§4.10(ii)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/4.10.E12

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §4.10(ii), §4.10 and Ch.4

… ►Extensive compendia of indefinite and definite integrals of logarithms and exponentials include Apelblat (1983, pp. 16–47), Bierens de Haan (1939), Gröbner and Hofreiter (1949, pp. 107–116), Gröbner and Hofreiter (1950, pp. 52–90), Gradshteyn and Ryzhik (2000, Chapters 2–4), and Prudnikov et al. (1986a, §§1.3, 1.6, 2.3, 2.6).

29: 5.10 Continued Fractions

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5.10.1 $$\mathrm{Ln}\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)+z-\left(z-\frac{1}{2}\right)\ln z-\frac{1}{2}\ln \left(2\pi \right)=\frac{a_0}{z+}\frac{a_1}{z+}\frac{a_2}{z+}\frac{a_3}{z+}\frac{a_4}{z+}\frac{a_5}{z+}\mathrm{\cdots },$$

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Symbols:

$\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\mathrm{Ln}z$: general logarithm function, $\ln z$: principal branch of logarithm function, $z$: complex variable and $a_k$: coefficient

Referenced by:

Erratum (V1.0.10) for Equations (5.9.10), (5.9.11), (5.10.1), (5.11.1), (5.11.8)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/5.10.E1

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

Addition (effective with 1.0.10):

To increase the region of validity of this equation, the logarithm of the gamma function that appears on its left-hand side has been changed to $\mathrm{Ln}\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$, where $\mathrm{Ln}$ is the general logarithm. Originally $\ln \mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$ was used, where $\ln$ is the principal branch of the logarithm.

Suggested 2015-02-13 by Philippe Spindel

See also:

Annotations for §5.10 and Ch.5

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$a_0=\frac{1}{12},$

… ►

$a_2=\frac{53}{210},$

…

30: 1.3 Determinants, Linear Operators, and Spectral Expansions

… ►For $n=2$: … ►for every distinct pair of $j,k$, or when one of the factors ${\sum }_{k=1}^n{a}_{jk}^2$ vanishes. … ►where ${\omega }_1,{\omega }_2,\mathrm{\dots },{\omega }_n$ are the $n$th roots of unity (1.11.21). … ►Let $a_{j,k}$ be defined for all integer values of $j$ and $k$, and ${𝐷}_n[a_{j,k}]$ denote the $(2n+1)\times (2n+1)$ determinant … ►Taking $l^2$ norms, …