Gauss%E2%80%93Legendre formula

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11: 15.8 Transformations of Variable

… ►The transformation formulas between two hypergeometric functions in Group 2, or two hypergeometric functions in Group 3, are the linear transformations (15.8.1). … ►

15.8.13

F\left({a,b\atop 2b};z\right)=\left(1-\tfrac{1}{2}z\right)^{-a}F\left({\tfrac{% 1}{2}a,\tfrac{1}{2}a+\tfrac{1}{2}\atop b+\tfrac{1}{2}};\left(\frac{z}{2-z}% \right)^{2}\right),

|\operatorname{ph}\left(1-z\right)|<\pi

ⓘ

Symbols:: $F\left(\NVar{a},\NVar{b};\NVar{c};\NVar{z}\right)$ or $F\left({\NVar{a},\NVar{b}\atop\NVar{c}};\NVar{z}\right)$ : $={{}_{2}F_{1}}\left(\NVar{a},\NVar{b};\NVar{c};\NVar{z}\right)$ Gauss’ hypergeometric function, $\pi$ : the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\operatorname{ph}$ : phase, $z$ : complex variable, $a$ : real or complex parameter and $b$ : real or complex parameter
Referenced by:: §15.8(iv)
Permalink:: http://dlmf.nist.gov/15.8.E13
Encodings:: pMML, png, TeX
See also:: Annotations for §15.8(iii), §15.8(iii), §15.8 and Ch.15

►

15.8.14

F\left({a,b\atop 2b};z\right)=\left(1-z\right)^{-\ifrac{a}{2}}F\left({\tfrac{1% }{2}a,b-\tfrac{1}{2}a\atop b+\tfrac{1}{2}};\frac{z^{2}}{4z-4}\right),

|\operatorname{ph}\left(1-z\right)|<\pi

ⓘ

Symbols:: $F\left(\NVar{a},\NVar{b};\NVar{c};\NVar{z}\right)$ or $F\left({\NVar{a},\NVar{b}\atop\NVar{c}};\NVar{z}\right)$ : $={{}_{2}F_{1}}\left(\NVar{a},\NVar{b};\NVar{c};\NVar{z}\right)$ Gauss’ hypergeometric function, $\pi$ : the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\operatorname{ph}$ : phase, $z$ : complex variable, $a$ : real or complex parameter and $b$ : real or complex parameter
Permalink:: http://dlmf.nist.gov/15.8.E14
Encodings:: pMML, png, TeX
See also:: Annotations for §15.8(iii), §15.8(iii), §15.8 and Ch.15

… ►

15.8.15

F\left({a,b\atop a-b+1};z\right)=(1+z)^{-a}F\left({\frac{1}{2}a,\frac{1}{2}a+% \frac{1}{2}\atop a-b+1};\frac{4z}{(1+z)^{2}}\right),

|z|<1

ⓘ

Symbols:: $F\left(\NVar{a},\NVar{b};\NVar{c};\NVar{z}\right)$ or $F\left({\NVar{a},\NVar{b}\atop\NVar{c}};\NVar{z}\right)$ : $={{}_{2}F_{1}}\left(\NVar{a},\NVar{b};\NVar{c};\NVar{z}\right)$ Gauss’ hypergeometric function, $z$ : complex variable, $a$ : real or complex parameter and $b$ : real or complex parameter
Referenced by:: §15.4(i), §15.8(iv)
Permalink:: http://dlmf.nist.gov/15.8.E15
Encodings:: pMML, png, TeX
See also:: Annotations for §15.8(iii), §15.8(iii), §15.8 and Ch.15

►

15.8.16

F\left({a,b\atop a-b+1};z\right)=(1-z)^{-a}F\left({\frac{1}{2}a,\frac{1}{2}a-b% +\frac{1}{2}\atop a-b+1};\frac{-4z}{(1-z)^{2}}\right),

|z|<1

ⓘ

Symbols:: $F\left(\NVar{a},\NVar{b};\NVar{c};\NVar{z}\right)$ or $F\left({\NVar{a},\NVar{b}\atop\NVar{c}};\NVar{z}\right)$ : $={{}_{2}F_{1}}\left(\NVar{a},\NVar{b};\NVar{c};\NVar{z}\right)$ Gauss’ hypergeometric function, $z$ : complex variable, $a$ : real or complex parameter and $b$ : real or complex parameter
Permalink:: http://dlmf.nist.gov/15.8.E16
Encodings:: pMML, png, TeX
See also:: Annotations for §15.8(iii), §15.8(iii), §15.8 and Ch.15

…

12: 35.8 Generalized Hypergeometric Functions of Matrix Argument

… ►

§35.8(iii) ${{}_{3}F_{2}}$ Case

►

Kummer Transformation

… ►

Pfaff–Saalschütz Formula

… ►

Thomae Transformation

… ►Multidimensional Mellin–Barnes integrals are established in Ding et al. (1996) for the functions

{{}_{p}F_{q}}

and

{{}_{p+1}F_{p}}

of matrix argument. …

13: 15.9 Relations to Other Functions

… ►

Legendre

►

15.9.7

P_{n}\left(x\right)=F\left({-n,n+1\atop 1};\frac{1-x}{2}\right).

ⓘ

Symbols:: $F\left(\NVar{a},\NVar{b};\NVar{c};\NVar{z}\right)$ or $F\left({\NVar{a},\NVar{b}\atop\NVar{c}};\NVar{z}\right)$ : $={{}_{2}F_{1}}\left(\NVar{a},\NVar{b};\NVar{c};\NVar{z}\right)$ Gauss’ hypergeometric function, $P_{\NVar{n}}\left(\NVar{x}\right)$ : Legendre polynomial, $x$ : real variable and $n$ : integer
Permalink:: http://dlmf.nist.gov/15.9.E7
Encodings:: pMML, png, TeX
See also:: Annotations for §15.9(i), §15.9(i), §15.9 and Ch.15

… ►

§15.9(iv) Associated Legendre Functions; Ferrers Functions

►Any hypergeometric function for which a quadratic transformation exists can be expressed in terms of associated Legendre functions or Ferrers functions. … ►The following formulas apply with principal branches of the hypergeometric functions, associated Legendre functions, and fractional powers. …

14: 16.4 Argument Unity

… ►The function

{{}_{q+1}F_{q}}\left(\mathbf{a};\mathbf{b};z\right)

is well-poised if … ►The function

{{}_{q+1}F_{q}}

with argument unity and general values of the parameters is discussed in Bühring (1992). … ►For generalizations involving

{{}_{r+3}F_{r+2}}

functions see Kim et al. (2013). … ►Balanced

{{}_{4}F_{3}}\left(1\right)

series have transformation formulas and three-term relations. … ►Transformations for both balanced

{{}_{4}F_{3}}\left(1\right)

and very well-poised

{{}_{7}F_{6}}\left(1\right)

are included in Bailey (1964, pp. 56–63). …

15: 16.18 Special Cases

… ►The

{{}_{1}F_{1}}

and

{{}_{2}F_{1}}

functions introduced in Chapters 13 and 15, as well as the more general

{{}_{p}F_{q}}

functions introduced in the present chapter, are all special cases of the Meijer

G

-function. … ►

16.18.1

{{}_{p}F_{q}}\left({a_{1},\dots,a_{p}\atop b_{1},\dots,b_{q}};z\right)=\left({% \textstyle\ifrac{\prod\limits_{k=1}^{q}\Gamma\left(b_{k}\right)}{\prod\limits_% {k=1}^{p}\Gamma\left(a_{k}\right)}}\right){G^{1,p}_{p,q+1}}\left(-z;{1-a_{1},% \dots,1-a_{p}\atop 0,1-b_{1},\dots,1-b_{q}}\right)=\left({\textstyle\ifrac{% \prod\limits_{k=1}^{q}\Gamma\left(b_{k}\right)}{\prod\limits_{k=1}^{p}\Gamma% \left(a_{k}\right)}}\right){G^{p,1}_{q+1,p}}\left(-\frac{1}{z};{1,b_{1},\dots,% b_{q}\atop a_{1},\dots,a_{p}}\right).

ⓘ

Symbols:: $\Gamma\left(\NVar{z}\right)$ : gamma function, ${{}_{\NVar{p}}F_{\NVar{q}}}\left(\NVar{a_{1},\dots,a_{p}};\NVar{b_{1},\dots,b_% {q}};\NVar{z}\right)$ or ${{}_{\NVar{p}}F_{\NVar{q}}}\left({\NVar{a_{1},\dots,a_{p}}\atop\NVar{b_{1},% \dots,b_{q}}};\NVar{z}\right)$ : alternatively ${{}_{\NVar{p}}F_{\NVar{q}}}\left(\NVar{\mathbf{a}};\NVar{\mathbf{b}};\NVar{z}\right)$ or ${{}_{\NVar{p}}F_{\NVar{q}}}\left({\NVar{\mathbf{a}}\atop\NVar{\mathbf{b}}};% \NVar{z}\right)$
generalized hypergeometric function, ${G^{\NVar{m},\NVar{n}}_{\NVar{p},\NVar{q}}}\left(\NVar{z};{\NVar{a_{1},\dots,a% _{p}}\atop\NVar{b_{1},\dots,b_{q}}}\right)$ or ${G^{\NVar{m},\NVar{n}}_{\NVar{p},\NVar{q}}}\left(\NVar{z};\NVar{\mathbf{a}};% \NVar{\mathbf{b}}\right)$ : Meijer $G$ -function, $p$ : nonnegative integer, $q$ : nonnegative integer, $z$ : complex variable, $a,a_{1},\ldots,a_{p}$ : real or complex parameters and $b,b_{1},\ldots,b_{q}$ : real or complex parameters
Permalink:: http://dlmf.nist.gov/16.18.E1
Encodings:: pMML, png, TeX
See also:: Annotations for §16.18 and Ch.16

►As a corollary, special cases of the

{{}_{1}F_{1}}

and

{{}_{2}F_{1}}

functions, including Airy functions, Bessel functions, parabolic cylinder functions, Ferrers functions, associated Legendre functions, and many orthogonal polynomials, are all special cases of the Meijer

G

-function. …

16: 31.7 Relations to Other Functions

… ►

§31.7(i) Reductions to the Gauss Hypergeometric Function

… ►Other reductions of

\mathit{H\!\ell}

to a

{{}_{2}F_{1}}

, with at least one free parameter, exist iff the pair

(a,p)

takes one of a finite number of values, where

q=\alpha\beta p

. … ►

31.7.2

\mathit{H\!\ell}\left(2,\alpha\beta;\alpha,\beta,\gamma,\alpha+\beta-2\gamma+1% ;z\right)={{}_{2}F_{1}}\left(\tfrac{1}{2}\alpha,\tfrac{1}{2}\beta;\gamma;1-(1-% z)^{2}\right),

ⓘ

Symbols:: ${{}_{2}F_{1}}\left(\NVar{a},\NVar{b};\NVar{c};\NVar{z}\right)$ : $=F\left(\NVar{a},\NVar{b};\NVar{c};\NVar{z}\right)$ notation for Gauss’ hypergeometric function, $\mathit{H\!\ell}\left(\NVar{a},\NVar{q};\NVar{\alpha},\NVar{\beta},\NVar{% \gamma},\NVar{\delta};\NVar{z}\right)$ : Heun functions, $z$ : complex variable, $\gamma$ : real or complex parameter, $\alpha$ : real or complex parameter and $\beta$ : real or complex parameter
Permalink:: http://dlmf.nist.gov/31.7.E2
Encodings:: pMML, png, TeX
See also:: Annotations for §31.7(i), §31.7 and Ch.31

►

31.7.3

\mathit{H\!\ell}\left(4,\alpha\beta;\alpha,\beta,\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{2}{3}(% \alpha+\beta);z\right)={{}_{2}F_{1}}\left(\tfrac{1}{3}\alpha,\tfrac{1}{3}\beta% ;\tfrac{1}{2};1-(1-z)^{2}(1-\tfrac{1}{4}z)\right),

ⓘ

Symbols:: ${{}_{2}F_{1}}\left(\NVar{a},\NVar{b};\NVar{c};\NVar{z}\right)$ : $=F\left(\NVar{a},\NVar{b};\NVar{c};\NVar{z}\right)$ notation for Gauss’ hypergeometric function, $\mathit{H\!\ell}\left(\NVar{a},\NVar{q};\NVar{\alpha},\NVar{\beta},\NVar{% \gamma},\NVar{\delta};\NVar{z}\right)$ : Heun functions, $z$ : complex variable, $\alpha$ : real or complex parameter and $\beta$ : real or complex parameter
Permalink:: http://dlmf.nist.gov/31.7.E3
Encodings:: pMML, png, TeX
See also:: Annotations for §31.7(i), §31.7 and Ch.31

… ►Similar specializations of formulas in §31.3(ii) yield solutions in the neighborhoods of the singularities

\zeta=K

K+i{K^{\prime}}

, and

i{K^{\prime}}

, where

K

and

{K^{\prime}}

are related to

k

as in §19.2(ii).

17: 18.20 Hahn Class: Explicit Representations

… ►

§18.20(i) Rodrigues Formulas

… ►

18.20.5

Q_{n}\left(x;\alpha,\beta,N\right)={{}_{3}F_{2}}\left({-n,n+\alpha+\beta+1,-x% \atop\alpha+1,-N};1\right),

n=0,1,\dots,N

ⓘ

Symbols:: ${{}_{\NVar{p}}F_{\NVar{q}}}\left(\NVar{a_{1},\dots,a_{p}};\NVar{b_{1},\dots,b_% {q}};\NVar{z}\right)$ or ${{}_{\NVar{p}}F_{\NVar{q}}}\left({\NVar{a_{1},\dots,a_{p}}\atop\NVar{b_{1},% \dots,b_{q}}};\NVar{z}\right)$ : alternatively ${{}_{\NVar{p}}F_{\NVar{q}}}\left(\NVar{\mathbf{a}};\NVar{\mathbf{b}};\NVar{z}\right)$ or ${{}_{\NVar{p}}F_{\NVar{q}}}\left({\NVar{\mathbf{a}}\atop\NVar{\mathbf{b}}};% \NVar{z}\right)$
generalized hypergeometric function, $Q_{\NVar{n}}\left(\NVar{x};\NVar{\alpha},\NVar{\beta},\NVar{N}\right)$ : Hahn polynomial, $N$ : positive integer, $n$ : nonnegative integer and $x$ : real variable
Referenced by:: §18.20(ii), §18.21(ii), §18.23, §18.26(ii), §18.27(ii), §18.38(iii)
Permalink:: http://dlmf.nist.gov/18.20.E5
Encodings:: pMML, png, TeX
See also:: Annotations for §18.20(ii), §18.20 and Ch.18

►

18.20.6

K_{n}\left(x;p,N\right)={{}_{2}F_{1}}\left({-n,-x\atop-N};p^{-1}\right),

n=0,1,\dots,N

ⓘ

Symbols:: ${{}_{2}F_{1}}\left(\NVar{a},\NVar{b};\NVar{c};\NVar{z}\right)$ : $=F\left(\NVar{a},\NVar{b};\NVar{c};\NVar{z}\right)$ notation for Gauss’ hypergeometric function, $K_{\NVar{n}}\left(\NVar{x};\NVar{p},\NVar{N}\right)$ : Krawtchouk polynomial, $N$ : positive integer, $n$ : nonnegative integer and $x$ : real variable
Referenced by:: §18.19, §18.21(ii)
Permalink:: http://dlmf.nist.gov/18.20.E6
Encodings:: pMML, png, TeX
See also:: Annotations for §18.20(ii), §18.20 and Ch.18

►

18.20.7

M_{n}\left(x;\beta,c\right)={{}_{2}F_{1}}\left({-n,-x\atop\beta};1-c^{-1}% \right).

ⓘ

Symbols:: ${{}_{2}F_{1}}\left(\NVar{a},\NVar{b};\NVar{c};\NVar{z}\right)$ : $=F\left(\NVar{a},\NVar{b};\NVar{c};\NVar{z}\right)$ notation for Gauss’ hypergeometric function, $M_{\NVar{n}}\left(\NVar{x};\NVar{\beta},\NVar{c}\right)$ : Meixner polynomial, $n$ : nonnegative integer and $x$ : real variable
Referenced by:: §18.21(ii), §18.26(ii)
Permalink:: http://dlmf.nist.gov/18.20.E7
Encodings:: pMML, png, TeX
See also:: Annotations for §18.20(ii), §18.20 and Ch.18

►

18.20.8

C_{n}\left(x;a\right)={{}_{2}F_{0}}\left({-n,-x\atop-};-a^{-1}\right).

ⓘ

Symbols:: $C_{\NVar{n}}\left(\NVar{x};\NVar{a}\right)$ : Charlier polynomial, ${{}_{\NVar{p}}F_{\NVar{q}}}\left(\NVar{a_{1},\dots,a_{p}};\NVar{b_{1},\dots,b_% {q}};\NVar{z}\right)$ or ${{}_{\NVar{p}}F_{\NVar{q}}}\left({\NVar{a_{1},\dots,a_{p}}\atop\NVar{b_{1},% \dots,b_{q}}};\NVar{z}\right)$ : alternatively ${{}_{\NVar{p}}F_{\NVar{q}}}\left(\NVar{\mathbf{a}};\NVar{\mathbf{b}};\NVar{z}\right)$ or ${{}_{\NVar{p}}F_{\NVar{q}}}\left({\NVar{\mathbf{a}}\atop\NVar{\mathbf{b}}};% \NVar{z}\right)$
generalized hypergeometric function, $n$ : nonnegative integer and $x$ : real variable
Referenced by:: §13.6(v), §18.19, §18.20(ii), §18.21(ii)
Permalink:: http://dlmf.nist.gov/18.20.E8
Encodings:: pMML, png, TeX
See also:: Annotations for §18.20(ii), §18.20 and Ch.18

…

18: 16.8 Differential Equations

… ►the function

w={{}_{p}F_{q}}\left(\mathbf{a};\mathbf{b};z\right)

satisfies the differential equation … ►

w_{0}(z)={{}_{p}F_{q}}\left({a_{1},\dots,a_{p}\atop b_{1},\dots,b_{q}};z\right),

… ►We have the connection formula … ►Analytical continuation formulas for

{{}_{q+1}F_{q}}\left(\mathbf{a};\mathbf{b};z\right)

near

z=1

are given in Bühring (1987b) for the case

q=2

, and in Bühring (1992) for the general case. … ►

16.8.10

\lim_{|\alpha|\to\infty}{{}_{p+1}F_{q}}\left({a_{1},\dots,a_{p},\alpha\atop b_% {1},\dots,b_{q}};\frac{z}{\alpha}\right)={{}_{p}F_{q}}\left({a_{1},\dots,a_{p}% \atop b_{1},\dots,b_{q}};z\right).

ⓘ

Symbols:: ${{}_{\NVar{p}}F_{\NVar{q}}}\left(\NVar{a_{1},\dots,a_{p}};\NVar{b_{1},\dots,b_% {q}};\NVar{z}\right)$ or ${{}_{\NVar{p}}F_{\NVar{q}}}\left({\NVar{a_{1},\dots,a_{p}}\atop\NVar{b_{1},% \dots,b_{q}}};\NVar{z}\right)$ : alternatively ${{}_{\NVar{p}}F_{\NVar{q}}}\left(\NVar{\mathbf{a}};\NVar{\mathbf{b}};\NVar{z}\right)$ or ${{}_{\NVar{p}}F_{\NVar{q}}}\left({\NVar{\mathbf{a}}\atop\NVar{\mathbf{b}}};% \NVar{z}\right)$
generalized hypergeometric function, $p$ : nonnegative integer, $q$ : nonnegative integer, $z$ : complex variable, $a,a_{1},\ldots,a_{p}$ : real or complex parameters and $b,b_{1},\ldots,b_{q}$ : real or complex parameters
Permalink:: http://dlmf.nist.gov/16.8.E10
Encodings:: pMML, png, TeX
See also:: Annotations for §16.8(iii), §16.8 and Ch.16

…

19: 20.11 Generalizations and Analogs

… ►

§20.11(i) Gauss Sum

►For relatively prime integers

m, n

with

n>0

and

m n

even, the Gauss sum

G(m,n)

is defined by … … ► … ►Similar identities can be constructed for

{{}_{2}F_{1}}\left(\tfrac{1}{3},\tfrac{2}{3};1;k^{2}\right)

{{}_{2}F_{1}}\left(\tfrac{1}{4},\tfrac{3}{4};1;k^{2}\right)