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1: 4.23 Inverse Trigonometric Functions

§4.23 Inverse Trigonometric Functions

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§4.23(i) General Definitions

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§4.23(ii) Principal Values

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§4.23(iv) Logarithmic Forms

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§4.23(vii) Special Values and Interrelations

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2: 4.27 Sums

§4.27 Sums

►For sums of trigonometric and inverse trigonometric functions see Gradshteyn and Ryzhik (2015, Chapter 1), Hansen (1975, §§14–42), Oberhettinger (1973), and Prudnikov et al. (1986a, Chapter 5).

3: 4.47 Approximations

§4.47 Approximations

… ►Clenshaw (1962) and Luke (1975, Chapter 3) give 20D coefficients for $\ln$, $\exp$, $\sin$, $\cos$, $\tan$, $\cot$, $\arcsin$, $\arctan$, $\mathrm{arcsinh}$. Schonfelder (1980) gives 40D coefficients for $\sin$, $\cos$, $\tan$. … ►Hart et al. (1968) give $\ln$, $\exp$, $\sin$, $\cos$, $\tan$, $\cot$, $\arcsin$, $\arccos$, $\arctan$, $\sinh$, $\cosh$, $\tanh$, $\mathrm{arcsinh}$, $\mathrm{arccosh}$. … ►Luke (1975, Chapter 3) supplies real and complex approximations for $\ln$, $\exp$, $\sin$, $\cos$, $\tan$, $\arctan$, $\mathrm{arcsinh}$. …

4: 4.1 Special Notation

… ►The main purpose of the present chapter is to extend these definitions and properties to complex arguments $z$. ►The main functions treated in this chapter are the logarithm $\ln z$, $\mathrm{Ln}z$; the exponential $\exp z$, ${\mathrm{e}}^z$; the circular trigonometric (or just trigonometric) functions $\sin z$, $\cos z$, $\tan z$, $\csc z$, $\sec z$, $\cot z$; the inverse trigonometric functions $\arcsin z$, $\mathrm{Arcsin}z$, etc. ; the hyperbolic trigonometric (or just hyperbolic) functions $\sinh z$, $\cosh z$, $\tanh z$, $\mathrm{csch}z$, $\mathrm{sech}z$, $\coth z$; the inverse hyperbolic functions $\mathrm{arcsinh}z$, $\mathrm{Arcsinh}z$, etc. ►Sometimes in the literature the meanings of $\ln$ and $\mathrm{Ln}$ are interchanged; similarly for $\arcsin z$ and $\mathrm{Arcsin}z$, etc. …${\sin }^{-1}z$ for $\arcsin z$ and ${\mathrm{Sin}}^{-1}z$ for $\mathrm{Arcsin}z$.

5: 4.35 Identities

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4.35.14 $$2\sinh u\sinh v=\cosh \left(u+v\right)-\cosh \left(u-v\right),$$

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Symbols:

$\cosh z$: hyperbolic cosine function and $\sinh z$: hyperbolic sine function

A&S Ref:

4.5.38

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/4.35.E14

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Annotations for §4.35(ii), §4.35 and Ch.4

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4.35.16 $$2\sinh u\cosh v=\sinh \left(u+v\right)+\sinh \left(u-v\right).$$

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Symbols:

$\cosh z$: hyperbolic cosine function and $\sinh z$: hyperbolic sine function

A&S Ref:

4.5.40

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/4.35.E16

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Annotations for §4.35(ii), §4.35 and Ch.4

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4.35.18 $${\cosh }^{2}u-{\cosh }^{2}v=\sinh \left(u+v\right)\sinh \left(u-v\right),$$

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Symbols:

$\cosh z$: hyperbolic cosine function and $\sinh z$: hyperbolic sine function

A&S Ref:

4.5.47

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/4.35.E18

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Annotations for §4.35(ii), §4.35 and Ch.4

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4.35.34 $$\sinh z=\sinh x\cos y+\mathrm{i}\cosh x\sin y,$$

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Symbols:

$\cos z$: cosine function, $\cosh z$: hyperbolic cosine function, $\sinh z$: hyperbolic sine function, $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $\sin z$: sine function, $x$: real variable, $y$: real variable and $z$: complex variable

A&S Ref:

4.5.49

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/4.35.E34

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Annotations for §4.35(iv), §4.35 and Ch.4

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4.35.35 $$\cosh z=\cosh x\cos y+\mathrm{i}\sinh x\sin y,$$

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Symbols:

$\cos z$: cosine function, $\cosh z$: hyperbolic cosine function, $\sinh z$: hyperbolic sine function, $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $\sin z$: sine function, $x$: real variable, $y$: real variable and $z$: complex variable

A&S Ref:

4.5.50

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/4.35.E35

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Annotations for §4.35(iv), §4.35 and Ch.4

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6: 4.14 Definitions and Periodicity

§4.14 Definitions and Periodicity

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4.14.7 $$\cot z=\frac{\cos z}{\sin z}=\frac{1}{\tan z}.$$

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Defines:

$\cot z$: cotangent function

Symbols:

$\cos z$: cosine function, $\sin z$: sine function, $\tan z$: tangent function and $z$: complex variable

A&S Ref:

4.3.6

Referenced by:

§4.14, §4.45(i), §4.45(ii)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/4.14.E7

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Annotations for §4.14 and Ch.4

►The functions $\sin z$ and $\cos z$ are entire. In $ℂ$ the zeros of $\sin z$ are $z=k\pi$, $k\in \mathbb{Z}$; the zeros of $\cos z$ are $z=\left(k+\frac{1}{2}\right)\pi$, $k\in \mathbb{Z}$. The functions $\tan z$, $\csc z$, $\sec z$, and $\cot z$ are meromorphic, and the locations of their zeros and poles follow from (4.14.4) to (4.14.7). …

7: 4.21 Identities

§4.21 Identities

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§4.21(i) Addition Formulas

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§4.21(ii) Squares and Products

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§4.21(iii) Multiples of the Argument

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§4.21(iv) Real and Imaginary Parts; Moduli

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8: 4.28 Definitions and Periodicity

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Relations to Trigonometric Functions

… ►As a consequence, many properties of the hyperbolic functions follow immediately from the corresponding properties of the trigonometric functions. ►

Periodicity and Zeros

►The functions $\sinh z$ and $\cosh z$ have period $2\pi \mathrm{i}$, and $\tanh z$ has period $\pi \mathrm{i}$. The zeros of $\sinh z$ and $\cosh z$ are $z=\mathrm{i}k\pi$ and $z=\mathrm{i}\left(k+\frac{1}{2}\right)\pi$, respectively, $k\in \mathbb{Z}$.

9: 4.16 Elementary Properties

§4.16 Elementary Properties

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Table 4.16.1: Signs of the trigonometric functions in the four quadrants.

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Quadrant	$\sin \theta ,\csc \theta$	$\cos \theta ,\sec \theta$	$\tan \theta ,\cot \theta$
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Table 4.16.2: Trigonometric functions: quarter periods and change of sign.

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$x$	$-\theta$	$\frac{1}{2}\pi \pm \theta$	$\pi \pm \theta$	$\frac{3}{2}\pi \pm \theta$	$2\pi \pm \theta$
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Table 4.16.3: Trigonometric functions: interrelations. …

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	$\sin \theta =a$	$\cos \theta =a$	$\tan \theta =a$	$\csc \theta =a$	$\sec \theta =a$	$\cot \theta =a$
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10: 4.32 Inequalities

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4.32.1 $$\cosh x\le {\left(\frac{\sinh x}{x}\right)}^3,$$

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Symbols:

$\cosh z$: hyperbolic cosine function, $\sinh z$: hyperbolic sine function and $x$: real variable

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/4.32.E1

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Annotations for §4.32 and Ch.4

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4.32.2 $x>0$,

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Symbols:

$\cos z$: cosine function, $\tanh z$: hyperbolic tangent function, $\sin z$: sine function and $x$: real variable

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/4.32.E2

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Annotations for §4.32 and Ch.4

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4.32.3 $$|\cosh x-\cosh y|\ge |x-y|\sqrt{\sinh x\sinh y},$$ $x>0$, $y>0$,

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Symbols:

$\cosh z$: hyperbolic cosine function, $\sinh z$: hyperbolic sine function, $x$: real variable and $y$: real variable

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/4.32.E3

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Annotations for §4.32 and Ch.4

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4.32.4 $$\arctan x\le \frac{1}{2}\pi \tanh x,$$ $x\ge 0$.

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Symbols:

$\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\tanh z$: hyperbolic tangent function, $\arctan z$: arctangent function and $x$: real variable

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/4.32.E4

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Annotations for §4.32 and Ch.4

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