§14.21 Definitions and Basic Properties

Standard solutions: the associated Legendre functions $P_{\nu }^{\mu }\left(z\right)$, $P_{\nu }^{-\mu }\left(z\right)$, ${𝑸}_{\nu }^{\mu }\left(z\right)$, and ${𝑸}_{-\nu -1}^{\mu }\left(z\right)$. $P_{\nu }^{\pm \mu }\left(z\right)$ and ${𝑸}_{\nu }^{\mu }\left(z\right)$ exist for all values of $\nu$, $\mu$, and $z$, except possibly $z=\pm 1$ and $\mathrm{\infty }$, which are branch points (or poles) of the functions, in general. When $z$ is complex $P_{\nu }^{\pm \mu }\left(z\right)$, $Q_{\nu }^{\mu }\left(z\right)$, and ${𝑸}_{\nu }^{\mu }\left(z\right)$ are defined by (14.3.6)–(14.3.10) with $x$ replaced by $z$: the principal branches are obtained by taking the principal values of all the multivalued functions appearing in these representations when $z\in (1,\mathrm{\infty })$, and by continuity elsewhere in the $z$-plane with a cut along the interval $(-\mathrm{\infty },1]$; compare §4.2(i). The principal branches of $P_{\nu }^{\pm \mu }\left(z\right)$ and ${𝑸}_{\nu }^{\mu }\left(z\right)$ are real when $\nu$, $\mu \in ℝ$ and $z\in (1,\mathrm{\infty })$.

When $\mathrm{\Re }\nu \ge -\frac{1}{2}$ and $\mathrm{\Re }\mu \ge 0$, a numerically satisfactory pair of solutions of (14.21.1) in the half-plane $|\mathrm{ph}z|\le \frac{1}{2}\pi$ is given by $P_{\nu }^{-\mu }\left(z\right)$ and ${𝑸}_{\nu }^{\mu }\left(z\right)$.

Many of the properties stated in preceding sections extend immediately from the $x$-interval $(1,\mathrm{\infty })$ to the cut $z$-plane $ℂ\backslash (-\mathrm{\infty },1]$. This includes, for example, the Wronskian relations (14.2.7)–(14.2.11); hypergeometric representations (14.3.6)–(14.3.10) and (14.3.15)–(14.3.20); results for integer orders (14.6.3)–(14.6.5), (14.6.7), (14.6.8), (14.7.6), (14.7.7), and (14.7.11)–(14.7.16); behavior at singularities (14.8.7)–(14.8.16); connection formulas (14.9.11)–(14.9.16); recurrence relations (14.10.3)–(14.10.7). The generating function expansions (14.7.19) (with $𝖯$ replaced by $P$) and (14.7.22) apply when ; (14.7.21) (with $𝖯$ replaced by $P$) applies when $|h|>\max \left|z\pm {\left(z^2-1\right)}^{1/2}\right|$.