trigonometric functions

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1: 4.23 Inverse Trigonometric Functions

§4.23 Inverse Trigonometric Functions

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§4.23(i) General Definitions

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Figure 4.23.1: $z$-plane. …

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§4.23(iv) Logarithmic Forms

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§4.23(vii) Special Values and Interrelations

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2: 4.27 Sums

§4.27 Sums

►For sums of trigonometric and inverse trigonometric functions see Gradshteyn and Ryzhik (2015, Chapter 1), Hansen (1975, §§14–42), Oberhettinger (1973), and Prudnikov et al. (1986a, Chapter 5).

3: 4.1 Special Notation

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$k,m,n$	integers.
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… ►The main purpose of the present chapter is to extend these definitions and properties to complex arguments $z$. ►The main functions treated in this chapter are the logarithm $\ln z$, $\mathrm{Ln}z$; the exponential $\exp z$, ${\mathrm{e}}^z$; the circular trigonometric (or just trigonometric) functions $\sin z$, $\cos z$, $\tan z$, $\csc z$, $\sec z$, $\cot z$; the inverse trigonometric functions $\arcsin z$, $\mathrm{Arcsin}z$, etc. ; the hyperbolic trigonometric (or just hyperbolic) functions $\sinh z$, $\cosh z$, $\tanh z$, $\mathrm{csch}z$, $\mathrm{sech}z$, $\coth z$; the inverse hyperbolic functions $\mathrm{arcsinh}z$, $\mathrm{Arcsinh}z$, etc. …

4: 4.14 Definitions and Periodicity

§4.14 Definitions and Periodicity

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4.14.4 $$\tan z=\frac{\sin z}{\cos z},$$

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Defines:

$\tan z$: tangent function

Symbols:

$\cos z$: cosine function, $\sin z$: sine function and $z$: complex variable

A&S Ref:

4.3.3

Referenced by:

§4.14, §4.45(i)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/4.14.E4

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Annotations for §4.14 and Ch.4

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4.14.7 $$\cot z=\frac{\cos z}{\sin z}=\frac{1}{\tan z}.$$

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Defines:

$\cot z$: cotangent function

Symbols:

$\cos z$: cosine function, $\sin z$: sine function, $\tan z$: tangent function and $z$: complex variable

A&S Ref:

4.3.6

Referenced by:

§4.14, §4.45(i), §4.45(ii)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/4.14.E7

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Annotations for §4.14 and Ch.4

►The functions $\sin z$ and $\cos z$ are entire. …The functions $\tan z$, $\csc z$, $\sec z$, and $\cot z$ are meromorphic, and the locations of their zeros and poles follow from (4.14.4) to (4.14.7). …

5: 4.47 Approximations

§4.47 Approximations

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§4.47(i) Chebyshev-Series Expansions

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6: 4.46 Tables

§4.46 Tables

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7: 4.28 Definitions and Periodicity

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4.28.4 $$\tanh z=\frac{\sinh z}{\cosh z},$$

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Defines:

$\tanh z$: hyperbolic tangent function

Symbols:

$\cosh z$: hyperbolic cosine function, $\sinh z$: hyperbolic sine function and $z$: complex variable

A&S Ref:

4.5.3

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/4.28.E4

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Annotations for §4.28 and Ch.4

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Relations to Trigonometric Functions

… ►As a consequence, many properties of the hyperbolic functions follow immediately from the corresponding properties of the trigonometric functions. ►

Periodicity and Zeros

►The functions $\sinh z$ and $\cosh z$ have period $2\pi \mathrm{i}$, and $\tanh z$ has period $\pi \mathrm{i}$. …

8: 4.16 Elementary Properties

§4.16 Elementary Properties

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Table 4.16.1: Signs of the trigonometric functions in the four quadrants.

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Quadrant	$\sin \theta ,\csc \theta$	$\cos \theta ,\sec \theta$	$\tan \theta ,\cot \theta$
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Table 4.16.2: Trigonometric functions: quarter periods and change of sign.

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$x$	$-\theta$	$\frac{1}{2}\pi \pm \theta$	$\pi \pm \theta$	$\frac{3}{2}\pi \pm \theta$	$2\pi \pm \theta$
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Table 4.16.3: Trigonometric functions: interrelations. …

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	$\sin \theta =a$	$\cos \theta =a$	$\tan \theta =a$	$\csc \theta =a$	$\sec \theta =a$	$\cot \theta =a$
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9: 4.32 Inequalities

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4.32.1 $$\cosh x\le {\left(\frac{\sinh x}{x}\right)}^3,$$

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Symbols:

$\cosh z$: hyperbolic cosine function, $\sinh z$: hyperbolic sine function and $x$: real variable

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/4.32.E1

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Annotations for §4.32 and Ch.4

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4.32.2 $x>0$,

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Symbols:

$\cos z$: cosine function, $\tanh z$: hyperbolic tangent function, $\sin z$: sine function and $x$: real variable

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/4.32.E2

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Annotations for §4.32 and Ch.4

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4.32.3 $$|\cosh x-\cosh y|\ge |x-y|\sqrt{\sinh x\sinh y},$$ $x>0$, $y>0$,

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Symbols:

$\cosh z$: hyperbolic cosine function, $\sinh z$: hyperbolic sine function, $x$: real variable and $y$: real variable

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/4.32.E3

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Annotations for §4.32 and Ch.4

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4.32.4 $$\arctan x\le \frac{1}{2}\pi \tanh x,$$ $x\ge 0$.

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Symbols:

$\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\tanh z$: hyperbolic tangent function, $\arctan z$: arctangent function and $x$: real variable

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/4.32.E4

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Annotations for §4.32 and Ch.4

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10: 4.15 Graphics

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§4.15(i) Real Arguments

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Figure 4.15.7: Conformal mapping of sine and inverse sine. … Magnify

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§4.15(iii) Complex Arguments: Surfaces

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4.15.1 $$\cos \left(x+\mathrm{i}y\right)=\sin \left(x+\frac{1}{2}\pi +\mathrm{i}y\right),$$

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Symbols:

$\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\cos z$: cosine function, $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $\sin z$: sine function, $x$: real variable and $y$: real variable

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/4.15.E1

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Annotations for §4.15(iii), §4.15 and Ch.4

… ►The corresponding surfaces for $\arccos \left(x+\mathrm{i}y\right)$, $\mathrm{arccot}\left(x+\mathrm{i}y\right)$, $\mathrm{arcsec}\left(x+\mathrm{i}y\right)$ can be visualized from Figures 4.15.9, 4.15.11, 4.15.13 with the aid of equations (4.23.16)–(4.23.18).