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1: 10.73 Physical Applications

… ► … ► … ►See Krivoshlykov (1994, Chapter 2, §2.2.10; Chapter 5, §5.2.2), Kapany and Burke (1972, Chapters 4–6; Chapter 7, §A.1), and Slater (1942, Chapter 4, §§20, 25). … ►In the theory of plates and shells, the oscillations of a circular plate are determined by the differential equation …

2: 3.8 Nonlinear Equations

… ►The equation to be solved is … ►This is useful when $f(z)$ satisfies a second-order linear differential equation because of the ease of computing $f^{\prime \prime }(z_n)$. … ►For describing the distribution of complex zeros of solutions of linear homogeneous second-order differential equations by methods based on the Liouville–Green (WKB) approximation, see Segura (2013). … ►Consider $x=20$ and $j=19$. We have $p^{\prime }(20)=19!$ and $a_{19}=1+2+\mathrm{\cdots }+20=210$. …

3: Errata

… ►

The following additions were made in Chapter 18:

• In Subsection 18.2(i), Equation (18.2.1_5); the paragraph title “Orthogonality on Finite Point Sets” has been changed to “Orthogonality on Countable Sets”, and there are minor changes in the presentation of the final paragraph, including a new equation (18.2.4_5). The presentation of Subsection 18.2(iii) has changed, Equation (18.2.5_5) was added and an extra paragraph on standardizations has been included. The presentation of Subsection 18.2(iv) has changed and it has been expanded with two extra paragraphs and several new equations, (18.2.9_5), (18.2.11_1)–(18.2.11_9). Subsections 18.2(v) (with (18.2.12_5), (18.2.14)–(18.2.17)) and 18.2(vi) (with (18.2.17)–(18.2.20)) have been expanded. New subsections, 18.2(vii)–18.2(xii), with Equations (18.2.21)–(18.2.46),

• A new introduction, minor changes in the presentation, and three new paragraphs.

• Extra details for Chebyshev polynomials, and Equations (18.5.4_5), (18.5.11_1)–(18.5.11_4), (18.5.17_5).

• Line numbers and two extra rows were added to Table 18.8.1.

• Subsection 18.9(i) has been expanded, and 18.9(iii) has some additional explanation. Equations (18.9.2_1), (18.9.2_2), (18.9.18_5) and Table 18.9.2 were added.

• Three extra generating functions, (18.12.2_5), (18.12.3_5), (18.12.17).

• Equation (18.14.3_5). New subsection, 18.14(iv), with Equations (18.14.25)–(18.14.27).

• Equation (18.15.4_5).

• The title of Subsection 18.16(iii) was changed from “Ultraspherical and Legendre” to “Ultraspherical, Legendre and Chebyshev”. New subsection, 18.16(vii) Discriminants, with Equations (18.16.19)–(18.16.21).

• Extra explanatory text at many places and seven extra integrals (18.17.16_5), (18.17.21_1)–(18.17.21_3), (18.17.28_5), (18.17.34_5), (18.17.41_5).

• Extra explanatory text at several places and the title of Subsection 18.18(iv) was changed from “Connection Formulas” to “Connection and Inversion Formulas”.

• A new introduction.

• Equation (18.21.13).

• Extra explanatory text in Subsection 18.25(i) and the title of Subsection 18.25(ii) was changed from “Weights and Normalizations: Continuous Cases” to “Weights and Standardizations: Continuous Cases”.

• In Subsection 18.26(i) an extra paragraph on dualities has been included, with Equations (18.26.4_1), (18.26.4_2).

• Extra text at the start of this section and twenty seven extra formulas, (18.27.4_1), (18.27.4_2), (18.27.6_5), (18.27.9_5), (18.27.12_5), (18.27.14_1)–(18.27.14_6), (18.27.17_1)–(18.27.17_3), (18.27.20_5), (18.27.25), (18.27.26), (18.28.1_5).

• A big expansion. Six extra formulas in Subsection 18.28(ii) ((18.28.6_1)–(18.28.6_5)) and three extra formulas in Subsection 18.28(viii) ((18.28.21)–(18.28.23)). New subsections, 18.28(ix)–18.28(xi), with Equations (18.28.23)–(18.28.34).

• Originally this section did not have subsections. The original seven formulas have now more explanatory text and are split over two subsections. New subsections 18.30(iii)–18.30(viii), with Equations (18.30.8)–(18.30.31).

• This short section has been expanded, with Equation (18.32.2).

• Additional references and a new large subsection, 18.33(vi), including Equations (18.33.17)–(18.33.32).

• This section has been expanded, including an extra orthogonality relations (18.34.5_5), (18.34.7_1)–(18.34.7_3).

• This section on Pollaczek polynomials has been significantly updated with much more explanations and as well to include the Pollaczek polynomials of type 3 which are the most general with three free parameters. The Pollaczek polynomials which were previously treated, namely those of type 1 and type 2 are special cases of the type 3 Pollaczek polynomials. In the first paragraph of this section an extensive description of the relations between the three types of Pollaczek polynomials is given which was lacking previously. Equations (18.35.0_5), (18.35.2_1)–(18.35.2_5), (18.35.4_5), (18.35.6_1)–(18.35.6_6), (18.35.10).

• This section on miscellaneous polynomials has been expanded with new subsections, 18.36(v) on non-classical Laguerre polynomials and 18.36(vi) with examples of exceptional orthogonal polynomials, with Equations (18.36.1)–(18.36.10). In the titles of Subsections 18.36(ii) and 18.36(iii) we replaced “OP’s” by “Orthogonal Polynomials”.

• The paragraphs of Subsection 18.38(i) have been re-ordered and one paragraph was added. The title of Subsection 18.38(ii) was changed from “Classical OP’s: Other Applications” to “Classical OP’s: Mathematical Developments and Applications”. Subsection 18.38(iii) has been expanded with seven new paragraphs, and Equations (18.38.4)–(18.38.11).

• This section was completely rewritten. The previous 18.39(i) Quantum Mechanics has been replaced by Subsections 18.39(i) Quantum Mechanics and 18.39(ii) A 3D Separable Quantum System, the Hydrogen Atom, containing the same essential information; the original content of the subsection is reproduced below for reference. Subsection 18.39(ii) was moved to 18.39(v) Other Applications. New subsections, 18.39(iii) Non Classical Weight Functions of Utility in DVR Method in the Physical Sciences, 18.39(iv) Coulomb–Pollaczek Polynomials and J-Matrix Methods; Equations (18.39.7)–(18.39.48); and Figures 18.39.1, 18.39.2.

  The original text of 18.39(i) Quantum Mechanics was:

  “Classical OP’s appear when the time-dependent Schrödinger equation is solved by separation of variables. Consider, for example, the one-dimensional form of this equation for a particle of mass $m$ with potential energy $V(x)$:

  errata.1 $$\left(\frac{-{\mathrm{\hslash }}^2}{2m}\frac{{\partial }^2}{{\partial x}^2}+V(x)\right)\psi (x,t)=i\mathrm{\hslash }\frac{\partial }{\partial t}\psi (x,t),$$

  where $\mathrm{\hslash }$ is the reduced Planck’s constant. On substituting $\psi (x,t)=\eta (x)\zeta (t)$, we obtain two ordinary differential equations, each of which involve the same constant $E$. The equation for $\eta (x)$ is

  errata.2 $$\frac{d^2\eta }{{dx}^2}+\frac{2m}{{\mathrm{\hslash }}^2}\left(E-V(x)\right)\eta =0.$$

  For a harmonic oscillator, the potential energy is given by

  errata.3 $$V(x)=\frac{1}{2}m{\omega }^2{x}^2,$$

  where $\omega$ is the angular frequency. For (18.39.2) to have a nontrivial bounded solution in the interval , the constant $E$ (the total energy of the particle) must satisfy

  errata.4 $$E=E_n=\left(n+\frac{1}{2}\right)\mathrm{\hslash }\omega ,$$ $n=0,1,2,\mathrm{\dots }$.

  The corresponding eigenfunctions are

  errata.5 $${\eta }_n(x)={\pi }^{-\frac{1}{4}}{2}^{-\frac{1}{2}n}{(n!b)}^{-\frac{1}{2}}{H}_n\left(x/b\right){\mathrm{e}}^{-x^2/2b^2},$$

  where $b={(\mathrm{\hslash }/m\omega )}^{1/2}$, and $H_n$ is the Hermite polynomial. For further details, see Seaborn (1991, p. 224) or Nikiforov and Uvarov (1988, pp. 71-72).

  A second example is provided by the three-dimensional time-independent Schrödinger equation

  errata.6 $${\nabla }^2\psi +\frac{2m}{{\mathrm{\hslash }}^2}\left(E-V(𝐱)\right)\psi =0,$$

  when this is solved by separation of variables in spherical coordinates (§1.5(ii)). The eigenfunctions of one of the separated ordinary differential equations are Legendre polynomials. See Seaborn (1991, pp. 69-75).

  For a third example, one in which the eigenfunctions are Laguerre polynomials, see Seaborn (1991, pp. 87-93) and Nikiforov and Uvarov (1988, pp. 76-80 and 320-323).”

• The old section is now Subsection 18.40(i) and a large new subsection, 18.40(ii), on the classical moment problem has been added, with formulae (18.40.1)–(18.40.10) and Figures 18.40.1, 18.40.2.

… ►

These equations have been generalized to include the additional cases of $\partial J_{-\nu }\left(z\right)/\partial \nu$, $\partial I_{-\nu }\left(z\right)/\partial \nu$, respectively.

… ►

Several changes have been made to

1. make consistent use of the Fourier transform notations $ℱ\left(f\right)$, $ℱ\left(\varphi \right)$ and $ℱ\left(u\right)$ where $f$ is a function of one real variable, $\varphi$ is a test function of $n$ variables associated with tempered distributions, and $u$ is a tempered distribution (see (1.14.1), (1.16.29) and (1.16.35));

2. introduce the partial differential operator $𝐃$ in (1.16.30);

3. clarify the definition (1.16.32) of the partial differential operator $P(𝐃)$; and

4. clarify the use of $P(𝐃)$ and $P(𝐱)$ in (1.16.33), (1.16.34), (1.16.36) and (1.16.37).

… ►

Several new equations have been added. See (8.17.24), (20.7.34), §20.11(v), (26.12.27), (36.2.28), and (36.2.29).

… ►

36.10.14 $$3\left(\frac{{\partial }^2{\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{E})}}{{\partial x}^2}-\frac{{\partial }^2{\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{E})}}{{\partial y}^2}\right)+2\mathrm{i}z\frac{\partial {\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{E})}}{\partial x}-x{\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{E})}=0$$

Originally this equation appeared with $\frac{\partial {\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{H})}}{\partial x}$ in the second term, rather than $\frac{\partial {\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(\mathrm{E})}}{\partial x}$.

Reported 2010-04-02.

…

4: 9.18 Tables

… ►

Zhang and Jin (1996, p. 337) tabulates $\mathrm{Ai}\left(x\right)$, ${\mathrm{Ai}}^{\prime }\left(x\right)$, $\mathrm{Bi}\left(x\right)$, ${\mathrm{Bi}}^{\prime }\left(x\right)$ for $x=0(1)20$ to 8S and for $x=-20(1)0$ to 9D.

… ►

Miller (1946) tabulates $a_k$, ${\mathrm{Ai}}^{\prime }\left(a_k\right)$, $a_k^{\prime }$, $\mathrm{Ai}\left(a_k^{\prime }\right)$, $k=1(1)50$; $b_k$, ${\mathrm{Bi}}^{\prime }\left(b_k\right)$, $b_k^{\prime }$, $\mathrm{Bi}\left(b_k^{\prime }\right)$, $k=1(1)20$. Precision is 8D. Entries for $k=1(1)20$ are reproduced in Abramowitz and Stegun (1964, Chapter 10).

►

Sherry (1959) tabulates $a_k$, ${\mathrm{Ai}}^{\prime }\left(a_k\right)$, $a_k^{\prime }$, $\mathrm{Ai}\left(a_k^{\prime }\right)$, $k=1(1)50$; 20S.

►

Zhang and Jin (1996, p. 339) tabulates $a_k$, ${\mathrm{Ai}}^{\prime }\left(a_k\right)$, $a_k^{\prime }$, $\mathrm{Ai}\left(a_k^{\prime }\right)$, $b_k$, ${\mathrm{Bi}}^{\prime }\left(b_k\right)$, $b_k^{\prime }$, $\mathrm{Bi}\left(b_k^{\prime }\right)$, $k=1(1)20$; 8D.

… ►

Smirnov (1960) tabulates $U_1(x,\alpha )$, $U_2(x,\alpha )$, defined by (9.13.20), (9.13.21), and also $\partial U_1(x,\alpha )/\partial x$, $\partial U_2(x,\alpha )/\partial x$, for $\alpha =1$, $x=-6(.01)10$ to 5D or 5S, and also for $\alpha =\pm \frac{1}{4}$, $\pm \frac{1}{3}$, $\pm \frac{1}{2}$, $\pm \frac{2}{3}$, $\pm \frac{3}{4}$, $\frac{5}{4}$, $\frac{4}{3}$, $\frac{3}{2}$, $\frac{5}{3}$, $\frac{7}{4}$, 2, $x=0(.01)6$; 4D.

5: Bibliography S

… ►

Time propagation of partial differential equations using the short iterative Lanczos method and finite-element discrete variable representation. Adv. Quantum Chem. 72, pp. 95–127.

ⓘ

Referenced by:

§18.38(i).

Encodings:

BibTeX

… ►

The computation of eigenvalues and solutions of Mathieu’s differential equation for noninteger order. ACM Trans. Math. Software 19 (3), pp. 377–390.

ⓘ

External Links:

ISSN 0098-3500, Document, ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

item (e).

Encodings:

BibTeX

… ►

Differential Equations with Applications and Historical Notes. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York.

ⓘ

Notes:

International Series in Pure and Applied Mathematics

External Links:

MathReview (J. S. Joel), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§1.13(iii).

Encodings:

BibTeX

… ►

The linear differential equation whose solutions are the products of solutions of two given differential equations. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 98 (1), pp. 130–147.

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External Links:

ISSN 0022-247X, Document, FullText, MathReview (Wolfgang Bühring), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§1.13(v).

Encodings:

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… ►

Error bounds for asymptotic solutions of differential equations. I. The distinct eigenvalue case. J. Res. Nat. Bur. Standards Sect. B 70B, pp. 167–186.

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External Links:

MathReview (F. W. J. Olver), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§2.7(ii).

Encodings:

BibTeX

…

6: Bibliography K

… ►

Asymptotic behavior of the solutions of the Painlevé equation of the first kind. Differ. Uravn. 24 (10), pp. 1684–1695 (Russian).

ⓘ

Notes:

In Russian. English translation: Differential Equations 24(1988), no. 10, pp. 1107–1115 (1989)

External Links:

ISSN 0374-0641, MathReview, ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§32.11(i).

Encodings:

BibTeX

… ►

The second Painlevé equation in the electrostatic probe theory: Numerical solutions for the partial absorption of charged particles by the surface. Technical Physics 49 (1), pp. 1–7.

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External Links:

Document

Referenced by:

§32.17.

Encodings:

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… ►

Connection formulae for asymptotics of solutions of the degenerate third Painlevé equation. I. Inverse Problems 20 (4), pp. 1165–1206.

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External Links:

ISSN 0266-5611, Document, MathReview (Shun Shimomura), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§32.11(iv).

Encodings:

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On differential equations for Sobolev-type Laguerre polynomials. Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 350 (1), pp. 347–393.

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External Links:

ISSN 0002-9947, FullText, MathReview (Hans W. Volkmer), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§18.36(ii).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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An algorithm for solving second order linear homogeneous differential equations. J. Symbolic Comput. 2 (1), pp. 3–43.

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External Links:

ISSN 0747-7171, MathReview, ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§31.14(ii).

Encodings:

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7: 14.30 Spherical and Spheroidal Harmonics

… ►As an example, Laplace’s equation ${\nabla }^{2}W=0$ in spherical coordinates (§1.5(ii)): ►

14.30.10 $$\frac{1}{{\rho }^2}\frac{\partial }{\partial \rho }\left({\rho }^2\frac{\partial W}{\partial \rho }\right)+\frac{1}{{\rho }^2\sin \theta }\frac{\partial }{\partial \theta }\left(\sin \theta \frac{\partial W}{\partial \theta }\right)+\frac{1}{{\rho }^2{\sin }^2\theta }\frac{{\partial }^{2}W}{{\partial \varphi }^2}=0,$$

ⓘ

Symbols:

$\frac{\partial f}{\partial x}$: partial derivative of $f$ with respect to $x$ , $\partial x$: partial differential of $x$ , $\sin z$: sine function and $W(\rho ,\theta ,\varphi )$: solution

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/14.30.E10

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §14.30(iv), §14.30 and Ch.14

… ►In the quantization of angular momentum the spherical harmonics $Y_{l,m}(\theta ,\varphi )$ are normalized solutions of the eigenvalue equations … ►

14.30.12 $$L^2=-{\mathrm{\hslash }}^2\left(\frac{1}{\sin \theta }\frac{\partial }{\partial \theta }\left(\sin \theta \frac{\partial }{\partial \theta }\right)+\frac{1}{{\sin }^2\theta }\frac{{\partial }^2}{{\partial \varphi }^2}\right),$$

ⓘ

Defines:

$L$: angular momentum operator (locally)

Symbols:

$\frac{\partial f}{\partial x}$: partial derivative of $f$ with respect to $x$ , $\partial x$: partial differential of $x$ and $\sin z$: sine function

Referenced by:

§18.39(ii)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/14.30.E12

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §14.30(iv), §14.30 and Ch.14

… ►

14.30.13 $${\mathrm{L}}_z=-\mathrm{i}\mathrm{\hslash }\frac{\partial }{\partial \varphi };$$

ⓘ

Defines:

${\mathrm{L}}_z$: $z$ component of the angular momentum operator (locally)

Symbols:

$\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $\frac{\partial f}{\partial x}$: partial derivative of $f$ with respect to $x$ , $\partial x$: partial differential of $x$ and $z$: complex variable

Referenced by:

§14.30(iv), Erratum (V1.1.0) for Additions

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/14.30.E13

Encodings:

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Addition (effective with 1.1.0):

This equation was added.

See also:

Annotations for §14.30(iv), §14.30 and Ch.14

…