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21: 8.27 Approximations

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DiDonato (1978) gives a simple approximation for the function $F(p,x)=x^{-p}{\mathrm{e}}^{x^2/2}{\int }_x^{\mathrm{\infty }}{\mathrm{e}}^{-t^2/2}{t}^{p}dt$ (which is related to the incomplete gamma function by a change of variables) for real $p$ and large positive $x$. This takes the form $F(p,x)=4x/h(p,x)$, approximately, where $h(p,x)=3(x^2-p)+\sqrt{{(x^2-p)}^2+8(x^2+p)}$ and is shown to produce an absolute error $O\left(x^{-7}\right)$ as $x\to \mathrm{\infty }$.

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Verbeeck (1970) gives polynomial and rational approximations for $E_p\left(x\right)=({\mathrm{e}}^{-x}/x)P(z)$, approximately, where $P(z)$ denotes a quotient of polynomials of equal degree in $z=x^{-1}$.

22: 12.10 Uniform Asymptotic Expansions for Large Parameter

§12.10 Uniform Asymptotic Expansions for Large Parameter

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§12.10(vi) Modifications of Expansions in Elementary Functions

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Modified Expansions

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23: 10.41 Asymptotic Expansions for Large Order

§10.41 Asymptotic Expansions for Large Order

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§10.41(i) Asymptotic Forms

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§10.41(ii) Uniform Expansions for Real Variable

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24: 24.16 Generalizations

… ►For extensions of $B_n^{(\mathrm{\ell })}\left(x\right)$ to complex values of $x$, $n$, and $\mathrm{\ell }$, and also for uniform asymptotic expansions for large $x$ and large $n$, see Temme (1995b) and López and Temme (1999b, 2010b). … ► $B_n^{(x)}$ is a polynomial in $x$ of degree $n$. …

25: DLMF Project News

error generating summary

26: 28.35 Tables

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National Bureau of Standards (1967) includes the eigenvalues $a_n\left(q\right)$, $b_n\left(q\right)$ for $n=0(1)3$ with $q=0(.2)20(.5)37(1)100$, and $n=4(1)15$ with $q=0(2)100$; Fourier coefficients for ${\mathrm{ce}}_n(x,q)$ and ${\mathrm{se}}_n(x,q)$ for $n=0(1)15$, $n=1(1)15$, respectively, and various values of $q$ in the interval $[0,100]$; joining factors $g_{e,n}(\sqrt{q})$, $f_{e,n}(\sqrt{q})$ for $n=0(1)15$ with $q=0(.5\text{ to }10)100$ (but in a different notation). Also, eigenvalues for large values of $q$. Precision is generally 8D.

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Zhang and Jin (1996, pp. 533–535) includes the zeros (in degrees) of ${\mathrm{ce}}_n(x,10)$, ${\mathrm{se}}_n(x,10)$ for $n=1(1)10$, and the first 5 zeros of ${\mathrm{Mc}}_n^{(j)}(x,\sqrt{10})$, ${\mathrm{Ms}}_n^{(j)}(x,\sqrt{10})$ for $n=0$ or $1(1)8$, $j=1,2$. Precision is mostly 9S.

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27: 18.39 Applications in the Physical Sciences

… ►A relativistic treatment becoming necessary as $Z$ becomes large as corrections to the non-relativistic Schrödinger picture are of approximate order ${\left(\alpha Z\right)}^2\sim {\left(Z/137\right)}^2$, $\alpha$ being the dimensionless fine structure constant $e^2/(4\pi {\epsilon }_0\mathrm{\hslash }c)$, where $c$ is the speed of light. …

28: Bibliography K

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On the degree of an irreducible factor of the Bernoulli polynomials. Acta Arith. 50 (3), pp. 243–249.

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External Links:

ISSN 0065-1036, Pdf, MathReview (Wells Johnson), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§24.12(iii).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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Approximation Formulae for Generalized Hypergeometric Functions for Large Values of the Parameters. J. B. Wolters, Groningen.

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External Links:

MathReview (L. J. Slater), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§16.11(iii).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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29: 3.11 Approximation Techniques

… ►Then there exists a unique $n$th degree polynomial $p_n(x)$, called the minimax (or best uniform) polynomial approximation to $f(x)$ on $[a,b]$, that minimizes ${\max }_{a\le x\le b}\left|{ϵ}_n(x)\right|$, where ${ϵ}_n(x)=f(x)-p_n(x)$. … ►Approximants with the same denominator degree are located in the same column of the table. … ►The matrix is symmetric and positive definite, but the system is ill-conditioned when $n$ is large because the lower rows of the matrix are approximately proportional to one another. … ►Splines are defined piecewise and usually by low-degree polynomials. Given $n+1$ distinct points $x_k$ in the real interval $[a,b]$, with ($a=$)($=b$), on each subinterval $[x_k,x_{k+1}]$, $k=0,1,\mathrm{\dots },n-1$, a low-degree polynomial is defined with coefficients determined by, for example, values $f_k$ and $f_k^{\prime }$ of a function $f$ and its derivative at the nodes $x_k$ and $x_{k+1}$. …